ASTM D2881-03

Standard Classification for Metal Working Fluids and Related Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Metal working may be divided into two general types of processes, metal deformation and metal removal or cutting. This classification lists the various types of fluid and non-fluid materials used to directly cool and lubricate in both types of metalworking processes. It is intended for use by those in metalworking or related industries who want to differentiate these materials. It is up to the user of this classification to determine the relevance of the items listed with respect their application.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification of metal working fluids and related materials is designed to standardize and consolidate the terminology, nomenclature, and classification of these products.
1.2 Metal working fluids includes both metal removal and forming fluids. These are the coolants and lubricants associated with both types of processes.
1.3 This classification implies no evaluation of product quality or suitability for a given metalworking operation.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 09-May-2003
• ICS: 75.100 - Lubricants, industrial oils and related products
• Technical Committee: D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
• Drafting Committee: D02.L0.04 - Metal Deformation Fluids and Lubricants

Relations

• Replaced By: ASTM D2881-03(2009) - Standard Classification for Metal Working Fluids and Related Materials
• Effective Date: 15-Apr-2009
• Referred By: ASTM E2657-21 - Standard Practice for Determination of Endotoxin Concentrations in Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluids
• Effective Date: 10-May-2003
• Referred By: ASTM E2693-19 - Standard Practice for Prevention of Dermatitis in the Wet Metal Removal Fluid Environment
• Effective Date: 10-May-2003
• Referred By: ASTM E2564-18 - Standard Practice for Enumeration of <emph type="bdit">Mycobacteria</emph> in Metalworking Fluids by Direct Microscopic Counting (DMC) Method
• Effective Date: 10-May-2003
• Referred By: ASTM E2144-21 - Standard Practice for Personal Sampling and Analysis of Endotoxin in Metalworking Fluid Aerosols in Workplace Atmospheres
• Effective Date: 10-May-2003
• Referred By: ASTM E2523-13(2018) - Standard Terminology for Metalworking Fluids and Operations
• Effective Date: 10-May-2003
• Referred By: ASTM D8288-19 - Standard Test Method for Comparison of Metalworking Fluids Using a Tapping Torque Test Machine
• Effective Date: 10-May-2003
• Referred By: ASTM E2889-12(2017) - Standard Practice for Control of Respiratory Hazards in the Metal Removal Fluid Environment
• Effective Date: 10-May-2003

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
An American National Standard
Designation: D 2881 – 03
Standard Classification for
1
Metal Working Fluids and Related Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2881; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Significance and Use
1.1 This classification of metal working fluids and related 3.1 Metal working may be divided into two general types of
materials is designed to standardize and consolidate the termi- processes, metal deformation and metal removal or cutting.
nology, nomenclature, and classification of these products. This classification lists the various types of fluid and non-fluid
1.2 Metal working fluids includes both metal removal and materials used to directly cool and lubricate in both types of
forming fluids.These are the coolants and lubricants associated metalworking processes. It is intended for use by those in
with both types of processes. metalworking or related industries who want to differentiate
1.3 This classification implies no evaluation of product these materials. It is up to the user of this classification to
quality or suitability for a given metalworking operation. determine the relevance of the items listed with respect their
application.
2. Terminology
4. Basis of Classification
2.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
2.1.1 amorphous, adj—possessing neither a lattice nor crys- 4.1 Metal working fluids and related materials are divided
talline arrangement of atoms. into three broad categories: petroleum oil containing fluids,
2.1.2 crystalline, adj—possessing a lattice or crystalline non-petroleum fluids, and solid and semi-solid materials.
structure; that is, a definite arrangement or pattern of atoms in Under each of these broad categories, the types of fluids and
space. materials related to each category are listed with a description.
2.1.3 emulsifier, n—a surface active agent, or surfactant, 4.1.1 Petroleum Oil-Containing Fluids:
that is at least partially soluble in both liquids of an emulsion, 4.1.1.1 Soluble Oil:
and thus stabilizes one in the other. (1)Generallycontains>30 %oilbeforedilutionwithwater
2.1.4 emulsion, n—a relatively stable mixture of two im- (2) Contains emulsifiers, corrosion inhibitors, and other
miscible liquids held in suspension by small amounts of additives
emulsifiers. (3) Generally creates a macro-emulsion (average size >1.0
2.1.5 micelle, n—a colloidal aggregate of surfactant mol- µm) when diluted with water
ecules that occurs at a well-defined concentration. (4) Blended with water in its end use
2.1.6 petroleum oil, n—a naturally occurring hydrocarbon 4.1.1.2 Semi-synthetic Oil:
mixthatwasinitiallyformedunderpressureintheearth’scrust (1) Generally contains #30 % oil before dilution with
and is liquid at room temperature. water
2.1.7 straight oil, n—an oil, petroleum or synthetic, that (2) Contains emulsifiers, corrosion inhibitors, and other
essentially contains no water and is not emulsifiable nor additives
miscible in water. (3) Generally creates a micro-emulsion (average particle
2.1
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