ASTM D2881-12
(Classification)Standard Classification for Metalworking Fluids and Related Materials
Standard Classification for Metalworking Fluids and Related Materials
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Metalworking may be divided into two general types of processes, metal deformation (such as rolling) and metal removal (such as grinding or cutting). This classification lists the various types of fluid and non-fluid materials used to directly provide cooling and lubrication in both types of metalworking processes. It is intended for use by those in metalworking or related industries who want to differentiate these materials. It is up to the user of this classification to determine the relevance of the items listed with respect to their application.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification covers and is designed to standardize and consolidate the terminology, nomenclature, and classification of metalworking fluids and related materials.
1.2 Metalworking fluids includes both metal removal and forming fluids. These are the coolants and lubricants associated with both types of processes.
1.3 This classification implies no evaluation of product quality or suitability for a given metalworking operation.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
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Designation:D2881 −12
StandardClassification for
1
Metalworking Fluids and Related Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2881; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* fluid formulation, and can range from a single additive to
numerous additives in order to provide the performance
1.1 This classification covers and is designed to standardize
properties specified by the fluid compounder.
and consolidate the terminology, nomenclature, and classifica-
2.1.6 micelle, n—a colloidal aggregate of surfactant mol-
tion of metalworking fluids and related materials.
ecules that occurs at a well-defined concentration.
1.2 Metalworking fluids includes both metal removal and
2.1.7 petroleum oil, n—a naturally occurring hydrocarbon
forming fluids.These are the coolants and lubricants associated
mix that was initially formed under pressure in the earth’s crust
with both types of processes.
and is liquid at room temperature.
1.3 This classification implies no evaluation of product
2.1.8 straight oil, n—in metalworking fluids, an oil, petro-
quality or suitability for a given metalworking operation.
leum or synthetic, which essentially contains no water and is
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
neither emulsifiable nor miscible in water.
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
2.1.9 synthetic fluid, n—a non-petroleum liquid that pos-
standard.
sesses lubricating properties. It includes both man-made and
naturally occurring liquids.
2. Terminology
2.1.10 vitreous, adj—having the appearance and properties
2.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
of a glass; that is, a hard, amorphous, brittle structure.
2.1.1 amorphous, adj—possessing neither a lattice nor crys-
talline arrangement of atoms.
3. Significance and Use
2.1.2 crystalline, adj—possessing a lattice or crystalline
3.1 Metalworking may be divided into two general types of
structure; that is, a definite arrangement or pattern of atoms in
processes, metal deformation (such as rolling) and metal
space.
removal (such as grinding or cutting). This classification lists
2.1.3 emulsifier, n—a surface-active agent, or surfactant,
the various types of fluid and non-fluid materials used to
that is at least partially soluble in both liquids (phases) of an
directly provide cooling and lubrication in both types of
emulsion, and thus stabilizes one in the other.
metalworking processes. It is intended for use by those in
2.1.4 emulsion, n—a relatively stable mixture of two immis- metalworking or related industries who want to differentiate
cible liquids, one of which is held in suspension in the other by these materials. It is up to the user of this classification to
small amounts of emulsifiers. determine the relevance of the items listed with respect to their
application.
2.1.5 functional additive, n—in metalworking fluids,a
chemical substance formulated into a metalworking fluid to
4. Basis of Classification
provide one or more specific performance properties not
4.1 Metalworking fluids and related materials are divided
inherently provided by the basestock.
into three broad categories: petroleum oil containing fluids,
2.1.5.1 Discussion—Functional additives include, but are
non-petroleum fluids, and solid and semi-solid materials.
not limited to, antifoaming agents, antimicrobial pesticides,
Under each of these broad categories, the types of fluids and
buffers, corrosion inhibitors, coupling agents, emulsifiers, lu-
materials related to each category are listed with a description.
bricity additives, and metal deactivators. The number and
4.1.1 Petroleum Oil-Containing Fluids:
range of functional additives varies with the metalworking
4.1.1.1 Emulsifiable Oil (frequently referred to as “Soluble
Oil”):
1
(1) Generally contains >30% oil before dilution with water.
This classification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
(2) Contains emulsifiers and other functional additives.
D02.L0.04 on Metal Deformation Fluids and Lubricants.
(3) Generally creates a macro-emulsion (average size >1.0
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2012. Published February 2013. Originally
µm) when diluted with water.
approved in 1970. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D2881–03(2009).
DOI: 10.1520/D2881-12. (4) Blended with water in its end use.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D2881 − 03 (Reapproved 2009) D2881 − 12
Standard Classification for
1
Metal Working Metalworking Fluids and Related Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2881; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 This classification of metal working fluids and related materials covers and is designed to standardize and consolidate the
terminology, nomenclature, and classification of these products.metalworking fluids and related materials.
1.2 Metal working Metalworking fluids includes both metal removal and forming fluids. These are the coolants and lubricants
associated with both types of processes.
1.3 This classification implies no evaluation of product quality or suitability for a given metalworking operation.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
2. Terminology
2.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
2.1.1 amorphous, adj—possessing neither a lattice nor crystalline arrangement of atoms.
2.1.2 crystalline, adj—possessing a lattice or crystalline structure; that is, a definite arrangement or pattern of atoms in space.
2.1.3 emulsifier, n—a surface active surface-active agent, or surfactant, that is at least partially soluble in both liquids (phases)
of an emulsion, and thus stabilizes one in the other.
2.1.4 emulsion, n—a relatively stable mixture of two immiscible liquids liquids, one of which is held in suspension in the other
by small amounts of emulsifiers.
2.1.5 functional additive, n—in metalworking fluids, a chemical substance formulated into a metalworking fluid to provide one
or more specific performance properties not inherently provided by the basestock.
1
This classification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.L0.04
on Metal Deformation Fluids and Lubricants.
Current edition approved April 15, 2009Nov. 1, 2012. Published July 2009February 2013. Originally approved in 1970. Last previous edition approved in 20032009 as
D2881D2881–03(2009).–03. DOI: 10.1520/D2881-03R09.10.1520/D2881-12.
2.1.5.1 Discussion—
Functional additives include, but are not limited to, antifoaming agents, antimicrobial pesticides, buffers, corrosion inhibitors,
coupling agents, emulsifiers, lubricity additives, and metal deactivators. The number and range of functional additives varies with
the metalworking fluid formulation, and can range from a single additive to numerous additives in order to provide the performance
properties specified by the fluid compounder.
2.1.6 micelle, n—a colloidal aggregate of surfactant molecules that occurs at a well-defined concentration.
2.1.7 petroleum oil, n—a naturally occurring hydrocarbon mix that was initially formed under pressure in the earth’s crust and
is liquid at room temperature.
2.1.8 straight oil, n—in metalworking fluids, an oil, petroleum or synthetic, thatwhich essentially contains no water and is
notneither emulsifiable nor miscible in water.
2.1.9 synthetic oil,fluid, n—a non-petroleum liquid that possesses lubricating properties. It includes both man-made and
naturally occurring liquids.
2.1.10 vitreous, adj—having the appearance and properties of a glass; that is, a hard, amorphous, brittle structure.
3. Significance and Use
3.1 Metal working Metalworking may be divided into two general types of processes, metal deformation (such as rolling) and
metal removal or cutting.(such as grinding or cutting). This classification lists the various types of fluid and non-fluid materials
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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D2881 − 12
used to directly cool provide cooling and lubricatelubrication in both types of metalworking processes. It is intended for use by
those in metalworking or related industries who want to differentiate these materials. It is up to the user of this classification to
determine the relevance of the items listed with respect to their application.
4. Basis of Classification
4.1 Metal working Metalworking fluids and related materials are divided into t
...
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