ASTM D4040-10(2019)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Rheological Properties of Paste Printing and Vehicles by the Falling-Rod Viscometer
Standard Test Method for Rheological Properties of Paste Printing and Vehicles by the Falling-Rod Viscometer
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Apparent viscosity at the relatively high shear rate of 2500 s−1 does not completely define the rheological properties of printing inks but is useful in the practical control of ink viscosity during production and the specification acceptance between supplier and purchaser.
5.2 The slope of the power law plot is the preferred measure of non-Newtonianism. The yield value, which is obtained by extrapolation of high-shear measurements to a shear rate approaching zero, does not conform to the definition of the true yield stress (see 3.1.7). The yield value and other low shear parameters are also subject to a high degree of variability (see the precision table in Section 16).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining the falling-rod viscosity and degree of non-Newtonian behavior of printing inks, vehicles, and similar liquids that are essentially nonvolatile and unreactive under ordinary room conditions.
1.2 For printing inks, which are typically non-Newtonian, this test method is applicable in the apparent viscosity range from about 10 to 300 P at a shear rate of 2500 s−1. For Newtonian liquids, the applicable viscosity range is about 10 to 1000 P (1 P = 0.1 Pa·s).
1.3 This test method uses a falling-rod viscometer in which shear conditions are altered by manually adding weight to the rod. A fully automatic instrument is described in Test Method D6606.
1.4 This test method, as does Test Method D6606, bases calculations on the power law model of viscosity. ISO 12644 covers not only the power law but also the Casson and Bingham models.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 8.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D4040 − 10 (Reapproved 2019)
Standard Test Method for
Rheological Properties of Paste Printing and Vehicles by the
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Falling-Rod Viscometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4040; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
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1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining
2.1 ASTM Standards:
the falling-rod viscosity and degree of non-Newtonian behav- D445Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
ior of printing inks, vehicles, and similar liquids that are
and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of DynamicViscos-
essentially nonvolatile and unreactive under ordinary room ity)
conditions.
D6606Test Method for Viscosity and Yield of Vehicles and
Varnishes by the Duke Viscometer
1.2 For printing inks, which are typically non-Newtonian,
this test method is applicable in the apparent viscosity range
2.2 Other Standards:
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from about 10 to 300 P at a shear rate of 2500 s . For ISO 12644Graphic Technology—Determination of rheo-
Newtonianliquids,theapplicableviscosityrangeisabout10to
logical properties of paste inks and vehicles by the falling
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1000 P (1 P=0.1 Pa·s). rod viscometer
1.3 This test method uses a falling-rod viscometer in which
3. Terminology
shear conditions are altered by manually adding weight to the
rod. A fully automatic instrument is described in Test Method
3.1 Definitions:
D6606.
3.1.1 apparent viscosity, V ,n—the viscosity of a non-
D
Newtonian fluid at a particular shear rate D.
1.4 This test method, as does Test Method D6606, bases
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3.1.1.1 Discussion—Ashearrateof2500s hasbeenfound
calculations on the power law model of viscosity. ISO 12644
useful for printing inks and is specified in this test method.
covers not only the power law but also the Casson and
Bingham models.
3.1.2 Newtonian, adj—refers to a liquid whose viscosity is
constant at all shear rates.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
3.1.3 non-Newtonian, adj—refers to a liquid whose viscos-
standard.
ity varies with shear rate.
3.1.3.1 Discussion—Non-Newtonain liquids may be either
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
shear-thinning (pseudoplastic) or shear-thickening (dilatant).
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Most printing inks are shear-thinning.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
3.1.4 shear rate, D, n—velocity gradient through the
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mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
stressed liquid; the unit is 1/s or 1 s .
For specific hazard statements, see Section 8.
3.1.4.1 Discussion—Inthefalling-rodviscometer,shearrate
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
is inversely proportional to fall time F per unit distance L over
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
which a unit thickness x of the liquid is stressed: D= L/xF.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
3.1.5 shear stress, S, n—shearing force per unit area; the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
2 2
unit is 1 g/cm·s (1 dyne/cm ).
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
3.1.5.1 Discussion—In the falling-rod viscometer, shear
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1 2
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
and Related Coatings, Materials, andApplicationsand is the direct responsibility of contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Subcommittee D01.56 on Printing Inks. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2019. Published January 2019. Originally the ASTM website.
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approved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D4040–10. DOI: Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
10.1520/D4040-10R19. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D4040 − 10 (2019)
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stressisproportionaltototalweightWperunitofshearingarea V = apparent viscosity at 2500 s ,P.
2500
A times the gravit
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