ASTM D4830/D4830M-98(2021)
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Characterizing Thermoplastic Fabrics Used in Roofing and Waterproofing
Standard Test Methods for Characterizing Thermoplastic Fabrics Used in Roofing and Waterproofing
ABSTRACT
These test methods cover the procedures for characterizing thermoplastic fabrics (for example polyester, polyamide, polypropylene, and so forth) used in prefabricated roofing and waterproofing membranes. The procedures appear in the following order: (1) unit mass, (2) thickness, (3) breaking load, elongation at break, and work-to-break, (4) trapezoid tearing strength, (5) puncture strength (6) static heat stability, and (7) dynamic heat stability. Sampling, test specimen preparation and conditioning, and calculations (including rupturing load and percentage change in length for puncture strength and heat stability, respectively) for the procedures are detailed. The test apparatus for the procedures are as follows: breaking load, elongation at break, and work-to-break: CRE machine; puncture strength: tensile testing machine, ring clamp attachment, and solid steel rod; static heat stability: self-supporting aluminum mounting board, oven, ruler, clips, timing device, and marking pen; dynamic heat stability: self-supporting aluminum mounting board, oven, bulldog clamps, ruler, hook weight set, timing device, and marking pen. The solid steel rod for the puncture strength test apparatus is illustrated.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the procedures for characterizing thermoplastic fabrics (for example polyester, polyamide, polypropylene, and so forth) used in prefabricated roofing and waterproofing membranes.
1.2 Procedures appear in the following order:
Section
Unit Mass
3
Thickness
4
Breaking Load, Elongation, and Work-to-Break
5
Trapezoid Tearing Strength
6
Puncture Strength
7
Static Heat Stability
8
Dynamic Heat Stability
9
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D4830/D4830M −98 (Reapproved 2021)
Standard Test Methods for
Characterizing Thermoplastic Fabrics Used in Roofing and
Waterproofing
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4830/D4830M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 These test methods cover the procedures for character-
D76/D76M Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for
izing thermoplastic fabrics (for example polyester, polyamide,
Textiles
polypropylene, and so forth) used in prefabricated roofing and
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
waterproofing membranes.
D885/D885M Test Methods for Tire Cords, Tire Cord
1.2 Procedures appear in the following order:
Fabrics, and Industrial Filament Yarns Made from Manu-
factured Organic-Base Fibers
Section
Unit Mass 3
D1117 Guide for Evaluating Nonwoven Fabrics (Withdrawn
Thickness 4 3
2009)
Breaking Load, Elongation, and Work-to-Break 5
D1776/D1776M Practice for Conditioning and Testing Tex-
Trapezoid Tearing Strength 6
Puncture Strength 7
tiles
Static Heat Stability 8
D4354 Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics and Rolled
Dynamic Heat Stability 9
Erosion Control Products (RECPs) for Testing
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
D5035 Test Method for Breaking Force and Elongation of
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
Textile Fabrics (Strip Method)
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
D5729 Test Method for Thickness of Nonwoven Fabrics
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
(Withdrawn 2008)
values from the two systems may result in nonconformance
D5733 Test Method for Tearing Strength of Nonwoven
with the standard. Fabrics by the Trapezoid Procedure (Withdrawn 2008)
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
E18 Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Ma-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
terials
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter- 3. Unit Mass
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1 Determine the unit mass of the fabric using procedures
2 2
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
described in Guide D1117. Report in g/m or oz/yd .
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
4. Thickness
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- 4.1 Determine fabric thickness following procedures de-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical scribed in Test Method D5729.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
5. Breaking Load, Elongation, and Work-to-Break
5.1 Determine the breaking load and elongation by the cut
strip method described in Test Method D5035 with the follow-
ing exceptions:
1 2
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D08 on For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Roofing and Waterproofing and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
D08.04 on Felts, Fabrics and Bituminous Sheet Materials. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2021. Published November 2021. Originally the ASTM website.
approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as D4830/D4830M – 98 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
ɛ1
(2014) . DOI: 10.1520/D4830_D4830M-98R21. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D4830/D4830M − 98 (2021)
5.1.1 Test Specimens—Cut each specimen 51 6 1 mm [2.0
6 0.05 in.] wide and 203 6 1 mm [8.0 6 0.05 in.] long. The
gauge length shall be 152 6 1 mm [6.0 6 0.05 in.].
5.1.2 Apparatus—The apparatus shall be a CRE (constant
rate of extension) machine described in Specification D76/
D76M.Themachinewillbesetforanextensionrateof5mm/s
or 12 in./min.
5.2 Calculation—Report textile conditions and the average
breaking load in N/m or lbf/in. and the elongation at break in
percent.
5.3 Work-to-Break—The procedure and calculation shall be
asdescribedinTestMethodsD885/D885M,withtheexception
that the load-elongation curve will be from specimens used in
determining breaking load and elongation as described in 5.1
and 5.2.
6. Trapezoid Tearing Strength
6.1 Determine trapezoid tearing strength of the fabric fol-
lowing procedures described in Test Method D5733.
7. Puncture Strength
7.1 Scope:
7.1.1 This test method is used to measure the puncture
strength of thermoplastic fabrics used in roofing.
7.1.2 This procedure is applicable to conditioned fabrics.
7.2 Summary of Method:
7.2.1 A specimen of the fabric is clamped without tension
between grooved, circular plates of a ring clamp attachment
secured in a tensile testing machine.Aforce is exerted against
the center of the specimen by a solid steel rod attached to the
load indicator until rupture occurs.
7.3 Significance and Use:
7.3.1 Puncture failures are recognized in the roofing indus-
try. Puncture strength is felt to reflect the fabric’s ability to
withstand aggregate or ballast stone penetration. This test
FIG. 1 Steel Rod
method is used to obtain the relative puncture resistance of
various fabrics.
7.4 Apparatus:
7.4.1 Tensile Testing Machine, of the constant-rate-of-
7.5 Sampling, Number of Specimens, and Selection of
extension type (CRE), with autographic recorder conforming
Samples:
to the requirements of Specification D76/D76M.
7.5.1 Lot Sample—As a lot sample for acceptance testing,
7.4.2 Ring Clamp Attachment, consisting of concentric
take at random the number of rolls of fabric directed in an
grooved plates with an internal diameter of 44.45 6 0.025 mm
applicable material specification or other agreement between
[1.750 6 0.001 in.], capable of clamping fabrics without
the purchaser and the supplier, such as agreement to sample as
slippage.
directed in Practice D4354. Consider rolls of fabric to be the
7.4.3 Solid Steel Rod, with a hardness in the range of
primary sampling units.
Rockwell C (HRC) 50 to 60, with a diameter of 7.938 6 0.013
7.5.2 Laboratory Sample—Take, for the laboratory sample,
mm [0.3125 6 0.0005 in.] and a hemispherical end with a
a sample extending the width of the fabric and approximately
radius of 3.970 6 0.013 mm [0.1563 6 0.0005 in.] for
1.0 m [39 in.] along with the selvage from each roll in the lot
contacting the fabric surface (see Fig. 1). The surface of the
sample.Thesamplemaybetakenfromtheendportionofaroll
hemispherical end should be smooth and polished to a surface
provided there is no evidence that it is distorted or different
smoothness of RMS ≤ 8. (RMS is the root-mean-square
from other portions of the roll. In cases of dispute, take a
method of describing surface smoothness.)
sample that will exclude fabric from the outer wrap of the roll
or the inner wrap around the core.
7.5.3 Unless otherwise agreed upon or specified in appli-
See Machinery’s Handbook, 19th edition, Industrial Press, H. L. Horton, Ed. cable material specifications, test a number of specimens from
D4830/D4830M − 98 (2021)
each laboratory sample that will give a precision of 65 % at a 8.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the heat
probability level of 90 %, not to exceed ten specimens per stability of thermoplastic fabrics at typical asphalt application
sample. temperatures during manufacture of prefabricated membrane.
8.2 Summary of Method:
7.6 Preparation of Test Specimen:
7.6.1 Each specimen shall be cut 76 by 76 mm [3.0 by 8.2.1 Fabric specimens are placed in an oven for a fixed
amount of time at a specific temperature. The change in length
3.0 in.] to ensure proper clamping. Specimens should be taken
on the diagonal across the sample so that no two specimens of each specimen is recorded and expressed as a percentage of
the original length.
will contain the same machine direction and cross-machine
direction yarns or fibers. Unless otherwise specified, no speci- 8.2.2 This process is performed at four temperatures, and a
plot can be made comparing the percent change in length
men should be taken within 51 mm [2.0 in.] of the selvage or
edge. versus temperature.
8.3 Significance and Use:
7.7 Conditioning:
8.3.1 This test method is used to determine the comparative
7.7.1 Condition the specimens as directed in Practice
D1776/D1776M. heat stability of thermoplastic fabrics, as received, at typical
asphalt application temperatures.
7.8 Procedure:
8.4 Apparatus:
7.8.1 All testing must be conducted at standard textile
8.4.1 Self-Supporting Aluminum Mounting Board—Details
laboratory conditions as required in Practice D1776/D1776M.
ontheconstructionanddimensionsaredescribedinAnnexA1.
7.8.2 Select the load range of the tensile testing machine
8.4.2 Oven, mechanical convection type, for controlled
such that the rupture occurs between 15 and 85 % of the
circulation of air. The oven must be capable of containing the
full-scale load.
mounting board, and shall be equipped with a temperature-
7.8.3 Center and secure the specimen between the grooved
control system designed to maintain oven temperatures at the
plates, ensuring that the fabric extends beyond the outer edges
levels specified in 8.7.1 with a precision of 61°C [62 °F].
of the plates.
The oven should also be equipped with a visible thermometer
7.8.4 Measurement of Rupturing Load—Test at a machine
which measures the inside oven temperature.
speed of 5 mm/s or 12 in./min until the puncture rod com-
8.4.3 Ruler, graduated at 1.0 mm or ⁄32 in. and at least
pletely ruptures the specimen. Read the puncture strength as
25 mm [1.0 in.] wide.
the greatest force in N [lbf] registered on the recording
8.4.4 Clips, noninsulated alligator clips weighing no more
instrument during the test.
than 1.4 g [0.05 oz] each.
7.8.5 If the yarns or fibers fail to break due to the slippage
8.4.5 Timing Device, reading in minutes with an audible
ofthespecimenintheringclamporiftherodslipsbetweenthe
alarm.
yarns or fibers without causing yarn or fiber breakage, discard
8.4.6 Marking Pen, indelible ink or felt-tip marker, capable
the result and test another specimen.
of marking specimens.
7.9 Calculation:
8.5 Preparation of Specimens:
7.9.1 Calculate the average of the rupturing load for all
8.5.1 Take the specimens for the measurement of the static
acceptable test results as read directly from the recording
heat stability for the machine direction from different positions
instrument.
across the fabric and for the cross-machine direction from
7.10 Report:
different positions along the length of the fabric.
7.10.1 Report all of the following:
8.5.2 Test specimens should be cut no closer than 51 mm
7.10.1.1 Product(s) or material(s) sampled.
[2.0 in.] from the selvage and no closer than 1 m [39 in.] from
7.10.1.2 Test method used, identifying both the type of
the end of the roll.
specimen and type of testing machine.
8.5.3 Each specimen should be 267 6 3 mm [10.5 6 ⁄8 in.]
7.10.1.3 Sample conditioning.
long and 25 63mm[1 6 ⁄8 in.] wide.
7.10.1.4 Average puncture strength in N [lbf] of the speci-
8.5.4 Cut twelve specimens from the sample with their long
mens tested and number of specimens.
dimension parallel to the machine direction. Label each speci-
7.10.1.5 Variation, if any, from the described test method.
men as a machine direction specimen.
7.11 Precision and Bias:
8.5.5 Cut twelve specimens from the sample with their long
7.11.1 Precision—The precision of the procedure in this test
dimension parallel to the cross-machine direction. Label each
for measuring puncture strength is being determined.
specimen as a cross-machine direction specimen.
7.11.2 Bias—Since there is no accepted reference material
8.5.6 Marking the Specimens:
suitable for determining the bias for the procedure in this test
8.5.6.1 Lay out a specimen fully extended on a flat, hori-
for puncture strength, no statement on bias is being made.
zontal surface. Draw a line on the specimen 6 mm [ ⁄4 in.] from
the end, parallel to the short dimension (width). Draw a similar
8. Static Heat Stability
line on the other end of the specimen.
8.1 Scope: 8.5.6.2 Prepare the other specimens as in 8.5.6.1.
D4830/D4830M − 98 (2021)
8.6 Conditioning: 8.9.1 State that the tests were carried out as directed in this
8.6.1 Condition the specimens as directed in Practice test method and report the static heat stability as the percent
change in length for both the machine and cross-machine
D1776/D1776M.
directions at each specific temperature. Describe the product(s)
8.7 Procedure:
or material(s) sampled, the number of specimens, and the
8.7.1 Perform 8.7.1.1 – 8.7.1.9 at the following suggested
method of sampling used.
temperatures: 177, 191, 204, and 218 6 1 °C [350, 375, 400,
8.9.2 The data may be expressed in the form of a graph
and 425 6 2 °F].
indicating the percent change in length versus temperature for
8.7.1.1 Set the oven to the desired test temperature and
both the machine and cross-machine directions.
allow to stabilize a minimum of ⁄2 h.
8.10 Precision and Bias:
8.7.1.2 Select three machine direction specimens and three
8.10.1 Precision—The precision of the procedure in this test
cross-machine direction specimens. Measure and record the
for measuring static heat stability is being determined.
distance between the two scribed lines to the nearest 1.0 mm or
8.10.2 Bias—Since there is no accepted reference material
⁄32 in., numbering the specimens as necessary.
suitable for determining the bias for the procedure in this test
8.7.1.3 Place the mounting board in a horizontal position
for static heat stability, no statement on bias is being made.
and secure the tops of the six specimens in the clamps up to the
top 6-mm [ ⁄4-in.] line.
9. Dynamic Heat Stability
8.7.1.4 Attach an alligator clip at the center of the lower
edge of each specimen. Do not place the clip higher than the 9.1 Scope:
9.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the
lower 6-mm [ ⁄4-in.] line.
dynamic heat stability
...
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