ASTM D5782-95(2000)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Use of Direct Air-Rotary Drilling for Geoenvironmental Exploration and the Installation of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring Devices
Standard Guide for Use of Direct Air-Rotary Drilling for Geoenvironmental Exploration and the Installation of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring Devices
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers how direct (straight) air-rotary drilling procedures may be used for geoenvironmental exploration and installation of subsurface water-quality monitoring devices.
Note 1--The term direct with respect to the air-rotary drilling method of this guide indicates that compressed air is injected through a drill-rod column to a rotating bit. The air cools the bit and transports cuttings to the surface in the annulus between the drill-rod column and the borehole wall.
Note 2--This guide does not include considerations for geotechnical site characterizations that are addressed in a separate guide.
1.2 Direct air-rotary drilling for geoenvironmental exploration will often involve safety planning, administration, and documentation. This guide does not purport to specifically address exploration and site safety.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word "Standard" in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.
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Designation:D5782–95 (Reapproved 2000)
Standard Guide for
Use of Direct Air-Rotary Drilling for Geoenvironmental
Exploration and the Installation of Subsurface Water-Quality
Monitoring Devices
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5782; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This guide covers how direct (straight) air-rotary drill- 2.1 ASTM Standards:
ing procedures may be used for geoenvironmental exploration D 420 Guide for Site Characterization for Engineering De-
and installation of subsurface water-quality monitoring de- sign and Construction Purposes
vices. D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
Fluids
NOTE 1—The term direct with respect to the air-rotary drilling method
D 1586 Test Method for Penetration Test and Split-Barrel
of this guide indicates that compressed air is injected through a drill-rod
Sampling of Soils
column to a rotating bit.The air cools the bit and transports cuttings to the
surface in the annulus between the drill-rod column and the borehole wall. D 1587 Test Method for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of
NOTE 2—This guide does not include considerations for geotechnical
Soils
site characterizations that are addressed in a separate guide.
D 2113 Test Method for Diamond Core Drilling for Site
Investigation
1.2 Direct air-rotary drilling for geoenvironmental explora-
D 3550 Practice for Ring-Lined Barrel Sampling of Soils
tion will often involve safety planning, administration, and
D 4428/D 4428M Test Methods for Crosshole Seismic
documentation. This guide does not purport to specifically
Testing
address exploration and site safety.
D 5088 Practice for Decontamination of Field Equipment
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
Used at Non-Radioactive Waste Sites
standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for
D 5092 Practice for Design and Installation of Ground
information only.
Water Monitoring Wells in Aquifers
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
D 5099 Test Method for Rubber—Measurement of Process-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
ing Properties Using Capillary Rheometry
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
D 5434 Guide for Field Logging of Subsurface Explora-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
tions of Soil and Rock
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This guide offers an organized collection of information
3. Terminology
or a series of options and does not recommend a specific
3.1 Definitions—Terminology used within this guide is in
course of action. This document cannot replace education or
accordance with Terminology D 653. Definitions of additional
experience and should be used in conjunction with professional
terms may be found in Terminology D 653.
judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-
3.2.1 bentonite—the common name for drilling fluid addi-
sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of
tives and well-construction products consisting mostly of
a given professional service must be judged, nor should this
naturally occurring montmorillonite. Some bentonite products
document be applied without consideration of a project’s many
have chemical additives which may affect water-quality analy-
unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this
ses.
document means only that the document has been approved
3.2.2 bentonite granules and chips—irregularly shaped par-
through the ASTM consensus process.
ticles of bentonite (free from additives) that have been dried
and separated into a specific size range.
This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Ground Water and
Vadose Zone Investigations. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.08.
Current edition approved Oct. 10, 1995. Published December 1995. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 09.01.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D5782–95 (2000)
3.2.3 bentonite pellets—roughly spherical- or disk-shaped pushed, rotated, or driven below the bottom of a borehole
units of compressed bentonite powder (some pellet manufac- following completion of an increment of drilling. However,
turers coat the bentonite with chemicals that may affect the some in situ testing devices (such as electronic pressure
water-quality analysis). transducers, gas-lift samplers, tensiometers, and so forth) may
require lowering and setting of the device(s) in a preexisting
3.2.4 cleanout depth—thedepthtowhichtheendofthedrill
string (bit or core barrel cutting end) has reached after an borehole by means of a suspension line or a string of lowering
rods or pipe. Centralizers may be required to correctly position
interval of cutting. The cleanout depth (or drilled depth as it is
referred to after cleaning out of any sloughed material in the the device(s) in the borehole.
bottom of the borehole) is usually recorded to the nearest 0.1 ft
3.2.15 intermittent-sampling devices—usually barrel-type
(0.03 m).
samplers that are driven or pushed below the bottom of a
3.2.5 coeffıcient of uniformity— C (D), the ratio D /D ,
borehole following completion of an increment of drilling.The
u 60 10
where D is the particle diameter corresponding to 60 % finer user is referred to the following ASTM standards relating to
onthecumulativeparticle-sizedistributioncurve,andD isthe
suggested sampling methods and procedures: Practice D 1452,
particle diameter corresponding to 10 % finer on the cumula- Test Method D 1586, Practice D 3550, and Practice D 1587.
tive particle-size distribution curve.
3.2.16 mast—or derrick, on a drilling rig is used for
3.2.6 drawworks—a power-driven winch, or several
supporting the crown block, top drive, pulldown chains,
winches, usually equipped with a clutch and brake system(s)
hoisting lines, and so forth. It must be constructed to safely
for hoisting or lowering a drilling string.
carry the expected loads encountered in drilling and comple-
3.2.7 drill hole—a cylindrical hole advanced into the sub- tion of wells of the diameter and depth for which the rig
surface by mechanical means. Also known as a borehole or
manufacturer specifies the equipment.
boring.
3.2.16.1 Discussion—To allow for contingencies, it is rec-
3.2.8 drill string—the complete rotary-drilling assembly
ommendedthattheratedcapacityofthemastshouldbeatleast
underrotationincludingbit,sampler/corebarrel,drillrods,and
twice the anticipated weight load or normal pulling load.
connector assemblies (subs). The total length of this assembly
3.2.17 piezometer—an instrument for measuring pressure
is used to determine drilling depth by referencing the position
head.
of the top of the string to a datum near the ground surface.
3.2.18 subsurface water-quality monitoring device—an
3.2.9 drill string—the complete direct air-rotary drilling
instrument placed below ground surface to obtain a sample for
assemblyunderrotationincludingbit,sampler/corebarrel,drill
analysis of the chemical, biological, or radiological character-
rods, and connector assemblies (subs). The total length of this
istics of subsurface pore water or to make in situ measure-
assembly is used to determine drilling depth by referencing the
ments.
position of the top of the string to a datum near the ground
surface.
4. Significance and Use
3.2.10 filter pack—alsoknownasagravelpackoraprimary
4.1 The application of direct air-rotary drilling to geoenvi-
filter pack in the practice of monitoring-well installations. The
ronmental exploration may involve sampling, coring, in situ or
gravel pack is usually granular material, having specified grain
pore-fluid testing, installation of casing for subsequent drilling
size characteristics, that is placed between a monitoring device
activities in unconsolidated or consolidated materials, and for
and the borehole wall. The basic purpose of the filter pack or
installation of subsurface water-quality monitoring devices in
gravel envelope is to act as: (1) a nonclogging filter when the
unconsolidated and consolidated materials. Several advantages
aquifer is not suited to natural development or, (2) act as a
of using the direct air-rotary drilling method over other
formation stabilizer when the aquifer is suitable for natural
methods may include the ability to drill rather rapidly through
development.
consolidated materials and, in many instances, not require the
3.2.10.1 Discussion—Under most circumstances a clean,
introduction of drilling fluids to the borehole. Air-rotary
quartz sand or gravel should be used. In some cases a
drilling techniques are usually employed to advance drill hole
pre-packed screen may be used.
when water-sensitive materials (that is, friable sandstones or
3.2.11 grout packer—an inflatable or expandable annular
collapsible soils) may preclude use of water-based rotary-
plug attached to a tremie pipe, usually just above the discharge
drilling methods. Some disadvantages to air-rotary drilling
end of the pipe.
may include poor borehole integrity in unconsolidated materi-
3.2.12 grout shoe—adrillableplugcontainingacheckvalve
als without using casing, and the possible volitization of
positioned within the lowermost section of a casing column.
contaminants and air-borne dust.
Grout is injected through the check valve to fill the annular
space between the casing and the borehole wall or another
NOTE 3—Direct-air rotary drilling uses pressured air for circulation of
drill cuttings. In some instances, water or foam additives, or both, may be
casing.
injected into the air stream to improve cuttings-lifting capacity and
3.2.12.1 Discussion—The composition of the drillable plug
cuttings return. The use of air under high pressures may cause fracturing
should be known and documented.
of the formation materials or extreme erosion of the borehole if drilling
3.2.13 hoisting line—or drilling line, is wire rope used on
pressures and techniques are not carefully maintained and monitored. If
the drawworks to hoist and lower the drill string.
borehole damage becomes apparent, consideration to other drilling meth-
od(s) should be given.
3.2.14 in-situ testing devices—sensors or probes, used for
obtaining mechanical or chemical test data, that are typically NOTE 4—The user may install a monitoring device within the same
D5782–95 (2000)
borehole in which sampling, in situ or pore-fluid testing, or coring was NOTE 8—Drill rods usually require lubricants on the thread to allow
performed. easy unthreading (breaking) of the drill-rod tool joints. Some lubricants
have organic or metallic constituents, or both, that could be interpreted as
4.2 The subsurface water-quality monitoring devices that
contaminants if detected in a sample. Various lubricants are available that
are addressed in this guide consist generally of a screened or
have components of known chemistry.The effect of drill-rod lubricants on
porous intake and riser pipe(s) that are usually installed with a
chemical analyses of samples should be considered and documented when
filter pack to enhance the longevity of the intake unit, and with
usingdirectair-rotarydrilling.Thesameconsiderationanddocumentation
isolation seals and a low-permeability backfill to deter the should be given to lubricants used with water swivels, hoisting swivels, or
other devices used near the drilling axis.
movement of fluids or infiltration of surface water between
hydrologic units penetrated by the borehole (see Practice
5.1.1.4 Rotary Bit or Core Bit, provides material cutting
D 5092). Inasmuch as a piezometer is primarily a device used
capability for advancing the hole. Therefore, a core barrel can
for measuring subsurface hydraulic heads, the conversion of a
also be used to advance the hole.
piezometer to a water-quality monitoring device should be
NOTE 9—The bit is usually selected to provide a borehole of sufficient
made only after consideration of the overall quality of the
diameter for insertion of monitoring-device components such as the
installation to include the quality of materials that will contact
screened intake and filter pack and installation devices such as a tremie
sampled water or gas.
pipe. It should be noted that if bottom-discharge bits are used in loose
cohesionless materials, jetting or erosion of test intervals could occur.The
NOTE 5—Both water-quality monitoring devices and piezometers
borehole opening should permit easy insertion and retraction of a sampler,
should have adequate casing seals, annular isolation seals, and backfills to
oreasyinsertionofapipewithaninsidediameterlargeenoughforplacing
deter movement of contaminants between hydrologic units.
completion materials adjacent to the screened intake and riser of a
5. Apparatus
monitoring device. Core barrels may also be used to advance the hole.
Coring bits are selected to provide the hole diameter or core diameter
5.1 Direct air-rotary drilling systems consist of mechanical
required. Coring of rock should be performed in accordance with Practice
components and the drilling fluid.
D 2113.The user is referred toTest Method D 1586, Practice D 1587, and
5.1.1 The basic mechanical components of a direct air-
Practice D 3550 for techniques and soil-sampling equipment to be used in
rotary drilling system include the drill rig with rotary table and
sampling unconsolidated materials. Consult the DCDMA technical
kelly or top-head drive unit, drawworks drill rods, bit or core
manualandpublishedmaterialsofAPIformatchingsetsofnestedcasings
and rods if nested casing must be used for drilling in incompetent
barrel, casing (when required to support the hole and prevent
formation materials.
wall collapse when drilling unconsolidated deposits), air com-
pressor and filter(s), discharge hose, swivel, dust collector, and
5.1.1.5 Air Compressor,shouldprovideanadequatevolume
air-cleaning device (cyclone separator).
of air, without significant contamination, for removal of
cuttings. Air requirements will depend upon the drill rod and
NOTE 6—In general, in NorthAmerica, the sizes of casings, casing bits,
drill rods, and core barrels are usually standardized by manufacturers bit configuration, the character of the material penetrated, the
according to siz
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