ASTM D7681-11(2016)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Measuring Gradation of Glass Spheres Using a Flowing Stream Digital Image Analyzer
Standard Test Method for Measuring Gradation of Glass Spheres Using a Flowing Stream Digital Image Analyzer
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The gradation (size distribution) of glass beads has a significant influence on the retroreflective efficiency of a pavement marking system.
5.2 This test method is for the characterization of the gradation (size distribution) of glass beads for the purpose of compliance testing against standard specification for glass beads in pavement marking applications.
5.3 While there are potential industrial applications for this test method beyond the measurement of gradation (size distribution) of glass beads for pavement markings, those are beyond the scope of this standard.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the gradation (size distribution) of glass spheres used in pavement marking systems using a Flowing Stream Digital Analyzer. Typical gradations for pavement marking systems are defined in ranges from Type 0 through 5 in AASHTO M247-08.
1.2 This test method provides for the presentation of the size data in a variety of formats to the requirements of the agency pavement marking material specification. For most specifications the standard format is to present the size data as “Percent Retained” or “Percent Passing” relative to a series of standard US sieve sizes.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
General Information
Relations
Buy Standard
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D7681 − 11 (Reapproved 2016)
Standard Test Method for
Measuring Gradation of Glass Spheres Using a Flowing
Stream Digital Image Analyzer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7681; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2.2 AASHTO Standards:
AASHTO M247-08 Standard Glass Beads Used in Traffic
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the grada-
Markings
tion (size distribution) of glass spheres used in pavement
marking systems using a Flowing Stream Digital Analyzer.
3. Terminology
Typical gradations for pavement marking systems are defined
3.1 Definitions:
in ranges from Type 0 through 5 in AASHTO M247-08.
3.1.1 flowing stream digital image analyzer, n—a computer
1.2 Thistestmethodprovidesforthepresentationofthesize
controlled particle size analyzer employing a high resolution
data in a variety of formats to the requirements of the agency
digital imaging device and computer image processing soft-
pavement marking material specification. For most specifica-
ware to do photo optical single particle counting and particle
tions the standard format is to present the size data as “Percent
size analysis.
Retained” or “Percent Passing” relative to a series of standard
3.1.2 gradation of glass beads, n—the measurement of the
US sieve sizes.
size(diameter)ofglassbeadsandtheirsubsequentpresentation
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
in ranges between ASTM standard sieve sizes and/or micron
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
designation starting with the largest to the smallest; the ranges
standard. are listed as “percent passing” and “percent retained.”
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4. Summary of Test Method
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4.1 The glass particles are run through a flowing stream
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
digital image analyzer, a measuring system for determining the
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
gradation (size distribution) of dry, free flowing and harmless
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
bulk products. The total recommended measuring range is
between 100 µm and 2.36 mm. The operating test method uses
2. Referenced Documents
photo optical single particle counting technology for the image
2.1 ASTM Standards:
processing. The measurement time depends on the quantity of
B215 Practices for Sampling Metal Powders
material to be measured, the width of the metering feeder and
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
the mean grain size. The quantity of material to be measured
ASTM Test Methods
depends on the grain size and the width of the metering feeder.
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
Typical measuring times are approximately 2 to 10 min.
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
5. Significance and Use
5.1 The gradation (size distribution) of glass beads has a
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint
significant influence on the retroreflective efficiency of a
and Related Coatings, Materials, andApplications and is the direct responsibility of
pavement marking system.
Subcommittee D01.44 on Traffic Coatings.
Current edition approved April 1, 2016. Published April 2016. Originally
5.2 This test method is for the characterization of the
approved in 2011. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D7681 – 11. DOI:
gradation (size distribution) of glass beads for the purpose of
10.1520/D7681–11R16.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Available from American Association of State Highway and Transportation
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Officials (AASHTO), 444 N. Capitol St., NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001,
the ASTM website.
http://www.transportation.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D7681 − 11 (2016)
compliance testing against standard specification for glass 10. Calibration and Standardization
beads in pavement marking applications.
10.1 The particle analyzer, in most cases, will be calibrated
5.3 While there are potential industrial applications for this
by the manufacturer prior to shipping. Re-calibration might
test method beyond the measurement of gradation (size distri-
become necessary occasionally, for example, after the trans-
bution) of glass beads for pavement markings, those are
portation of the instrument or if required by quality manage-
beyond the scope of this standard.
mentregulations.Inthiscase,followthecalibrationprocedures
as outlined in the manufacturer’s instruction manual.
6. Apparatus
11. Conditioning
6.1 Typical Instrument Operating Conditions (Fig. 1):
6.1.1 Environmental temperature — 10°C.40°C.
11.1 Sample Preparation:
6.1.2 Air Humidity — 80 % maximum relative humidity at
11.1.1 Use a sample splitter, if necessary, to reduce the
temperatures up to 30°C, linear decrease to 50 % maximum
amount of sample to the appropriate size.
relative humidity at a temperature of 40°C.
11.1.2 Pour entire glass bead sample into the glass beaker or
6.1.3 Height of installation and operation — maximum 300
suitable container.
m above sea level.
11.1.3 Assure glass beads are moisture free and free flow-
6.1.4 Installation location — place the particle analyzer on
ing.
a firm, horizontal, vibration free surface.
NOTE 1—Check with instrument manufacturer for suggestions on how
6.1.5 Light conditions — avoid strong direct external light
tobestsetupanysoftwarethatcomeswiththeirinstrument.Settingupthe
on the particle measurement shaft or on the cameras.
instrument software properly will speed up any glass sphere gradation
6.1.6 This test method is designed for indoor or outdoor use
measurements and allow for meaningful reports.
as prescribed by the manufacturer’s design and instructions.
12. Procedure
7. Hazards
12.1 Load the sample into the feeder of the flowing stream
7.1 General Safety Information:
digitalimageanalyzer.Theanalyzersoftwareallowstheuserto
7.1.1 Operate the instrument in accordance with the manu-
carry out his measurements quickly and without error. All
facturer’s recommendations following all required safety pre-
measuring and analysis parameters are determined initially and
cautions.
set into the computer program. Different task files are created
for different specifications.
8. Sampling, Test Specimens, and Test Units
NOTE 2—When assigning sieve ranges to be used in a task file, the user
must use the ASTM mesh sieve choice, not the W. S. Tyler mesh. The
8.1 Obtain a minimum of approximately 50 6 5 g specimen
quantity of the material to be measured has to be placed into the funnel of
of the glass beads to be tested for gradation (size distribution).
the metering feeder. The material handling mechanisms must not restrict
For larger sizes of glass spheres, such as Type III and larger,
or segregate product flow in any way that allows for a non-representative
whose gradation is defined inAASHTO M247-08, 75 to 125 g
flow of product through the measurement zone.
samples shall be used.
12.2 After the task file has been defined only a minimal
8.2 In order to obtain representative samples when sam-
number of operative steps are required for carrying out a
pling from packaged containers, blenders or storage tanks,
measurement. They are: (a) filling a quantity of the material to
methods outlined in Practices B215 shall be followed.
be measured into the funnel to the metering feeder, (b) calling
the measurement and choosing the task file, (c) confirming the
9. Preparation of Apparatus
suggested comments or entering new comments, (d) starting
9.1 Follow the manufacturer’s instructions for the particle the measurement, and (e) reading the result or printing a
analyzer being used. record. The measured result is available a few moments after
FIG. 1 Typical Apparatus
D7681 − 11 (2016)
the measurement is completed and can be displayed in many results for the same material, obtained by the same operator
forms, and be printed and saved with the help of the PC. using the same equipment on the same day in the same
laboratory.
13. Report
14.1.2.1 Repeatability limits are listed in Tables 1-12.
14.1.3 Reproducibility Limit (R)—Two test results shall be
13.1 Report the percentage of particles in each size classi-
judged not equivalent if they differ by more than the “R” value
fication.
for that material; “R” is the interval representing the critical
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D7681 − 11 D7681 − 11 (Reapproved 2016)
Standard Test Method for
Measuring Gradation of Glass Spheres Using a Flowing
Stream Digital Image Analyzer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7681; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the gradation (size distribution) of glass spheres used in pavement marking
systems using a Flowing Stream Digital Analyzer. Typical gradations for pavement marking systems are defined in ranges from
Type 0 through 5 in AASHTO M247-08.
1.2 This test method provides for the presentation of the size data in a variety of formats to the requirements of the agency
pavement marking material specification. For most specifications the standard format is to present the size data as “Percent
Retained” or “Percent Passing” relative to a series of standard US sieve sizes.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
B215 Practices for Sampling Metal Powders
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
2.2 AASHTO Standards:
AASHTO M247-08 Standard Glass Beads Used in Traffic Markings
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 flowing stream digital image analyzer, n—a computer controlled particle size analyzer employing a high resolution digital
imaging device and computer image processing software to do photo optical single particle counting and particle size analysis.
3.1.2 gradation of glass beads, n—the measurement of the size (diameter) of glass beads and their subsequent presentation in
ranges between ASTM standard sieve sizes and/or micron designation starting with the largest to the smallest; the ranges are listed
as “percent passing” and “percent retained.”
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 The glass particles are run through a flowing stream digital image analyzer, a measuring system for determining the
gradation (size distribution) of dry, free flowing and harmless bulk products. The total recommended measuring range is between
100 μm and 2.36 mm. The operating test method uses photo optical single particle counting technology for the image processing.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D01.44 on Traffic Coatings.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2011April 1, 2016. Published February 2011April 2016. Originally approved in 2011. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D7681
– 11. DOI: 10.1520/D7681–1110.1520/D7681–11R16.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Available from American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), 444 N. Capitol St., NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001,
http://www.transportation.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D7681 − 11 (2016)
The measurement time depends on the quantity of material to be measured, the width of the metering feeder and the mean grain
size. The quantity of material to be measured depends on the grain size and the width of the metering feeder. Typical measuring
times are approximately 2 to 10 min.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 The gradation (size distribution) of glass beads has a significant influence on the retroreflective efficiency of a pavement
marking system.
5.2 This test method is for the characterization of the gradation (size distribution) of glass beads for the purpose of compliance
testing against standard specification for glass beads in pavement marking applications.
5.3 While there are potential industrial applications for this test method beyond the measurement of gradation (size distribution)
of glass beads for pavement markings, those are beyond the scope of this standard.
6. Apparatus
6.1 Typical Instrument Operating Conditions (Fig. 1):
6.1.1 Environmental temperature — 10°C.40°C.
6.1.2 Air Humidity — 80 % maximum relative humidity at temperatures up to 30°C, linear decrease to 50 % maximum relative
humidity at a temperature of 40°C.
6.1.3 Height of installation and operation — maximum 300 m above sea level.
6.1.4 Installation location — place the particle analyzer on a firm, horizontal, vibration free surface.
6.1.5 Light conditions — avoid strong direct external light on the particle measurement shaft or on the cameras.
6.1.6 This test method is designed for indoor or outdoor use as prescribed by the manufacturer’s design and instructions.
7. Hazards
7.1 General Safety Information:
7.1.1 Operate the instrument in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations following all required safety precautions.
8. Sampling, Test Specimens, and Test Units
8.1 Obtain a minimum of approximately 50 6 5 g specimen of the glass beads to be tested for gradation (size distribution). For
larger sizes of glass spheres, such as Type III and larger, whose gradation is defined in AASHTO M247-08, 75 to 125 g samples
shall be used.
8.2 In order to obtain representative samples when sampling from packaged containers, blenders or storage tanks, methods
outlined in Practices B215 shall be followed.
9. Preparation of Apparatus
9.1 Follow the manufacturer’s instructions for the particle analyzer being used.
10. Calibration and Standardization
10.1 The particle analyzer, in most cases, will be calibrated by the manufacturer prior to shipping. Re-calibration might become
necessary occasionally, for example, after the transportation of the instrument or if required by quality management regulations.
In this case, follow the calibration procedures as outlined in the manufacturer’s instruction manual.
FIG. 1 Typical Apparatus
D7681 − 11 (2016)
11. Conditioning
11.1 Sample Preparation:
11.1.1 Use a sample splitter, if necessary, to reduce the amount of sample to the appropriate size.
11.1.2 Pour entire glass bead sample into the glass beaker or suitable container.
11.1.3 Assure glass beads are moisture free and free flowing.
NOTE 1—Check with instrument manufacturer for suggestions on how to best set up any software that comes with their instrument. Setting up the
instrument software properly will speed up any glass sphere gradation measurements and allow for meaningful reports.
12. Procedure
12.1 Load the sample into the feeder of the flowing stream digital image analyzer. The analyzer software allows the user to carry
out his measurements quickly and without error. All measuring and analysis parameters are determined initially and set into the
computer program. Different task files are created for different specifications.
NOTE 2—When assigning sieve ranges to be used in a task file, the user must use the ASTM mesh sieve choice, not the W. S. Tyler mesh. The quantity
of the material to be measured has to be placed into the funnel of the metering feeder. The material handling mechanisms must not restrict or segregate
product flow in any way that allows for a non-representative flow of product through the measurement zone.
12.2 After the task file has been defined only a minimal number of operative steps are required for carrying out a measurement.
They are: (a) filling a quantity of the material to be measured into the funnel to the metering feeder, (b) calling the measurement
and choosing the task file, (c) confirming the suggested comments or entering new comments, (d) starting the measurement, and
(e) reading the result or printing a record. The measured result is available a few moments after the measurement is completed and
can be displayed in many forms, and be printed and saved with the help of the PC.
13. Report
13.1 Report the percentage of particles in each size classification.
14. Precision and Bias
14.1 Precision—A round-robin study has been used to generate a precision statement.
14.1.1 The precision of this test method is based on an interlaboratory study of D7681, Standard
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.