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ASTM D1445-05

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Breaking Strength and Elongation of Cotton Fibers (Flat Bundle Method)

Standard Test Method for Breaking Strength and Elongation of Cotton Fibers (Flat Bundle Method)

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of (1) the tensile strength or breaking tenacity of cotton fibers as a flat bundle using a nominal zero gage length, or ( 2) the tensile strength or breaking tenacity and the elongation at the breaking load of cotton fibers as a flat bundle with 1/8-in. (3.2-mm) clamp spacing. This test method is applicable to loose fibers of untreated cottons whether taken before processing or obtained from a textile product.
1.2 This test method is designed primarily for use with special fiber bundle clamps and special strength testing instruments but may be used with other tensile strength and elongation testing machines when equipped with appropriate adapters to accommodate the fiber clamps. Other methods for measuring the breaking tenacity of fiber bundles include Test Method D 1294, Test for Breaking Strength of Wool Fiber Bundles-1 in gage Length; and D 5867, Test Method for Measurement of Physical Properties of Cotton Fibers by High Volume Instruments.
1.3 The values stated in either acceptable metric units or in other units shall be regarded separately as standard. The values expressed in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of each other, without combining values in any way.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This test method covers the determination of (1) the tensile strength or breaking tenacity of cotton fibers as a flat bundle using a nominal zero gage length, or (2) the tensile strength or breaking tenacity and the elongation at the breaking load of cotton fibers as a flat bundle with 1/8-in. (3.2-mm) clamp spacing. This test method is applicable to loose fibers of untreated cottons whether taken before processing or obtained from a textile product.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee D13 on Textiles, this test method was withdrawn in June 2004 in accordance with section 10.5.3.1 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees, which requires that standards shall be updated by the end of the eighth year since the last approval date.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
28-Feb-2005
ICS
59.060.10 - Natural fibres
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.11 - Cotton Fibers
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D1445-95 - Standard Test Method for Breaking Strength and Elongation of Cotton Fibers (Flat Bundle Method) (Withdrawn 2004)
Effective Date
01-Mar-2005
Referred By
ASTM D7139-20 - Standard Terminology for Cotton Fibers
Effective Date
01-Mar-2005
Referred By
ASTM D1441-12(2020) - Standard Practice for Sampling Cotton Fibers for Testing
Effective Date
01-Mar-2005
Referred By
ASTM D3025-07(2021) - Standard Practice for Standardizing Cotton Fiber Test Results by Use of Calibration Cotton Standards
Effective Date
01-Mar-2005
Referred By
ASTM D2524-22 - Standard Test Method for Breaking Tenacity of Wool Fibers, Flat Bundle Method—<fraction> <num>1</num><den>8</den></fraction> in. (3.2 mm) Gage Length
Effective Date
01-Mar-2005
Referred By
ASTM D1294-22 - Standard Test Method for Tensile Strength and Breaking Tenacity of Wool Fiber Bundles 1-in. (25.4 mm) Gage Length
Effective Date
01-Mar-2005

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ASTM D1445-05 - Standard Test Method for Breaking Strength and Elongation of Cotton Fibers (Flat Bundle Method)ASTM D1445-05 - Standard Test Method for Breaking Strength and Elongation of Cotton Fibers (Flat Bundle Method)
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ASTM D1445-05 - Standard Test Method for Breaking Strength and Elongation of Cotton Fibers (Flat Bundle Method)
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D1445–05
Standard Test Method for
Breaking Strength and Elongation of Cotton Fibers (Flat
1
Bundle Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1445; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
The flat bundle test for cotton fiber strength gained immediate acceptance after its introduction in
1953.Thefirstsuccessfulinstrumentwasaninclinedplanedevicewiththebeamcalibratedinpounds.
Thespecimenwasclampedwithnospacebetweenthejawsandwascalledzero-gagestrength.Results
were expressed in Pressley Index (P.I.) calculated as the force-to-break in pounds divided by the
bundle weight in mg. Obviously, P.I. is not a standard engineering unit.
Before the introduction of the flat bundle test, cotton fiber strength had been measured by the
Chandler round bundle test (see former Method D414) and the results expressed in pounds per square
inch (psi). The U.S. Department of Agriculture obtained results from both instruments on specimens
from the same samples of a large number of cottons. From this study, an empirical equation to express
flat bundle test results in psi was
Breaking strength, 1000 psi = (10.81106 3 P.I.) − 0.12
When it was shown that a finite gauge length test was more highly correlated with yarn strength
1
than tests made at zero gage length, the clamp design was modified to accommodate a ⁄8 inch (3.2
1
mm)spacer.Selectionofanengineeringunitforreportingofresultsfrom ⁄8inch(3.2mm)gaugetests
presented a problem. However, the use of the tex for linear density and the introduction of a pendulum
type instrument calibrated in kilograms led to the expression of results in grams-force per tex (gf/tex).
The clamp width without spacer is 11.81 mm and with spacer is 15.00 mm. The bundle of fibers is
mounted across the clamp width and trimmed to the width. The bundle mass is mg/11.81 mm or
mg/15.00 mm.
Theuseoftheflatbundletestindomesticandinternationalcommercehashadalongandsuccessful
history. Correcting this error in the empirical relationship would have serious adverse affects in the
textile industry. Therefore, the empirical relationship is retained to calculate zero gage cotton fiber
tensile strength designated as the Pressley strength in Eq 3 and 4 of D1445.
1. Scope 1.2 This test method is designed primarily for use with
special fiber bundle clamps and special strength testing instru-
1.1 This test method covers the determination of (1) the
ments but may be used with other tensile strength and
tensile strength or breaking tenacity of cotton fibers as a flat
elongation testing machines when equipped with appropriate
bundle using a nominal zero gage length, or (2) the tensile
adapters to accommodate the fiber clamps.
strength or breaking tenacity and the elongation at the breaking
1
load of cotton fibers as a flat bundle with ⁄8-in. (3.2-mm)
NOTE 1—Other methods for measuring the breaking tenacity of fiber
clamp spacing. This test method is applicable to loose fibers of
bundles include Test Method D1294, Test for Breaking Strength of Wool
2
Fiber Bundles—1 in gage Length; and D5867, Test Method for Mea-
untreated cottons whether taken before processing or obtained
surement of Physical Properties of Cotton Fibers by High Volume
from a textile product.
Instruments.
1
This method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 onTextiles and
2
is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.11 on Cotton Fibers. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved March 1, 2005. Published April 2005. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1953. Last previous edition approved in 1995 as D1445 – 95. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D1445-05. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D1445–05
1.3 The values stated in either acceptable metric units or in acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and
other units shall be regarded separately as standard.The values the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if
expressed in each system may not be exact equivalents; there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent
therefore, each system must be used independently of each statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of
other, without combining values in any way. bias.As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test
1
...

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5.1 Test Method D1574 is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing since the method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D1574 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of the known bias.  
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5.3 The residues obtained in this test may be subjected to chemical analysis for identification and assay of the component materials, if desired.  
5.4 The specified solvent in this test method does not remove some materials, such as soaps, that may be present in wool and hence in some cases may reflect more closely the added content of some extractables in wool such as oils. When such materials are present and an estimate of their quantity is desired, some other solvent or combination of solvents should be used as spec...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of extractable matter in samples of all forms of wool, except grease wool, that is extractable with a non-flammable vapor degreasing and cleaning solvent.  
1.2 This test method does not cover the determination of the amounts of different components in the extracted matter nor their identification.  
1.3 This test method is suitable for use with other animal fibers.  
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1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
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ASTM D1294-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Tensile Strength and Breaking Tenacity of Wool Fiber Bundles 1-in. (25.4 mm) Gage Length

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D1294 for the determination of tensile strength may be used for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments of wool, but caution is advised since technicians may fail to get good agreement between results. Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1 may be advisable.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the breaking force (or load) and estimation of the tensile strength and tenacity of wool fiber bundles with a 1-in. (25.4 mm) gage length. A procedure for preparation of the fiber bundle is included.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. Because the instrument is calibrated in inch-pound units, inch-pound units are shown first, contrary to Committee D13 policy.  
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Standard Test Method for Automated Measurement of Maturity, Fineness, Ribbon Width, and Micronaire of Cotton Fibers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Cotton fiber that is on average finer and more mature is more desirable than coarse or immature fiber, although distinction between these qualities cannot be made quickly and accurately using current test methods. Immature fibers break more easily during processing and have a tendency to form into neps (small entanglements) during processing in the spinning mill. These consequences adversely affect yarn and fabric quality and appearance. Yarn and fabric produced from immature fiber is typically also less lustrous and does not take up dye consistently so yarn and fabric appearance may be different after dyeing.  
5.2 Maturity has a high positive correlation with fiber length and strength but genetic differences and differences in fiber wall thickness caused by plant diseases, soil, and water conditions during the growing season interfere with this relationship.  
5.2.1 Fine fibers are required for fine count yarn manufacture and fiber fineness affects yarn count, evenness and strength. Both fineness and ribbon width are strong genetic traits evident between species and affected by growing conditions within species.  
5.2.2 Micronaire has traditionally been used as a measure of fiber fineness although the value actually measures fiber specific surface area or surface area per unit weight. As a result, micronaire varies concomitantly with both maturity and fineness (see Fig. 2). Maturity and fineness are related to micronaire via Lord’s equation.4
FIG. 2 Relationship Between Micronaire (X), Fineness (H), and Maturity (M)  
5.3 Cottonscope values have been judged against fineness, maturity and ribbon width values produced by examination of thousands of individual, magnified fiber cross-sections. Relationships with equivalent values by these and other older test methods are highly significant5,6 particularly if the number of cross-sections analyzed is high (>3000) and the cross-sections are carefully prepared and measured. Cottonscope measures approximately 20,...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of linear density (gravimetric fineness hereafter stated as fineness), maturity, micronaire, and ribbon width of cotton fibers from a loose, chemically untreated sample taken before harvest, during ginning, during mill processing or unraveled from raw (undyed) yarn or fabric.  
1.2 This test method requires the use of an integrated instrument, for example, the Cottonscope (see Fig. 1), that measures the maturity, fineness, ribbon width, and micronaire of cotton fiber.2
FIG. 1 Cottonscope Instrument
Note 1: For another test method to determine the maturity of cotton fibers, refer to Test Method D1442.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D6961/D6961M-09(2021)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Color Measurement of Flax Fiber

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Few standards exist to objectively judge flax quality. Color is an important factor in the quality of flax fiber. Natural variations in raw flax fiber, various processing steps, fiber blending, and a wide range of end uses contribute to the need for a standard method of objectively measuring the color of flax fiber. Spectrophotometic data provide an accurate, precise determination of the color of flax fiber. Colorimetric data are obtained through specimen measurement by combining specimen spectral data with data representing a CIE standard observer and a CIE standard illuminant, as described in Practice E308.  
5.2 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two (or more) laboratories, comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative test that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that fiber sample type must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the instrumental color measurement of flax fiber.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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