ASTM F2107-08
(Guide)Standard Guide for Construction and Maintenance of Skinned Areas on Baseball and Softball Fields
Standard Guide for Construction and Maintenance of Skinned Areas on Baseball and Softball Fields
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The skinned areas of baseball and softball fields should provide a uniform playing surface of high quality. Ball bounce should be true and predictable. Footing and sliding properties should favor optimum performance of players. Undulations, rough surface, hard or soft surfaces, weeds, stones, and wet spots detract from good play. Playing surface quality is largely affected by construction and maintenance procedures, and this standard guide addresses those procedures. While warning tracks are a type of skinned area found on baseball and softball fields, this standard does not apply to warning tracks. A separate standard, Guide F 2270, presents information pertaining to warning tracks.
During construction, consideration should be given to factors such as the physical and chemical properties of materials used in the area, freedom from stones and other debris, and surface and internal drainage.
Maintenance practices that influence the playability of the surface include edging, dragging, rolling, watering, vegetation control, brushing or hosing to prevent buildup of a lip of mineral matter in turfgrass at the skinned/turfed edges, and removal of stones and debris that may adversely affect play and safety.
Those responsible for the design, construction, or maintenance, or a combination thereof, of skinned areas on baseball and softball fields will benefit from this guide.
This guide provides flexibility in choices of procedures and can be used to cover a variety of use and budget levels.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers techniques that are appropriate for the construction and maintenance of skinned areas on baseball and softball fields. This guide provides guidance for the selection of materials, such as soil, sand, gravel, crushed stone, crushed brick, calcined clay, calcined diatomaceous earth, vitrified clay, etc., for use in constructing or reconditioning skinned areas and for the selection of management practices that will maintain a safe and playable skinned surface. Although this guide is specific to baseball/softball, it has application to other sports where ball bounce, ball roll, or player footing, or a combination thereof, are of importance.
1.2 Decisions in selecting construction and maintenance techniques are influenced by existing soil types, climatic factors, level of play, intensity of use, equipment available, budget, and training and ability of management personnel.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.
1.5 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. The ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.
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Designation: F2107 − 08 AnAmerican National Standard
Standard Guide for
Construction and Maintenance of Skinned Areas on
1
Baseball and Softball Fields
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2107; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope document means only that the document has been approved
through the ASTM consensus process.
1.1 This guide covers techniques that are appropriate for the
construction and maintenance of skinned areas on baseball and
2. Referenced Documents
softball fields. This guide provides guidance for the selection
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
of materials, such as soil, sand, gravel, crushed stone, crushed
brick,calcinedclay,calcineddiatomaceousearth,vitrifiedclay, C33 Specification for Concrete Aggregates
C242 Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and Related
etc.,foruseinconstructingorreconditioningskinnedareasand
for the selection of management practices that will maintain a Products
D422 Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils
safe and playable skinned surface. Although this guide is
specific to baseball/softball, it has application to other sports D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
Fluids
whereballbounce,ballroll,orplayerfooting,oracombination
thereof, are of importance. D5883 Guide for Use of Rotary Kiln Produced Expanded
Shale, Clay or Slate (ESCS) as a Mineral Amendment in
1.2 Decisions in selecting construction and maintenance
Topsoil Used for Landscaping and Related Purposes
techniques are influenced by existing soil types, climatic
E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test
factors, level of play, intensity of use, equipment available,
Sieves
budget, and training and ability of management personnel.
F405 Specification for Corrugated Polyethylene (PE) Pipe
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
and Fittings
standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
F1632 Test Method for Particle Size Analysis and Sand
Shape Grading of Golf Course Putting Green and Sports
1.4 This standard may involve hazardous materials,
Field Rootzone Mixes
operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to
F2270 Guide for Construction and Maintenance of Warning
address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its
Track Areas on Athletic Fields
use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to
establish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-
3. Terminology
mine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.
1.5 This guide offers an organized collection of information 3.1 Definitions—Except as noted, soil related definitions are
or a series of options and does not recommend a specific in accordance with Terminology D653.
course of action. This document cannot replace education or 3.1.1 calcined clay—granular, lightweight material pro-
experience and should be used in conjunction with professional duced by calcining clay minerals, such as montmorillonite and
judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all attapulgite, at temperatures of about 700°C or higher. Those
circumstances. TheASTM standard is not intended to represent used as soil amendments should be hard, resistant to physical
or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a breakdown, and screened to appropriate sizes. Calcined clay is
given professional service must be judged, nor should this
a manufactured product that lacks the particle size and plas-
document be applied without consideration of a project’s many ticity properties that would allow it to be included in the
3
unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this
definition of clay. (1)
1 2
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on Sports For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Equipment, Playing Surfaces, and Facilities and is the direct responsibility of contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Subcommittee F08.64 on Natural Playing Surfaces. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2008. Published November 2008. Originally the ASTM website.
3
approved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as F2107 – 07. DOI: The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of
10.1520/F2107-08. this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
F2107 − 08
3.1.2 calcined diatomite—sta
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
An American National Standard
Designation:F2107–07 Designation:F2107–08
Standard Guide for
Construction and Maintenance of Skinned Areas on
1
Baseball and Softball Fields
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2107; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide covers techniques that are appropriate for the construction and maintenance of skinned areas on baseball and
softball fields. This guide provides guidance for the selection of materials, such as soil, sand, gravel, crushed stone, crushed brick,
calcined clay, calcined diatomaceous earth, vitrified clay, etc., for use in constructing or reconditioning skinned areas and for the
selection of management practices that will maintain a safe and playable skinned surface. Although this guide is specific to
baseball/softball, it has application to other sports where ball bounce, ball roll, or player footing, or a combination thereof, are of
importance.
1.2 Decisions in selecting construction and maintenance techniques are influenced by existing soil types, climatic factors, level
of play, intensity of use, equipment available, budget, and training and ability of management personnel.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all
of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate
safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.
1.5 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course
of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment.
Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. The ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace
the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied
without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the
document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C33 Specification for Concrete Aggregates
C 242 Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and Related Products
D 422 Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils
D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
D 5883 Guide for Use of Rotary Kiln Produced Expanded Shale, Clay or Slate (ESCS) as a Mineral Amendment in Topsoil
Used for Landscaping and Related Purposes
E11 Specification for Wire Cloth and Sieves for Testing Purposes
F 405 Specification for Corrugated Polyethylene (PE) Pipe and Fittings
F 1632 Test Method for Particle Size Analysis and Sand Shape Grading of Golf Course Putting Green and Sports Field
Rootzone Mixes
F 2270 Guide for Construction and Maintenance of Warning Track Areas on Sports Fields
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions— Except as noted, soil related definitions are in accordance with Terminology D 653.
3.1.1 calcined clay—granular, lightweight material produced by calcining clay minerals, such as montmorillonite and
attapulgite, at temperatures of about 700°C or higher. Those used as soil amendments should be hard, resistant to physical
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on Sports Equipment and Facilities and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F08.64 on Natural
Playing Surfaces.
´1
Current edition approved May 1, 2007. Published June 2007. Originally approved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as F2107–01 .
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2008. Published November 2008. Originally approved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as F 2107 – 07.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-29
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
An American National Standard
Designation:F2107–07 Designation:F2107–08
Standard Guide for
Construction and Maintenance of Skinned Areas on
1
Baseball and Softball Fields
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2107; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide covers techniques that are appropriate for the construction and maintenance of skinned areas on baseball and
softball fields. This guide provides guidance for the selection of materials, such as soil, sand, gravel, crushed stone, crushed brick,
calcined clay, calcined diatomaceous earth, vitrified clay, etc., for use in constructing or reconditioning skinned areas and for the
selection of management practices that will maintain a safe and playable skinned surface. Although this guide is specific to
baseball/softball, it has application to other sports where ball bounce, ball roll, or player footing, or a combination thereof, are of
importance.
1.2 Decisions in selecting construction and maintenance techniques are influenced by existing soil types, climatic factors, level
of play, intensity of use, equipment available, budget, and training and ability of management personnel.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all
of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate
safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.
1.5 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course
of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment.
Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. The ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace
the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied
without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the
document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C 33 Specification for Concrete Aggregates
C 242 Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and Related Products
D 422 Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils
D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
D 5883 Guide for Use of Rotary Kiln Produced Expanded Shale, Clay or Slate (ESCS) as a Mineral Amendment in Topsoil
Used for Landscaping and Related Purposes
E 11 Specification for Wire Cloth and Sieves for Testing Purposes
F 405 Specification for Corrugated Polyethylene (PE) Pipe and Fittings
F 1632 Test Method for Particle Size Analysis and Sand Shape Grading of Golf Course Putting Green and Sports Field
Rootzone Mixes
F 2270 Guide for Construction and Maintenance of Warning Track Areas on Sports Fields
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions— Except as noted, soil related definitions are in accordance with Terminology D 653.
3.1.1 calcined clay—granular, lightweight material produced by calcining clay minerals, such as montmorillonite and
attapulgite, at temperatures of about 700°C or higher. Those used as soil amendments should be hard, resistant to physical
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on Sports Equipment and Facilities and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F08.64 on Natural
Playing Surfaces.
´1
Current edition approved May 1, 2007. Published June 2007. Originally approved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as F2107–01 .
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2008. Published November 2008. Originally approved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as F 2107 – 07.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-
...
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