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ASTM B659-90(2003)

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Measuring Thickness of Metallic and Inorganic Coatings

Standard Guide for Measuring Thickness of Metallic and Inorganic Coatings

SCOPE
1.1 This guide outlines the methods for measuring the thickness of many metallic and inorganic coatings including electrodeposited, mechanically deposited, vacuum deposited, anodic oxide and chemical conversion coatings.
1.2 This guide is limited to tests considered in ASTM standards and does not cover certain tests that are employed for special applications.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Feb-2003
ICS
17.040.20 - Properties of surfaces
Technical Committee
B08 - Metallic and Inorganic Coatings
Drafting Committee
B08.10 - Test Methods
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM B659-90(1997) - Standard Guide for Measuring Thickness of Metallic and Inorganic Coatings
Effective Date
10-Feb-2003
Replaced By
ASTM B659-90(2008)e1 - Standard Guide for Measuring Thickness of Metallic and Inorganic Coatings
Effective Date
01-Apr-2008
Referred By
ASTM B456-17(2022) - Standard Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings of Copper Plus Nickel Plus<brk/> Chromium and Nickel Plus Chromium
Effective Date
10-Feb-2003
Referred By
ASTM F1941/F1941M-16 - Standard Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings on Mechanical Fasteners, Inch and Metric
Effective Date
10-Feb-2003
Referred By
ASTM C1624-22 - Standard Test Method for Adhesion Strength and Mechanical Failure Modes of Ceramic Coatings by Quantitative Single Point Scratch Testing
Effective Date
10-Feb-2003
Referred By
ASTM B604-91(2019) - Standard Specification for Decorative Electroplated Coatings of Copper Plus Nickel Plus Chromium on Plastics
Effective Date
10-Feb-2003
Referred By
ASTM B545-22 - Standard Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings of Tin
Effective Date
10-Feb-2003
Referred By
ASTM B832-93(2018) - Standard Guide for Electroforming with Nickel and Copper
Effective Date
10-Feb-2003

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ASTM B659-90(2003) - Standard Guide for Measuring Thickness of Metallic and Inorganic CoatingsASTM B659-90(2003) - Standard Guide for Measuring Thickness of Metallic and Inorganic Coatings
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ASTM B659-90(2003) - Standard Guide for Measuring Thickness of Metallic and Inorganic Coatings
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:B659–90(Reapproved 2003)
Standard Guide for
Measuring Thickness of Metallic and Inorganic Coatings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation B 659; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope B 681 Test Method for Measurement of Thickness of An-
odic Coatings on Aluminum and of Other Transparent
1.1 This guide outlines the methods for measuring the
Coatings on Opaque Surfaces Using the Light-Section
thickness of many metallic and inorganic coatings including
Microscope
electrodeposited, mechanically deposited, vacuum deposited,
B 767 Guide for Determining Mass Per Unit Area of Elec-
anodic oxide and chemical conversion coatings.
trodeposited and Related Coatings by Gravimetric and
1.2 This guide is limited to tests considered in ASTM
Other Chemical Analysis Procedures
standardsanddoesnotcovercertainteststhatareemployedfor
2.2 ISO Standards:
special applications.
1463 Metal and Oxide Coatings—Measurement of Thick-
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
ness by Microscopic Examination of Cross Sections
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
2128 Surface Treatment of Metals—Anodization (Anodic
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Oxidation) ofAluminum and ItsAlloys—Measurement of
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
the Thickness of Oxide Coatings—Nondestructive Mea-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
surement by Light Section Microscope
2. Referenced Documents
2176 PetroleumProductsLubricatingGreaseDetermination
of Dropping Point
2.1 ASTM Standards:
2177 Metallic Coatings—Measurement of Coating
B 244 Test Method for Measurement of Thickness of An-
Thickness—Coulometric Method by Anodic Solution
odic Coatings on Aluminum and of Other Nonconductive
2178 Non-Magnetic Metallic and Vitreous or Porcelain
Coatings on Nonmagnetic Basis Metals with Eddy-Current
EnamelCoatingsonMagneticBasisMetals,Measurement
Instruments
of Coating Thickness, Magnetic Method
B 487 Test Method for Measurement of Metal and Oxide
2360 Non-Conductive Coatings on Non-Magnetic Basis
Coating Thickness by Microscopical Examination of a
Metals—Measurement of Coating Thickness—Eddy Cur-
Cross Section
rent Method
B 499 Test Method for Measurement of Coating Thick-
2361 Electrodeposited Nickel Coatings on Magnetic and
nessesbytheMagneticMethod:NonmagneticCoatingson
Non-Magnetic Substrates—Measurement of Coating
Magnetic Basis Metals
Thickness—Magnetic Method
B 504 Test Method for Measurement of Thickness of Me-
3497 Metallic Coatings—Measurement of Coating
tallic Coatings by the Coulometric Method
Thickness—X-Ray Spectrometric Methods
B 530 Test Method for Measurement of Coating Thick-
3543 Metallic and Non-Metallic Coatings—Measurement
nesses by the Magnetic Method: Electrodeposited Nickel
of Thickness—Beta Backscatter Method
Coatings on Magnetic and Nonmagnetic Substrates
B 567 Test Method for Measurement of Coating Thickness
3. Significance and Use
by the Beta Backscatter Method
3.1 Most coating specifications specify the thickness of the
B 568 Test Method for Measurement of Coating Thickness
coating because coating thickness is often an important factor
by X-Ray Spectrometry
in the performance of the coating in service.
B 588 TestMethodforMeasurementofThicknessofTrans-
3.2 The methods included in this guide are suitable for
parent or Opaque Coatings by Double-Beam Interference
acceptance testing and are to be found in ASTM standards.
Microscope Technique
3.3 Each method has its own limitations with respect to the
kind of coating and its thickness.
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B08 on Metallic and
Inorganic Coatings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee B08.10 on Test
Methods.
Current edition approved Feb. 10, 2003. Published May 2003. Originally Discontinued. See 2000 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 02.05.
approved in 1979. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as B 659 – 90 (1997). Available from American National Standards Institute, 25 W. 43rd St., 4th
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 02.05. Floor, New York, NY 10036.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
B659–90 (2003)
4. Reliability of Methods ment is possible if the atomic number of the coating material is
sufficiently different from that of its substrate and if the beta
4.1 All methods covered by this guide are sufficiently
radiation is of suitable energy and intensity.The method can be
reliable to be used for acceptance testing of many electroplated
used for measuring both thin and thick coatings, the maximum
and other coatings. That is, each method is capable of yielding
thickness being a function of the atomic number of the coating.
measurements with an uncertainty of less than 10 % of the
In practice, high atomic number coatings, such as gold, can be
coating thickness over a significant range of coating thick-
measured up to 50 µm, while low atomic number coatings,
nesses when used by properly instructed personnel.
such as copper or nickel, can be measured up to about 200 µm.
5. Nondestructive Methods 5.4.2 Coating thickness gages of this type are available
commercially (Test Method B 567 and ISO 3543).
5.1 Magnetic Methods—These methods employ instru-
ments that measure the magnetic attraction between a magnet
6. Semidestructive Methods
and the coating or the substrate or both, or that measure the
reluctance of a magnetic flux path passing through the coating
6.1 Coulometric Method:
and the substrate. These methods, in practice, are limited to
6.1.1 Coating thickness may be determined by measuring
nonmagnetic coatings on carbon steel (Test Method B 499 and
the quantity of electricity consumed in dissolving the coating
ISO 2178) and to electrodeposited nickel coatings on carbon
fromanaccuratelydefinedareawhenthearticleismadeanodic
steel or on nonmagnetic substrates (Test Method B 530 and
in a suitable electrolyte under suitable conditions. The change
ISO 2361) and to nonmagnetic autocatalytically deposited
in potential occurring when the substrate is exposed indicates
nickel-phosphorus alloys on carbon steel (Test Method B 499
the end point of the dissolution. The method is applicable to
and ISO 2176). Coating thickness gages of this type are
many coating-substrate combinations (Test Method B 504 and
available commercially.
ISO 2177).
5.2 Eddy-CurrentMethod—This method employs an instru-
6.1.2 Coating thickness instruments employing this method
ment that generates a high-frequency current in a probe,
are
...

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5.1 The thickness of a coating is often critical to its performance. This magnetic method is suitable for measuring nondestructively the thickness of some nickel coatings and for specification acceptance.  
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ASTM B659-90(2021)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Measuring Thickness of Metallic and Inorganic Coatings

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3.1 Most coating specifications specify the thickness of the coating because coating thickness is often an important factor in the performance of the coating in service.  
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3.3 Each method has its own limitations with respect to the kind of coating and its thickness.
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1.2 This guide is limited to tests considered in ASTM standards and does not cover certain tests that are employed for special applications.  
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1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM B499-09(2021)e1(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measurement of Coating Thicknesses by the Magnetic Method: Nonmagnetic Coatings on Magnetic Basis Metals

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The thickness of a coating is often critical to its performance. For most nonferrous coatings on steel, the magnetic method is reliable for measuring coating thickness nondestructively and is suitable for specification acceptance testing and SPC/SQC applications.  
5.2 This test method should not be used to determine the thickness of electrodeposited nickel coatings on steel. Test Method B530 is suitable for that determination.
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1.1 This test method covers the use of magnetic instruments for the nondestructive measurement of the thickness of nonmagnetic coatings over ferrous or other magnetic base metals. It is intended to supplement manufacturers’ instructions for the operation of the instruments and is not intended to replace them.
Note 1: Autocatalytically deposited nickel-phosphorus alloys containing more than 8 % phosphorus are sufficiently nonmagnetic to be measured by this test method, as long as the measurement is made prior to any heat treatment.  
1.2 These instruments measure either the magnetic attraction between a magnet and the basis metal, as influenced by the presence of the coating (categorized as “magnetic pull-off”), or the change in magnetic-flux density within the probe (categorized as “electronic”). These instruments cannot distinguish the thickness of individual layers. They can only measure the cumulative thickness of all layers beneath the probe down to the base metal.  
1.3 Measurements made in accordance with this test method will be in compliance with the requirements of ISO International Standard 2178.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
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Standard Test Methods for Thickness of Diffusion Coating

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 A diffusion coating is one produced by causing an element or elements to react with or diffuse into, or both, the surface of a metallic substrate, thus chemically altering the substrate adjacent to the surface. To appreciate the significance of coating thickness measurements one must understand the contributions to a particular coating of solid-solution zones in the substrate and reaction products such as intermetallic compounds.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover two procedures for measuring the thickness of diffusion coatings.  
1.2 Test Method A is the determination of the dimensional-change thickness, defined as the difference in the thickness of the part before and after coating. (The terms micrometer thickness and part growth are considered synonymous with dimensional change thickness.)  
1.3 Test Method B is the determination of total coating thickness, defined as the distance between the observably unaffected substrate and the exterior surface of the coating. This includes the total of all included phases, zones and layers. (The term case depth is considered to be synonymous with total coating thickness.) The total coating thickness is determined by cross-sectioning the coating, preparing a metallurgical mount and microscopically measuring the coating thickness.  
1.4 The total coating thickness as determined microscopically from a cross-section will usually be greater than, or equal to, the dimensional change thickness determined by part growth. When the coating is produced primarily by reaction with the substrate, the substrate-coating interface recedes as the substrate is consumed in the reaction. In such cases the difference between the total coating thickness and the dimensional change thickness is the thickness of the substrate consumed.  
1.5 Diffusion coatings are usually formed at elevated temperatures for service at elevated temperatures. This means that diffusion coatings are dynamic systems which are continually undergoing changes while in an elevated-temperature environment. It is necessary to know that certain phases are growing at the expense of others and to know the previous history of a coating to understand the significance of coating thickness data.  
1.6 Values in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Inch-pound units are provided for information only.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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