ASTM B871-01(2013)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Tear Testing of Aluminum Alloy Products (Withdrawn 2017)
Standard Test Method for Tear Testing of Aluminum Alloy Products (Withdrawn 2017)
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The significance of the tear test is similar to that of the notch-tensile test, and its primary usefulness is as an indicator of toughness or as a ranking test as described in Test Method E338 and Practice B646.
5.1.1 This test method provides a comparative measure of resistance of aluminum alloys and products to unstable fracture originating from the presence of crack-like stress concentrators. This test method is not intended to provide an absolute measure of resistance to crack propagation that might be used in the design of a structure.
5.2 Values of the energies required to initiate and propagate cracks in tear specimens are determined by measuring or integrating the appropriate areas under the test curve developed during the test.
5.3 The unit propagation energy (UPE) is the primary result of the tear test. This value provides a measure of the combination of strength and ductility that permits a material to resist crack growth under either elastic or plastic stresses. The UPE value normally will exhibit greater scatter than conventional tensile or yield strength values. In order to establish a reasonable estimate of average properties, it is recommended that replicate specimens be tested for each metal condition being evaluated. The UPE value has significance as a relative index of fracture toughness.
5.4 The ratio of the tear strength to the tensile yield strength is a measure of notch toughness comparable to the notch-yield ratio from notch-tensile tests carried out in accordance with Test Method E338. It is of value in relative ranking of materials with regard to their toughness.2,3
5.5 The numerical results of the test are dependent upon the specimen size and geometry, although specimen thicknesses over the range of 0.063 in. (1.6 mm) to 0.100 in. (2.5 mm) have not shown a significant effect on tear strength (TS) and unit propagation energy (UPE).6 These values may exhibit a dependency to thickness when the specimen thickness is outside ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the static tear test of aluminum alloy products using specimens that are 0.040 in. (1 mm) to 0.250 in. (6.35 mm) thick.
1.2 This test method is applicable to aluminum alloy products having a minimum thickness of 0.040 in. (1 mm).
1.3 This test method provides a measure of both notch toughness and resistance to crack propagation with the primary use as a screening or merit rank test.
1.4 The reliability of the tear test has been established in various research programs by reasonably good correlations between data from the tear tests and fracture toughness tests.2,3Note 1—Direct measurement of fracture toughness may be made in accordance with Practices B645, B646 and Test Method E399.
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This test method covers the static tear test of aluminum alloy products using specimens that are 0.040 in. (1 mm) to 0.250 in. (6.35 mm) thick.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee B07 on Light Metals and Alloys, this test method was withdrawn in November 2017. This standard is being withdrawn without replacement due to its limited use by industry.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: B871 − 01 (Reapproved 2013)
Standard Test Method for
Tear Testing of Aluminum Alloy Products
This standard is issued under the fixed designation B871; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope B646 Practice for Fracture Toughness Testing of Aluminum
Alloys
1.1 This test method covers the static tear test of aluminum
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
alloy products using specimens that are 0.040 in. (1 mm) to
E83 Practice for Verification and Classification of Exten-
0.250 in. (6.35 mm) thick.
someter Systems
1.2 This test method is applicable to aluminum alloy prod-
E338 Test Method of Sharp-Notch Tension Testing of High-
ucts having a minimum thickness of 0.040 in. (1 mm). 5
Strength Sheet Materials (Withdrawn 2010)
E399 Test Method for Linear-Elastic Plane-Strain Fracture
1.3 This test method provides a measure of both notch
toughness and resistance to crack propagation with the primary Toughness K of Metallic Materials
Ic
use as a screening or merit rank test.
3. Terminology
1.4 The reliability of the tear test has been established in
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
various research programs by reasonably good correlations
2,3 3.1.1 initiation energy, IE (FL)—the amount of energy
between data from the tear tests and fracture toughness tests.
required to initiate a crack in a tear specimen. Initiation energy
NOTE 1—Direct measurement of fracture toughness may be made in
is determined by integrating the area under the force-
accordance with Practices B645, B646 and Test Method E399.
displacement curve from the beginning of the test to the point
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
of maximum force.
as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for
3.1.2 propagation energy, PE (FL)—the amount of energy
information only.
required to propagate a crack in a tear specimen. Propagation
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
energy is determined by integrating the area under the force-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
displacement curve from the point of maximum force to the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
point of complete fracture.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1.3 tear resistance—a general term describing the resis-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
tance of a material to crack propagation under static loading,
either in an elastic or plastic stress field.
2. Referenced Documents
−2
3.1.4 tear strength, TS (FL )—the maximum nominal di-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
rect and bending stress that the tear specimen is capable of
B557 Test Methods for Tension Testing Wrought and Cast
sustaining.
Aluminum- and Magnesium-Alloy Products
3.1.5 tear strength to tensile yield strength ratio (TYR)—the
B645 Practice for Linear-Elastic Plane–Strain Fracture
ratio of the tear strength to tensile yield strength of the material
Toughness Testing of Aluminum Alloys
determined in accordance with Test Methods B557.
−1
3.1.6 unit propagation energy, UPE (FL )—the amount of
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B07 on Light
energy required to propagate a crack across a tear specimen
Metals and Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee B07.05 on
divided by the original net area of the specimen.
Testing.
Current edition approved May 1, 2013. Published August 2013. Originally
4. Summary of Test Method
approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as B871–01 (2007). DOI:
10.1520/B0871-01R13.
4.1 The tear test involves a single edge notched specimen
Kaufman, J. G., and Holt, Marshall, “Fracture Characteristics of Aluminum
that is statically loaded through pin loading holes. The force
Alloys,” Alcoa Research Laboratories Technical Paper No. 18.
and displacement required to fracture the specimen are re-
Kaufman, J. G., and Knoll,A. H., “Kahn-TypeTearTests and CrackToughness
of Aluminum Sheet,” Metals Research and Standards, April 1964, pp. 151–155.
corded for analysis.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
B871 − 01 (2013)
4.2 Tear test specimens should be fractured using any data and fracture toughness test data of aluminum alloys and
mechanical test machine capable of quasi-static loading at a products, as determined in accordance with Practices B645,
crosshead speed of 0.05 in./min (1.3 mm/min) or less. B646 andTest Method E399. Limited data suggest that the test
may be sensitive to crosshead rates above 0.5 in./min.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 The significance of the tear test is similar to that of the 6. Apparatus
notch-tensile test, and its primary usefulness is as an indicator
6.1 The test shall be conducted with a tension testing
of toughness or as a ranking test as described in Test Method
machine conforming to the requirements of Practices E4.
E338 and Practice B646.
6.2 The device for transmitting force to the specimen shall
5.1.1 This test method provides a comparative measure of
be such that force axis coincides with the root of the edge
resistanceofaluminumalloysandproductstounstablefracture
notch. A satisfactory arrangement for force application incor-
originating from the presence of crack-like stress concentra-
porates clevises having hardened pins that pass through the
tors. This test method is not intended to provide an absolute
holes in the specimen. The diameter of the hardened pins is
measure of resistance to crack propagation that might be used
slightly smaller than that of the holes. Spacing washers of the
in the design of a structure.
necessary thickness shall be used to center the specimen in the
5.2 Values of the energies required to initiate and propagate
clevises. A typical arrangement is shown in Fig. 1.
cracks in tear specimens are determined by measuring or
6.3 Displacement at the notch tip is measured by displace-
integratingtheappropriateareasunderthetestcurvedeveloped
ment gages or similar devices that are mounted on the
during the test.
specimenortheclevisatapointcorrespondingtotheforceaxis
5.3 The unit propagation energy (UPE) is the primary result
of the specimen. The devices shall be calibrated in accordance
of the tear test. This value provides a measure of the combi-
with Practice E83. For ductile materials, it is recommended
nation of strength and ductility that permits a material to resist
that the displacement gages have a travel capability of at least
crack growth under either elastic or plastic stresses. The UPE
0.5 in.
value normally will exhibit greater scatter than conventional
6.4 The use of crosshead displacement is not recommended
tensile or yield strength values. In order to establish a reason-
because of the fact that all deformation in the test fixtures and
able estimate of average properties, it is recommended that
specimen clevis is then included in the displacement measure-
replicate specimens be tested for each metal condition being
ment and contributes to the apparent initiation and propagation
evaluated. The UPE value has significance as a relative index
energies measured. If crosshead displacement is used, the data
of fracture toughness.
cannot be compared directly with data measured in accordance
5.4 The ratio of the tear strength to the tensile yield strength
is a measure of notch toughness comparable to the notch-yield
ratio from notch-tensile tests carried out in accordance with
TestMethodE338.Itisofvalueinrelativerankingofmaterials
2,3
with regard to their toughness.
5.5 The numerical results of the test are dependent upon the
specimen size and geometry, although specimen thicknesses
overtherangeof0.063in.(1.6mm)to0.100in.(2.5mm)have
not shown a significant effect on tear strength (TS) and unit
propagation energy (UPE). These values may exhibit a depen-
dency to thickness when the specimen thickness is outside of
this stated range and care shall be taken when using this data.
5.6 The tear test can serve the following purposes:
5.6.1 In the research and development of materials, to study
the effects of variables of composition, processing, heat
treatment, etc.
5.6.2 In service evaluation, to compare the relative crack
propagation resistance of a number of aluminum alloys or
products that are otherwise equally suitable for an application.
5.6.3 For specifications of material acceptance and manu-
facturing quality control when there is a sound basis for
establishing a minimum acceptable tear test property, that is,
UPE.
5.7 The reliability of the tear test has been well established
2,3
bydevelopingreasonablygoodcorrelations betweenteartest
Kaufman, J. G., and Reedy, J. F., “Description and Procedure for Making
Kahn-TypeTearTests,”Alcoa Research Laboratory Report 9-M 681, Feb. 10, 1966. FIG. 1 Tear Test Specimen Clevis Arrangement
B871 − 01 (2013)
with 6.2 unless a calibration comparison with a number of 7.3 Measure the specimen thickness, B, to the nearest
standard materials is conducted. 0.0005 in. (0.013 mm) at not less than three positions between
the machined notch and the back of the specimen and record
6.5 Because testing machine stiffness can influence the data
the average value. If the variation about the average is greater
recording in the tear test, the use of a relatively stiff machine is
than 62 %, the specimen should be repaired or discarded.
recommended. Further, it is recommended that for consistency
Measure the distance between the notch root and the back edge
of data, the same testing machine or machines be used for all
of the specimen, the net section width, to the nearest 0.001 in.
tests that are intended for direct comparison and relative rating
(0.025 mm) and record. Measure the notch root radius to the
of a group of materials. If comparisons are to be made between
nearest 0.00025 in. (0.006 mm) and record.
different machines in one location or among several locations/
7.3.1 The sharpness of the machined notch is critical to the
organizations, it is recommended that a series of calibration
tearspecimen,andspecialcareisrequiredtopreparethenotch.
tests be run on a group of materials with a range of toughness
For each specimen, the notch root radius and notch location
levels.
with respect to pin hole centers shall be measured prior to
6.5.1 If rapid fract
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.