ASTM D5733-99
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Tearing Strength of Nonwoven Fabrics by the Trapezoid Procedure (Withdrawn 2008)
Standard Test Method for Tearing Strength of Nonwoven Fabrics by the Trapezoid Procedure (Withdrawn 2008)
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the tearing strength of nonwoven fabrics by the trapezoid procedure using a recording constant-rate-of-extension (CRE) tensile testing machine.
1.1.1 The CRE-type tensile testing machine has become the preferred test apparatus for determining trapezoid tearing strength. It is recognized that some constant-rate-of-traverse (CRT) tensile testing machines continue to be used. As a consequence, these test instruments may be used when agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier. The conditions for the CRT-type tensile tester as used with this test are included in Appendix X1.
1.2 This test method applies to most nonwoven fabrics including those that are treated or untreated, heavily sized, coated, or resin-treated. This test method may not be useful for highloft nonwoven fabrics.
1.3 Trapezoid tear strength as measured in this test method is the maximum tearing force required to continue or propagate a tear started previously in the specimen. The reported value is not directly related to the force required to initiate or start a tear.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses may be approximate.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee D13 on Textiles , this test method was withdrawn in February 2008 in accordance with section 10.5.3.1 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees, which requires that standards shall be updated by the end of the eighth year since the last approval date.
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation:D5733–99
Standard Test Method for
Tearing Strength of Nonwoven Fabrics by the Trapezoid
Procedure
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5733; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D 2904 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile Test
Method That Produces Normally Distributed Data
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the tearing
D 4848 Terminology of Force, Deformation, and Related
strength of nonwoven fabrics by the trapezoid procedure using
Properties of Textiles
a recording constant-rate-of-extension (CRE) tensile testing
machine.
3. Terminology
1.1.1 The CRE-type tensile testing machine has become the
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
preferred test apparatus for determining trapezoid tearing
3.1.1 lengthwise direction, n—in textiles, the direction in a
strength. It is recognized that some constant-rate-of-traverse
machine-made fabric parallel to the direction of movement the
(CRT) tensile testing machines continue to be used. As a
fabric followed in the manufacturing machine.
consequence, these test instruments may be used when agreed
3.1.1.1 Discussion—For nonwovens, an easily distinguish-
upon between the purchaser and the supplier. The conditions
able pattern for orientation may not be apparent, especially if
for the CRT-type tensile tester as used with this test are
removed from the roll. Care should be taken to maintain the
included in Appendix X1.
directionality by clearly marking the direction.
1.2 This test method applies to most nonwoven fabrics
3.1.2 nonwoven fabric, n—a textile structure produced by
including those that are treated or untreated, heavily sized,
bonding or interlocking of fibers, or both, accomplished by
coated, or resin-treated. This test method may not be useful for
mechanical, chemical, thermal, or solvent means, or combina-
highloft nonwoven fabrics.
tion thereof.
1.3 Trapezoid tear strength as measured in this test method
3.1.3 tearing force, n—the average force required to con-
isthemaximumtearingforcerequiredtocontinueorpropagate
tinue a tear previously started in a fabric.
a tear started previously in the specimen. The reported value is
3.1.3.1 Discussion—For nonwovens, the tearing force is
not directly related to the force required to initiate or start a
recorded as the maximum force required to continue a tear
tear.
previously started in a fabric. The tearing force may appear as
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
a single peak or a series of peaks on a force-extension curve,
standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses may be
depending on the nature of the material. Typically for non-
approximate.
woven fabrics, if a small decrease in force occurs at a time
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
when the applied force is increasing, it is not considered as a
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
peak unless the indicated force exceeds the force required to
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
break, individually or collectively, the fibers, fiber bonds, or
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
fiber interlocks. Lower shifts corresponding to fiber movement
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
do not qualify as peaks since the fibers, fiber bonds, or fiber
2. Referenced Documents interlocks are not broken. The trapezoid tearing force may be
calculated from a single-peak or multiple-peak force-extension
2.1 ASTM Standards:
curve.
D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Tex-
3.1.4 tearing strength, n—the force required either to start
tiles
or to continue or propagate a tear in a fabric followed in the
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
manufacturing process.
D 1776 Practice for Conditioning Textiles for Testing
3.1.5 widthwise direction, n—in textiles, the direction in a
machine-made fabric perpendicular to the direction of move-
ment the fabric followed in the manufacturing machine.
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 onTextiles
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.90 on Executive.
Current edition approved Nov. 10, 1999. Published January 2000. Originally
published as D 5733 – 95. Last previous edition D 5733 – 95.
2 3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.02.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D5733–99
3.2 Definitions—For definitions of other terms related to 5.3 For nonwoven fabrics, because the individual fibers are
force and deformation of textiles used in this test method, refer more or less randomly oriented and capable of some reorien-
to Terminology D 4848. For definitions of other textile terms, tation in the direction of the applied force, the maximum
refer to Terminology D 123. trapezoid tearing strength is reached when the resistance to
further reorientation is greater than the force required to
4. Summary of Test Method
rupture one or more fibers or the fiber interlocking, simulta-
neously. The tearing strength is determined primarily by the
4.1 An outline of an isosceles trapezoid is marked on a
bonding or interlocking of fibers in the structure.
rectangular specimen cut for the determination of tearing
5.4 Depending on the nature of the specimen, the data
strength (see Fig. 1). The specimen is slit at the center of the
recording devices usually will show the tearing force in the
smallest base of the trapezoid to start the tear. The nonparallel
form of single peak. The highest peak appears to reflect the
sides of the trapezoid marked on the specimen are clamped in
strength combination needed to stop a tear in a fabric of the
parallel jaws of a tensile testing machine.The separation of the
same construction.
jawsiscontinuouslyincreasedtoapplyaforcetopropagatethe
tearacrossthespecimen.Atthesametime,theforcedeveloped 5.5 Most nonwoven fabrics can be tested by this test
method. Some modification of clamping techniques may be
is recorded. The maximum force to continue the tear is
necessary for a given fabric, depending upon its structure.
calculated from autographic chart recorders, or microprocessor
Special adaptation may be necessary with strong fabrics, or
data collection systems.
fabrics made from glass fibers, to prevent them from slipping
5. Significance and Use
in the clamps or being damaged as a result of being gripped in
the clamps.
5.1 This test method is used in the trade for acceptance
5.6 The CRE-type is the preferred tensile testing machine.
testing of commercial shipments of nonwoven fabrics, how-
This test method allows the use of the CRT-type tensile
ever, caution is advised since information about between-
machine when agreed upon between the purchaser and the
laboratory precision is incomplete. Comparative tests as di-
supplier.However,theremaybenooverallcorrelationbetween
rected in 5.1.1 may be advisable.
the results obtained with the CRT machine and the CRE
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in
machine. Consequently, these two tensile testers cannot be
reported test results when using this test method for acceptance
used interchangeably unless the degree of quantitative corre-
testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the sup-
lation has been established between the purchaser and the
plier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is
supplier. In any event, the CRE machine shall prevail.
a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statis-
tical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias.
6. Apparatus
As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test
6.1 Tensile Testing Machine, of the constant-rate-of-
specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are
extension (CRE) type conforming to the requirements of
from a lot of material of the type in question. Test specimens
Specification D76 with autographic recorder, or automatic
should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each
microprocessor data gathering systems.
laboratory for testing. The average results from the two
6.2 Clamps, having all gripping surfaces parallel, flat, and
laboratories should be compared using the appropriate Stu-
capable of preventing slipping of the specimen during a test,
dent’s t-test and an acceptable probability level chosen by the
and measuring 50 by no less than 75 mm (2 by no less than 3
two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its
in.),withthelongerdimensionperpendiculartothedirectionof
cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the
application of the force.
suppliermustagreetointerpretfuturetestresultsinviewofthe
6.2.1 The use of hydraulic pneumatic clamping systems
known bias.
withaminimumof50by75-mm(2by3-in.)serratedorrubber
5.2 The trapezoid tear method is a test that produces tension
jaw faces having a clamping force at the grip faces of 13 to 14
along a reasonably defined course such that the tear propagates
kN (2900 to 3111 lbf) is recommended. Manual clamping is
across the width of the specimen. It is useful for estimating the
permitted providing no slippage of the specimen is observed.
relative tear resistance of different fabrics or different direc-
6.2.2 For some materials, to prevent slippage when using
tions in the same fabric.
jaw faces other than serrated, such as rubber-faced jaws, they
may be covered with a No. 80 to 120 medium-grit emery cloth.
Secure the emery cloth to the jaw faces with pressuresensitive
tape.
6.3 Cutting Die or Template, having essentially the shape
and dimensions with tolerances of 6 0.5 % shown in Fig. 2(a).
6.4 Trapezoidal-Shaped Template, having dimensions with
tolerances of 6 0.5 % as shown in Fig. 2(b).
7. Sampling and Test Specimens
7.1 Lot Sample—As a lot sample for acceptance testing,
take at random the number of rolls, or pieces, of nonwoven
FIG. 1 Diagram of Marked Trapezoid Specimen fabric directed in an applicable material specification or other
D5733–99
described in 8.1-8.3 as, applicable to a material specification or
contract order. Use the cutting die or template described in 6.3
and shown in Fig. 2. Mark each specimen with an isosceles
trapezoid template (see Figs. 1 and 2). Make a preliminary cut
15 mm (0.625 in.) long at the center of the 25-mm (1-in.) edge,
as shown in Figs. 1 and 2.
7.3.1 Direction of Test—Consider the short direction as the
direction of test.
7.3.2 Cutting Test Specimens—Take the specimens for the
measurement of the lengthwise direction from different posi-
tions across the fabric width. Take the specimens for the
measurement of the widthwise direction from different posi-
tions along the length of the fabric. Cut the specimens to be
used for the measurement of the lengthwise direction with the
shorter dimension parallel to the lengthwise direction. Cut the
specimens to be used for the measurement of the widthwise
direction with the shorter dimension parallel to the widthwise
direction. When specimens are to be tested wet, take the
specimens from areas adjacent to the dry test specimens. Label
to maintain specimen identity.
7.3.2.1 Cut specimens representing a broad distribution
across the width of the laboratory sample and no nearer the
edge than one tenth its width. Ensure specimens are free of
folds, creases, or wrinkles.Avoid getting oil, water, grease, and
so forth, on the specimens when handling.
7.3.2.2 Refer to Fig. 3 for illustration of the relationship of
specimen orientation with respect to test direction.
NOTE 1—All tolerances 6 0.5 %.
FIG. 2 Templates for Cutting (a) and Marking (b) Trapezoid Test
8. Preparation of Apparatus
Specimens
8.1 Set the distance between the clamps at the start of the
test at 25 61mm(1 6 0.05 in.). Select the full-scale force
agreement between the purchaser and the supplier. Consider
range of the testing machine such that the maximum force
the rolls, or pieces, of nonwoven fabric to be the primary
occurs between 15 and 85 % of full-scale force.
sampling units. In the absence of such an agreement, take the
8.2 Setthetestingspeedto300 610mm(1260.5in./min).
number of nonwoven fabric rolls specified in Table 1.
8.3 Verify calibration of the tensile testing machine as
directed in the manufacturer’s instructions or Specification
NOTE 1—An adequate specification or other agreement between the
purchaser and the supplier requires taking into account the variability
D76.
between rolls or pieces of fabric and between specimens from a swatch
8.4 When using microprocessor automatic data gathering
from a roll or pieces of fabric to provide a sampling plan with a
systems, set the appropriate parameters as defined in the
meaningful producer’s risk, consumer’s risk, acceptable quality level, and
manufacturer’s instructions.
limiting quality level.
9. Conditioning
7.2 Laboratory Sample—For the laboratory sample, take a
sample extending the width of the fabric and approximately 1
9.1 Condition 1, Unspecified Testing Conditioning—No
m (1 yd) along the machine direction from each roll, or piece,
conditioning is required unless otherwise specified in a mate-
in the lot sample. For rolls of fabric, take a sample that will
rial specification or contract order.
exclude fabric from the outer wrap of the roll or the inner wrap
9.2 Condition 2, Standard Testing Conditioning:
around the core.
9.2.1 When specified, precondition the specimens by bring-
7.3 Test Specimens—From each laboratory sampling unit,
ing them to approximate moisture equilibrium in the standard
take five specimens from the lengthwise direction and five
atmosphere for preconditioning textiles as directed in Practice
specimensfromthewidthwisedirection,foreachtestcondition
D 1776.
9.2.2 After preconditioning, bring the test specimens to
moisture equilibrium for testing in the standard atmosphere for
TABLE 1 Number of Rolls, or Pieces, of Nonwoven Fabric in the
Lot Sample testing textiles as directed in Practice D 1776 or, if applicable,
in the specified atmosphere in which the testing is to be
Number of Rolls, Pieces in Lot, Number of Rolls or Pieces in Lot,
Inclusive Sample
performed.
1to3 all 9.3 Condition 3, Wet Specimen Conditioning Testing:
4to24 4
9.3.1 Place the specimens in a container and submerge in
25 to 50 5
distilled or deionized water at ambient temperature until
over 50 10 % to a maximum of ten rolls or pieces
thoroughly soaked (see 9.3.1.1).
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