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ASTM B659-90(1997)

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Measuring Thickness of Metallic and Inorganic Coatings

Standard Guide for Measuring Thickness of Metallic and Inorganic Coatings

SCOPE
1.1 This guide outlines the methods for measuring the thickness of many metallic and inorganic coatings including electrodeposited, mechanically deposited, vacuum deposited, anodic oxide and chemical conversion coatings.
1.2 This guide is limited to tests considered in ASTM standards and does not cover certain tests that are employed for special applications.  
1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Dec-1996
Technical Committee
B08 - Metallic and Inorganic Coatings
Drafting Committee
B08.10 - Test Methods
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM B659-90(2003) - Standard Guide for Measuring Thickness of Metallic and Inorganic Coatings
Effective Date
10-Feb-2003
Referred By
ASTM F1941/F1941M-16 - Standard Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings on Mechanical Fasteners, Inch and Metric
Effective Date
01-Jan-1997
Referred By
ASTM B545-22 - Standard Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings of Tin
Effective Date
01-Jan-1997
Referred By
ASTM B832-93(2018) - Standard Guide for Electroforming with Nickel and Copper
Effective Date
01-Jan-1997
Referred By
ASTM B604-91(2019) - Standard Specification for Decorative Electroplated Coatings of Copper Plus Nickel Plus Chromium on Plastics
Effective Date
01-Jan-1997
Referred By
ASTM B456-17(2022) - Standard Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings of Copper Plus Nickel Plus<brk/> Chromium and Nickel Plus Chromium
Effective Date
01-Jan-1997
Referred By
ASTM C1624-22 - Standard Test Method for Adhesion Strength and Mechanical Failure Modes of Ceramic Coatings by Quantitative Single Point Scratch Testing
Effective Date
01-Jan-1997

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ASTM B659-90(1997) - Standard Guide for Measuring Thickness of Metallic and Inorganic CoatingsASTM B659-90(1997) - Standard Guide for Measuring Thickness of Metallic and Inorganic Coatings
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ASTM B659-90(1997) - Standard Guide for Measuring Thickness of Metallic and Inorganic Coatings
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued. NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information. Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: B 659 – 90 (Reapproved 1997)
Standard Guide for
Measuring Thickness of Metallic and Inorganic Coatings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation B 659; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Microscope Technique
B 681 Test Method for Measurement of Thickness of An-
1.1 This guide outlines the methods for measuring the
odic Coatings on Aluminum and of Other Transparent
thickness of many metallic and inorganic coatings including
Coatings on Opaque Surfaces Using the Light-Section
electrodeposited, mechanically deposited, vacuum deposited,
Microscope
anodic oxide and chemical conversion coatings.
B 767 Guide for Determining Mass Per Unit Area of Elec-
1.2 This guide is limited to tests considered in ASTM
trodeposited and Related Coatings by Gravimetric and
standards and does not cover certain tests that are employed for
Other Chemical Analysis Procedures
special applications.
2.2 ISO Standards:
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
1463 Metal and Oxide Coatings—Measurement of Thick-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
ness by Microscopic Examination of Cross Sections
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
2128 Surface Treatment of Metals—Anodization (Anodic
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Oxidation) of Aluminum and Its Alloys—Measurement of
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
the Thickness of Oxide Coatings—Nondestructive Mea-
2. Referenced Documents surement by Light Section Microscope
2176 Petroleum Products Lubricating Grease Determination
2.1 ASTM Standards:
of Dropping Point
B 244 Test Method for Measurement of Thickness of An-
2177 Metallic Coatings—Measurement of Coating
odic Coatings on Aluminum and of Other Nonconductive
Thickness—Coulometric Method by Anodic Solution
Coatings on Nonmagnetic Basis Metals with Eddy-Current
2178 Non-Magnetic Metallic and Vitreous or Porcelain
Instruments
Enamel Coatings on Magnetic Basis Metals, Measurement
B 487 Test Method for Measurement of Metal and Oxide
of Coating Thickness, Magnetic Method
Coating Thickness by Microscopical Examination of a
2360 Non-Conductive Coatings on Non-Magnetic Basis
Cross Section
Metals—Measurement of Coating Thickness—Eddy Cur-
B 499 Test Method for Measurement of Coating Thick-
rent Method
nesses by the Magnetic Method: Nonmagnetic Coatings on
2361 Electrodeposited Nickel Coatings on Magnetic and
Magnetic Basis Metals
Non-Magnetic Substrates—Measurement of Coating
B 504 Test Method for Measurement of Thickness of Me-
Thickness—Magnetic Method
tallic Coatings by the Coulometric Method
3497 Metallic Coatings—Measurement of Coating
B 530 Test Method for Measurement of Coating Thick-
Thickness—X-Ray Spectrometric Methods
nesses by the Magnetic Method: Electrodeposited Nickel
3543 Metallic and Non-Metallic Coatings—Measurement
Coatings on Magnetic and Nonmagnetic Substrates
of Thickness—Beta Backscatter Method
B 567 Test Method for Measurement of Coating Thickness
by the Beta Backscatter Method
3. Significance and Use
B 568 Test Method for Measurement of Coating Thickness
2 3.1 Most coating specifications specify the thickness of the
by X-Ray Spectrometry
coating because coating thickness is often an important factor
B 588 Test Method for Measurement of Thickness of Trans-
in the performance of the coating in service.
parent or Opaque Coatings by Double-Beam Interference
3.2 The methods included in this guide are suitable for
acceptance testing and are to be found in ASTM standards.
1 3.3 Each method has its own limitations with respect to the
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B-8 on Metallic and
kind of coating and its thickness.
Inorganic Coatings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee B08.10 on
General Test Methods.
Current edition approved Feb. 23, 1990. Published April 1990. Originally
published as B 659 – 79. Last previous edition B 659 – 85. Available from American National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd St., 13th
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 02.05. Floor, New York, NY 10036.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued. NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information. Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
B 659 – 90 (1997)
4. Reliability of Methods ment is possible if the atomic number of the coating material is
sufficiently different from that of its substrate and if the beta
4.1 All methods covered by this guide are sufficiently
radiation is of suitable energy and intensity. The method can be
reliable to be used for acceptance testing of many electroplated
used for measuring both thin and thick coatings, the maximum
and other coatings. That is, each method is capable of yielding
thickness being a function of the atomic number of the coating.
measurements with an uncertainty of less than 10 % of the
In practice, high atomic number coatings, such as gold, can be
coating thickness over a significant range of coating thick-
measured up to 50 μm, while low atomic number coatings,
nesses when used by properly instructed personnel.
such as copper or nickel, can be measured up to about 200 μm.
5.4.2 Coating thickness gages of this type are available
5. Nondestructive Methods
commercially (Method B 567 and ISO 3543).
5.1 Magnetic Methods—These methods employ instru-
ments that measure the magnetic attraction between a magnet
6. Semidestructive Methods
and the coating or the substrate or both, or that measure the
reluctance of a magnetic flux path passing through the coating
6.1 Coulometric Method:
and the substrate. These methods, in practice, are limited to
6.1.1 Coating thickness may be determined by measuring
nonmagnetic coatings on carbon steel (Method B 499 and ISO
the quantity of electricity consumed in dissolving the coating
2178) and to electrodeposited nickel coatings on carbon steel
from an accurately defined area when the article is made anodic
or on nonmagnetic substrates (Method B 530 and ISO 2361)
in a suitable electrolyte under suitable conditions. The change
and to nonmagnetic autocatalytically deposited nickel-
in potential occurring when the substrate is exposed indicates
phosphorus alloys on carbon steel (Method B 499 and ISO
the end point of the dissolution. The method is applicable to
2176). Coating thickness gages of this type are available
many coating-substrate combinations (Method B 504 and ISO
commercially.
2177).
5.2 Eddy-Current Method—This method employs an instru-
6.1.2 Coating thickness instruments employing this method
ment that generates a
...

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Note 1: The term carbon residue is used throughout this test method to designate the carbonaceous residue formed after evaporation and pyrolysis of a petroleum product under the conditions specified in this test method. The residue is not composed entirely of carbon, but is a coke which can be further changed by pyrolysis. The term carbon residue is continued in this test method only in deference to its wide common usage.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Research O.N. correlates with commercial automotive spark-ignition engine antiknock performance under mild conditions of operation.  
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5.2.2 Research O.N., in conjunction with Motor O.N., defines the antiknock index of automotive spark-ignition engine fuels, in accordance with Specification D4814. The antiknock index of a fuel approximates the Road octane ratings for many vehicles, is posted on retail dispensing pumps in the U.S., and is referred to in vehicle manuals.
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1.1 This test method determines the technical coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid materials using thermomechanical analysis techniques.  
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1.4 This test method is applicable to the temperature range from −120 °C to 900 °C. The temperature range may be extended depending upon the instrumentation and calibration materials used.  
1.5 SI units are the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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5.2.1 Empirical correlations that permit calculation of automotive antiknock performance are based on the general equation:
Values of k1, k2, and k3 vary with vehicles and vehicle populations and are based on road-octane number determinations.  
5.2.2 Motor O.N., in conjunction with Research O.N., defines the antiknock index of automotive spark-ignition engine fuels, in accordance with Specification D4814. The antiknock index of a fuel approximates the road octane ratings for many vehicles, is posted on retail dispensing pumps in the United States, and is referred to in vehicle manuals.
This is more commonly presented as:
5.3 Motor O.N. is used for measuring the antiknock performance of spark-ignition engine fuels that contain oxygenates.  
5.4 Motor O.N. is important in relation to the specifications for spark-ignition engine fuels used in stationary and other nonautomotive engine applications.  
5.5 Motor O.N. is utilized to determine, by correlation equation, the Aviation method O.N. or performance number (lean-mixture aviation rating) of aviation spark-ignition engine fuel.7
SCOPE
1.1 This laboratory test method covers the quantitative determination of the knock rating of liquid spark-ignition engine fuel in terms of Motor octane number, including fuels that contain up to 25 % v/v of ethanol. However, this test method may not be applicable to fuel and fuel components that are primarily oxygenates.2 The sample fuel is tested in a standardized single cylinder, four-stroke cycle, variable compression ratio, carbureted, CFR engine run in accordance with a defined set of operating conditions. The octane number scale is defined by the volumetric composition of primary reference fuel blends. The sample fuel knock intensity is compared to that of one or more primary reference fuel blends. The octane number of the primary reference fuel blend that matches the knock intensity of the sample fuel establishes the Motor octane number.  
1.2 The octane number scale covers the range from 0 to 120 octane number, but this test method has a working range from 40 to 120 octane number. Typical commercial fuels produced for automotive spark-ignition engines rate in the 80 to 90 Motor octane number range. Typical commercial fuels produced for aviation spark-ignition engines rate in the 98 to 102 Motor octane number range. Testing of gasoline blend stocks or other process stream materials can produce ratings at various levels throughout the Motor octane number range.  
1.3 The values of operating conditions are stated in SI units and are considered standard. The values in parentheses are the historical inch-pounds units. The standardized CFR engine measurements continue to be in inch-pound units only because of the extensive and expensive tooling that has been created for this equipment.  
1.4 For purposes of determining conformance with all specified limits in this standard, an observed value or a calculated value shall be rounded “to the nearest unit” in the last right-hand digit used in expressing the specified limit, in accordance with the rounding method of Practice E29.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For more specific hazard statements, see Section 8, 14.4.1, 15.5.1, 16.6.1, Annex A1, A2.2.3.1, A2.2.3.3(6) and (9), A2.3.5, X3.3.7, X4.2.3.1, X4.3.4.1, X4.3.9.3, X4.3.12.4, and X4.5.1.8. ...

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ASTM
ASTM D6134/D6134M-07(2024)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Vulcanized Rubber Sheets Used in Waterproofing Systems

ABSTRACT
This specification covers unreinforced vulcanized rubber sheets made from ethylene propylene diene terpolymer (EPDM) or butyl (IIR), intended for use in preventing water under hydrostatic pressure from entering a structure. The tests and property limits used to characterize these sheets are specific for each classification and are minimum values to make the product fit for its intended purpose. Types used to identify the principal polymer component of the sheet include: type I - ethylene propylene diene terpolymer, and type II - butyl. The sheet shall be formulated from the appropriate polymers and other compounding ingredients. The thickness, tensile strength, elongation, tensile set, tear resistance, brittleness temperature, and linear dimensional change shall be tested to meet the requirements prescribed. The water absorption, factory seam strength, water vapour permeance, hardness durometer, resistance to soil burial, resistance to heat aging, and resistance to puncture shall be tested to meet the requirements prescribed.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers unreinforced vulcanized rubber sheets made from ethylene propylene diene terpolymer (EPDM) or butyl (IIR), intended for use in preventing water under hydrostatic pressure from entering a structure.  
1.2 The tests and property limits used to characterize these sheets are specific for each classification and are minimum values to make the product fit for its intended purpose.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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