ASTM E45-05
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Determining the Inclusion Content of Steel
Standard Test Methods for Determining the Inclusion Content of Steel
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover a number of recognized procedures for determining the nonmetallic inclusion content of wrought steel. Macroscopic methods include macroetch, fracture, step-down, and magnetic particle tests. Microscopic methods include five generally accepted systems of examination. In these microscopic methods, inclusions are assigned to a category based on similarities in morphology, and not necessarily on their chemical identity. Metallographic techniques that allow simple differentiation between morphologically similar inclusions are briefly discussed. While the methods are primarily intended for rating inclusions, constituents such as carbides, nitrides, carbonitrides, borides, and intermetallic phases may be rated using some of the microscopic methods. In some cases, alloys other than steels may be rated using one or more of these methods; the methods will be described in terms of their use on steels.
1.2 This practice covers procedures to perform JK-type inclusion ratings using automatic image analysis in accordance with microscopic methods A and D.
1.3 Depending on the type of steel and the properties required, either a macroscopic or a microscopic method for determining the inclusion content, or combinations of the two methods, may be found most satisfactory.
1.4 These test methods deal only with recommended test methods and nothing in them should be construed as defining or establishing limits of acceptability for any grade of steel.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Values in parentheses are conversions and are approximate.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: E 45 – 05
Standard Test Methods for
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Determining the Inclusion Content of Steel
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationE 45;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
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1.1 These test methods cover a number of recognized 2.1 ASTM Standards:
procedures for determining the nonmetallic inclusion content D 96 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Crude Oil by
of wrought steel. Macroscopic methods include macroetch, Centrifuge Method (Field Procedure)
fracture, step-down, and magnetic particle tests. Microscopic E3 Guide for Preparation of Metallographic Specimens
methods include five generally accepted systems of examina- E7 Terminology Relating to Metallography
tion. In these microscopic methods, inclusions are assigned to E 381 Method of Macroetch Testing Steel Bars, Billets,
a category based on similarities in morphology, and not Blooms, and Forgings
necessarily on their chemical identity. Metallographic tech- E 709 Guide for Magnetic Particle Examination
niques that allow simple differentiation between morphologi- E 768 Practice for Preparing and Evaluating Specimens for
cally similar inclusions are briefly discussed. While the meth- Automatic Inclusion Assessment of Steel
ods are primarily intended for rating inclusions, constituents E 1245 Practice for Determining Inclusion or Second-Phase
such as carbides, nitrides, carbonitrides, borides, and interme- Constituent Content of Metals byAutomatic ImageAnaly-
tallic phases may be rated using some of the microscopic sis
methods. In some cases, alloys other than steels may be rated E 1444 Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination
using one or more of these methods; the methods will be E 1951 Guide for Calibrating Reticles and Light Micro-
described in terms of their use on steels. scope Magnifications
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1.2 This practice covers procedures to perform JK-type 2.2 SAE Standards:
inclusion ratings using automatic image analysis in accordance J422, Recommended Practice for Determination of Inclu-
with microscopic methods A and D. sions in Steel
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1.3 Depending on the type of steel and the properties 2.3 Aerospace Material Specifications:
required, either a macroscopic or a microscopic method for AMS 2300, Premium Aircraft-Quality Steel Cleanliness:
determining the inclusion content, or combinations of the two Magnetic Particle Inspection Procedure
methods, may be found most satisfactory. AMS 2301, Aircraft Quality Steel Cleanliness: Magnetic
1.4 These test methods deal only with recommended test Particle Inspection Procedure
methods and nothing in them should be construed as defining AMS 2303, Aircraft Quality Steel Cleanliness: Martensitic
or establishing limits of acceptability for any grade of steel. Corrosion-Resistant Steels Magnetic Particle Inspection
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the Procedure
standard. Values in parentheses are conversions and are ap- AMS 2304, Special Aircraft-Quality Steel Cleanliness:
proximate. Magnetic Particle Inspection Procedure
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1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the 2.4 ISO Standards:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the ISO 3763, Wrought Steels—Macroscopic Methods for As-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- sessing the Content of Nonmetallic Inclusions
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
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These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E04 on the ASTM website.
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Metallography and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E04.09 on Inclu- Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 Commonwealth
sions. Dr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.
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Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2005. Published December 2005. Originally Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
approved in 1942. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as E 45 – 97 (2002). 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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E45–05
ISO 4967, Steel—Determination of Content of Nonmetallic place inclusions into one of several composition-relate
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