iTeh StandardsiTeh Standards
EURUSD
Your shopping cart is empty.
ASTM

ASTM E1876-01(2006)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Dynamic Young's Modulus, Shear Modulus, and Poisson's Ratio by Impulse Excitation of Vibration

Standard Test Method for Dynamic Young's Modulus, Shear Modulus, and Poisson's Ratio by Impulse Excitation of Vibration

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the dynamic elastic properties of elastic materials at ambient temperatures. Specimens of these materials possess specific mechanical resonant frequencies that are determined by the elastic modulus, mass, and geometry of the test specimen. The dynamic elastic properties of a material can therefore be computed if the geometry, mass, and mechanical resonant frequencies of a suitable (rectangular or cylindrical geometry) test specimen of that material can be measured. Dynamic Young's modulus is determined using the resonant frequency in either the flexural or longitudinal mode of vibration. The dynamic shear modulus, or modulus of rigidity, is found using torsional resonant vibrations. Dynamic Young's modulus and dynamic shear modulus are used to compute Poisson's ratio.
1.2 Although not specifically described herein, this test method can also be performed at cryogenic and high temperatures with suitable equipment modifications and appropriate modifications to the calculations to compensate for thermal expansion.
1.3 There are material specific ASTM standards that cover the determination of resonance frequencies and elastic properties of specific materials by sonic resonance or by impulse excitation of vibration. Test Methods C 215, C 623, C 747, C 848, C 1198, and C 1259 may differ from this test method in several areas (for example; sample size, dimensional tolerances, sample preparation). The testing of these materials shall be done in compliance with these material specific standards. Where possible, the procedures, sample specifications and calculations are consistent with these test methods.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Aug-2006
ICS
81.060.20 - Ceramic products
Technical Committee
E28 - Mechanical Testing
Drafting Committee
E28.04 - Uniaxial Testing
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E1876-01 - Standard Test Method for Dynamic Young's Modulus, Shear Modulus, and Poisson's Ratio by Impulse Excitation of Vibration
Effective Date
01-Sep-2006
Replaced By
ASTM E1876-07 - Standard Test Method for Dynamic Young's Modulus, Shear Modulus, and Poisson's Ratio by Impulse Excitation of Vibration
Effective Date
01-Jun-2007
Referred By
ASTM E2001-18 - Standard Guide for Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy for Defect Detection in Both Metallic and Non-metallic Parts
Effective Date
01-Sep-2006
Referred By
ASTM C1259-21 - Standard Test Method for Dynamic Young’s Modulus, Shear Modulus, and Poisson’s Ratio for Advanced Ceramics by Impulse Excitation of Vibration
Effective Date
01-Sep-2006
Referred By
ASTM F2516-22 - Standard Test Method for Tension Testing of Nickel-Titanium Superelastic Materials
Effective Date
01-Sep-2006
Referred By
ASTM E2546-15(2023) - Standard Practice for Instrumented Indentation Testing
Effective Date
01-Sep-2006
Referred By
ASTM F3122-14(2022) - Standard Guide for Evaluating Mechanical Properties of Metal Materials Made via Additive Manufacturing Processes
Effective Date
01-Sep-2006
Referred By
ASTM E1875-20a - Standard Test Method for Dynamic Young's Modulus, Shear Modulus, and Poisson's Ratio by Sonic Resonance
Effective Date
01-Sep-2006
Referred By
ASTM C1198-20 - Standard Test Method for Dynamic Young’s Modulus, Shear Modulus, and Poisson’s Ratio for Advanced Ceramics by Sonic Resonance
Effective Date
01-Sep-2006
Referred By
ASTM B925-15(2022) - Standard Practices for Production and Preparation of Powder Metallurgy (PM) Test Specimens
Effective Date
01-Sep-2006

Buy Standard

ASTM E1876-01(2006) - Standard Test Method for Dynamic Young's Modulus, Shear Modulus, and Poisson's Ratio by Impulse Excitation of VibrationASTM E1876-01(2006) - Standard Test Method for Dynamic Young's Modulus, Shear Modulus, and Poisson's Ratio by Impulse Excitation of Vibration
PreviousNext
Standard
ASTM E1876-01(2006) - Standard Test Method for Dynamic Young's Modulus, Shear Modulus, and Poisson's Ratio by Impulse Excitation of Vibration
English language
16 pages
sale 15% off
Preview
sale 15% off
Preview

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E 1876 – 01 (Reapproved 2006)
Standard Test Method for
Dynamic Young’s Modulus, Shear Modulus, and Poisson’s
1
Ratio by Impulse Excitation of Vibration
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1876; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.1 This test method covers determination of the dynamic
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
elastic properties of elastic materials at ambient temperatures.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Specimens of these materials possess specific mechanical
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
resonant frequencies that are determined by the elastic modu-
lus, mass, and geometry of the test specimen. The dynamic
2. Referenced Documents
elastic properties of a material can therefore be computed if the
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
geometry, mass, and mechanical resonant frequencies of a
C 215 Test Method for Fundamental Transverse, Longitu-
suitable (rectangular or cylindrical geometry) test specimen of
dinal, and Torsional Resonant Frequencies of Concrete
that material can be measured. Dynamic Young’s modulus is
Specimens
determined using the resonant frequency in either the flexural
C 372 Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Por-
orlongitudinalmodeofvibration.Thedynamicshearmodulus,
celain Enamel and Glaze Frits and Fired Ceramic Whitew-
or modulus of rigidity, is found using torsional resonant
are Products by the Dilatometer Method
vibrations. Dynamic Young’s modulus and dynamic shear
C 623 Test Method for Young’s Modulus, Shear Modulus,
modulus are used to compute Poisson’s ratio.
and Poisson’s Ratio for Glass and Glass-Ceramics by
1.2 Although not specifically described herein, this test
Resonance
method can also be performed at cryogenic and high tempera-
C 747 Test Method for Moduli of Elasticity and Fundamen-
tures with suitable equipment modifications and appropriate
tal Frequencies of Carbon and Graphite Materials by Sonic
modifications to the calculations to compensate for thermal
Resonance
expansion.
C 848 Test Method for Young’s Modulus, Shear Modulus,
1.3 There are material specific ASTM standards that cover
and Poisson’s Ratio For Ceramic Whitewares by Reso-
the determination of resonance frequencies and elastic proper-
nance
ties of specific materials by sonic resonance or by impulse
C 1161 Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced
excitation of vibration. Test Methods C 215, C 623, C 747,
Ceramics at Ambient Temperature
C 848, C 1198, and C 1259 may differ from this test method in
C 1198 Test Method for Dynamic Young’s Modulus, Shear
several areas (for example; sample size, dimensional toler-
Modulus, and Poisson’s Ratio for Advanced Ceramics by
ances, sample preparation). The testing of these materials shall
Sonic Resonance
be done in compliance with these material specific standards.
C 1259 Test Method for Dynamic Young’s Modulus, Shear
Where possible, the procedures, sample specifications and
Modulus, and Poisson’s Ratio for Advanced Ceramics by
calculations are consistent with these test methods.
Impulse Excitation of Vibration
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Test-
standard.
ing
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 on
2
Mechanical Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.04 on For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Uniaxial Testing. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2006. Published September 2006. Originally Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
approved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as E 1876 – 01. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E 1876 – 01 (2006)
E 177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in 3.2.5 in-plane flexure, n—for rectangular parallelepiped
ASTM Test Methods geometries, a flexure mode in which the direction of displace-
ment is in the major plane of the test specimen.
3. Terminology
3.2.6 isotropic, adj—the condition of a specimen such that
thevaluesoftheelasticpropertiesarethesameinalldirections
3.1 Definitions—The definitions of terms relating to me-
in the material. Mat
...

Questions, Comments and Discussion

Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.

This May Also Interest You

ASTM
ASTM E1876-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Dynamic Young's Modulus, Shear Modulus, and Poisson's Ratio by Impulse Excitation of Vibration

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method may be used for material development, characterization, design data generation, and quality control purposes.  
5.2 This test method is specifically appropriate for determining the dynamic elastic modulus of materials that are elastic, homogeneous, and isotropic (3).  
5.3 This test method addresses the room temperature determination of dynamic elastic moduli of elasticity of slender bars (rectangular cross section) rods (cylindrical), and flat disks. Flat plates may also be measured similarly, but the required equations for determining the moduli are not presented.  
5.4 This dynamic test method has several advantages and differences from static loading techniques and from resonant techniques requiring continuous excitation.  
5.4.1 The test method is nondestructive in nature and can be used for specimens prepared for other tests. The specimens are subjected to minute strains; hence, the moduli are measured at or near the origin of the stress-strain curve, with the minimum possibility of fracture.  
5.4.2 The impulse excitation test uses an impact tool and simple supports for the test specimen. There is no requirement for complex support systems that require elaborate setup or alignment.  
5.5 This technique can be used to measure resonant frequencies alone for the purposes of quality control and acceptance of test specimens of both regular and complex shapes. A range of acceptable resonant frequencies is determined for a specimen with a particular geometry and mass. The technique is particularly suitable for testing specimens with complex geometries (other than parallelepipeds, cylinders/rods, or disks) that would not be suitable for testing by other procedures. Any specimen with a frequency response falling outside the prescribed frequency range is rejected. The actual dynamic elastic modulus of each specimen need not be determined as long as the limits of the selected frequency range are known to include the resonant frequency that the...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the dynamic elastic properties of elastic materials at ambient temperatures. Specimens of these materials possess specific mechanical resonant frequencies that are determined by the elastic modulus, mass, and geometry of the test specimen. The dynamic elastic properties of a material can therefore be computed if the geometry, mass, and mechanical resonant frequencies of a suitable (rectangular or cylindrical geometry) test specimen of that material can be measured. Dynamic Young's modulus is determined using the resonant frequency in either the flexural or longitudinal mode of vibration. The dynamic shear modulus, or modulus of rigidity, is found using torsional resonant vibrations. Dynamic Young's modulus and dynamic shear modulus are used to compute Poisson's ratio.  
1.2 Calculations are valid for materials that are elastic, homogeneous, and isotropic. Anisotropy can add additional calculation errors. See Appendix X1 for details.  
1.3 The use of mixed numerical-experimental techniques (MNET) is outside the scope of this standard.  
1.4 This test method may be used for determining dynamic Young’s modulus for materials of a composite character (particulate, whisker or fiber reinforced) or other anisotropic materials only after the effect of the reinforcement in the test specimen has been considered. Examples of the characteristics of the reinforcement that can affect the measured dynamic Young’s modulus are volume fraction, size, morphology, distribution, orientation, elastic properties, and interfacial bonding.  
1.4.1 The effect of the character of the reinforcement shall be considered in interpreting the test results for these types of materials.
Note 1: The properties of the reinforcement will directly affect measured elastic properties. Data shown in (1)2 indicates the possibility of underestimating the dynamic Young’s modulus by as much as 20 % due to anisotropy...

  • Standard
    19 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    19 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E1875-20a(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Dynamic Young's Modulus, Shear Modulus, and Poisson's Ratio by Sonic Resonance

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method has advantages in certain respects over the use of static loading systems for measuring moduli.  
5.1.1 This test method is nondestructive in nature. Only minute stresses are applied to the specimen, thus minimizing the possibility of fracture.  
5.1.2 The period of time during which measurement stress is applied and removed is of the order of hundreds of microseconds. With this test method it is feasible to perform measurements at elevated temperatures, where delayed elastic and creep effects would invalidate modulus of elasticity measurements calculated from static loading.  
5.2 This test method is suitable for detecting whether a material meets the specifications, if cognizance is given to one important fact in materials are often sensitive to thermal history. Therefore, the thermal history of a test specimen must be considered in comparing experimental values of moduli to reference or standard values. Specimen descriptions should include any specific thermal treatments that the specimens have received.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the dynamic elastic properties of elastic materials. Specimens of these materials possess specific mechanical resonant frequencies that are determined by the modulus of elasticity, mass, and geometry of the test specimen. Therefore, the dynamic elastic properties of a material can be computed if the geometry, mass, and mechanical resonant frequencies of a suitable test specimen of that material can be measured. The dynamic Young's modulus is determined using the fundamental flexural resonant frequency. The dynamic shear modulus, or modulus of rigidity, is found using the fundamental torsional resonant frequency. Dynamic Young's modulus and dynamic shear modulus are used to compute Poisson's ratio.  
1.2 This test method is specifically appropriate for materials that are elastic, homogeneous, and isotropic (1).2  
1.3 Materials of a composite character (particulate, whisker, or fiber reinforced) may be tested by this test method with the understanding that the character (volume fraction, size, morphology, distribution, orientation, elastic properties, and interfacial bonding) of the reinforcement in the test specimen will have a direct effect on the elastic properties. These reinforcement effects shall be considered in interpreting the test results for composites.  
1.4 This test method shall not be used for determination of Poisson’s ratio of anisotropic materials.
Note 1: For anisotropic materials, Poisson’s ratio can have different values in different directions. Due to the lack of symmetry in anisotropic materials, the elasticity tensor cannot be reduced to only two independent numbers, and the simplified relation between E, G, and µ is not valid.  
1.5 This test method should not be used for specimens that have cracks or voids that are major discontinuities in the specimen.  
1.6 The test method should not be used when materials cannot be fabricated in a uniform rectangular or circular cross section.  
1.7 An elevated-temperature furnace and cryogenic chamber are described for measuring the dynamic elastic moduli as a function of temperature from –195 °C to 1200 °C.  
1.8 This test method may be modified for use in quality control. A range of acceptable resonant frequencies is determined for a specimen with a particular geometry and mass. Any specimen with a frequency response falling outside this frequency range is rejected. The actual modulus of each specimen need not be determined as long as the limits of the selected frequency range are known to include the resonant frequency that the specimen must possess if its geometry and mass are within specified tolerances.  
1.9 There are material-specific ASTM standards that cover the determination of resonant frequencies and elastic properties of specific materials by sonic resonance or by impulse excitation of vibration. Test Methods C215, C623, C74...

  • Standard
    10 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    10 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM C373-18(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Determination of Water Absorption and Associated Properties by Vacuum Method for Pressed Ceramic Tiles and Glass Tiles and Boil Method for Extruded Ceramic Tiles and Non-tile Fired Ceramic Whiteware Products

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Measurement of density, porosity, and specific gravity is a tool for determining the degree of maturation of a ceramic body, or for determining structural properties that may be required for a given application.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods covers procedures for determining water absorption, bulk density, apparent porosity, and apparent specific gravity of non-tile fired unglazed ceramic whiteware2 products, glazed or unglazed ceramic tiles, and glass tiles.  
1.2 The values stated in metric units are normative. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not normative.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    6 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM C674-13(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Ceramic Whiteware Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 These test methods provide a means for determining the modulus of rupture and the modulus of elasticity, which may be required in product specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover determination of the modulus of rupture and the modulus of elasticity of fired ceramic whitewares bodies, formed by any fabrication method, and are applicable to both glazed and unglazed test specimens.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The metric equivalents of inch-pound units may be approximate.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    4 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM C1161-18(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperature

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method may be used for material development, quality control, characterization, and design data generation purposes. This test method is intended to be used with ceramics whose strength is 50 MPa (~7 ksi) or greater.  
4.2 The flexure stress is computed based on simple beam theory with assumptions that the material is isotropic and homogeneous, the moduli of elasticity in tension and compression are identical, and the material is linearly elastic. The average grain size should be no greater than one-fiftieth of the beam thickness. The homogeneity and isotropy assumption in the standard rule out the use of this test for continuous fiber-reinforced ceramics.  
4.3 Flexural strength of a group of test specimens is influenced by several parameters associated with the test procedure. Such factors include the loading rate, test environment, specimen size, specimen preparation, and test fixtures. Specimen sizes and fixtures were chosen to provide a balance between practical configurations and resulting errors, as discussed in MIL-STD-1942(MR) and Refs (1, 2).4 Specific fixture and specimen configurations were designated in order to permit ready comparison of data without the need for Weibull-size scaling.  
4.4 The flexural strength of a ceramic material is dependent on both its inherent resistance to fracture and the size and severity of flaws. Variations in these cause a natural scatter in test results for a sample of test specimens. Fractographic analysis of fracture surfaces, although beyond the scope of this standard, is highly recommended for all purposes, especially if the data will be used for design as discussed in MIL-STD-1942(MR) and Refs (2-5) and Practices C1322 and C1239.  
4.5 The three-point test configuration exposes only a very small portion of the specimen to the maximum stress. Therefore, three-point flexural strengths are likely to be much greater than four-point flexural strengths. Three-point flexure has some advantages. It uses sim...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of flexural strength of advanced ceramic materials at ambient temperature. Four-point-1/4-point and three-point loadings with prescribed spans are the standard as shown in Fig. 1. Rectangular specimens of prescribed cross-section sizes are used with specified features in prescribed specimen-fixture combinations. Test specimens may be 3 by 4 by 45 to 50 mm in size that are tested on 40-mm outer span four-point or three-point fixtures. Alternatively, test specimens and fixture spans half or twice these sizes may be used. The method permits testing of machined or as-fired test specimens. Several options for machining preparation are included: application matched machining, customary procedure, or a specified standard procedure. This method describes the apparatus, specimen requirements, test procedure, calculations, and reporting requirements. The test method is applicable to monolithic or particulate- or whisker-reinforced ceramics. It may also be used for glasses. It is not applicable to continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    19 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E1876-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Dynamic Young's Modulus, Shear Modulus, and Poisson's Ratio by Impulse Excitation of Vibration

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method may be used for material development, characterization, design data generation, and quality control purposes.  
5.2 This test method is specifically appropriate for determining the dynamic elastic modulus of materials that are elastic, homogeneous, and isotropic (3).  
5.3 This test method addresses the room temperature determination of dynamic elastic moduli of elasticity of slender bars (rectangular cross section) rods (cylindrical), and flat disks. Flat plates may also be measured similarly, but the required equations for determining the moduli are not presented.  
5.4 This dynamic test method has several advantages and differences from static loading techniques and from resonant techniques requiring continuous excitation.  
5.4.1 The test method is nondestructive in nature and can be used for specimens prepared for other tests. The specimens are subjected to minute strains; hence, the moduli are measured at or near the origin of the stress-strain curve, with the minimum possibility of fracture.  
5.4.2 The impulse excitation test uses an impact tool and simple supports for the test specimen. There is no requirement for complex support systems that require elaborate setup or alignment.  
5.5 This technique can be used to measure resonant frequencies alone for the purposes of quality control and acceptance of test specimens of both regular and complex shapes. A range of acceptable resonant frequencies is determined for a specimen with a particular geometry and mass. The technique is particularly suitable for testing specimens with complex geometries (other than parallelepipeds, cylinders/rods, or disks) that would not be suitable for testing by other procedures. Any specimen with a frequency response falling outside the prescribed frequency range is rejected. The actual dynamic elastic modulus of each specimen need not be determined as long as the limits of the selected frequency range are known to include the resonant frequency that the...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the dynamic elastic properties of elastic materials at ambient temperatures. Specimens of these materials possess specific mechanical resonant frequencies that are determined by the elastic modulus, mass, and geometry of the test specimen. The dynamic elastic properties of a material can therefore be computed if the geometry, mass, and mechanical resonant frequencies of a suitable (rectangular or cylindrical geometry) test specimen of that material can be measured. Dynamic Young's modulus is determined using the resonant frequency in either the flexural or longitudinal mode of vibration. The dynamic shear modulus, or modulus of rigidity, is found using torsional resonant vibrations. Dynamic Young's modulus and dynamic shear modulus are used to compute Poisson's ratio.  
1.2 Calculations are valid for materials that are elastic, homogeneous, and isotropic. Anisotropy can add additional calculation errors. See Appendix X1 for details.  
1.3 The use of mixed numerical-experimental techniques (MNET) is outside the scope of this standard.  
1.4 This test method may be used for determining dynamic Young’s modulus for materials of a composite character (particulate, whisker or fiber reinforced) or other anisotropic materials only after the effect of the reinforcement in the test specimen has been considered. Examples of the characteristics of the reinforcement that can affect the measured dynamic Young’s modulus are volume fraction, size, morphology, distribution, orientation, elastic properties, and interfacial bonding.  
1.4.1 The effect of the character of the reinforcement shall be considered in interpreting the test results for these types of materials.
Note 1: The properties of the reinforcement will directly affect measured elastic properties. Data shown in (1)2 indicates the possibility of underestimating the dynamic Young’s modulus by as much as 20 % due to anisotropy...

  • Standard
    19 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    19 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM C242-21(Terminology)
Standard Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and Related Products

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology pertains to the terminology used in ceramic whitewares and related products.  
1.2 Words adequately defined in standard dictionaries are not included. Included are words that are peculiar to this industry. Double words, hyphenated words, or phrases are listed alphabetically under the first word; additional important words are cross-referenced.  
1.3 For definitions of terms relating to surface imperfections on ceramics, refer to Terminology F109.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    12 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    12 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM C1678-21(Practice)
Standard Practice for Fractographic Analysis of Fracture Mirror Sizes in Ceramics and Glasses

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Fracture mirror size analysis is a powerful tool for analyzing glass and ceramic fractures. Fracture mirrors are tell-tale fractographic markings in brittle materials that surround a fracture origin as discussed in Practices C1256 and C1322. Fig. 1 shows a schematic with key features identified. Fig. 2 shows an example in glass. The fracture mirror region is very smooth and highly reflective in glasses, hence the name “fracture mirror.” In fact, high magnification microscopy reveals that, even within the mirror region in glasses, there are very fine features and escalating roughness as the crack advances away from the origin. These are submicrometer in size and hence are not discernable with an optical microscope. Early investigators interpreted fracture mirrors as having discrete boundaries including a “mirror-mist” boundary and also a “mist-hackle” boundary in glasses. These were also termed “inner mirror” or “outer mirror” boundaries, respectively. It is now known that there are no discrete boundaries corresponding to specific changes in the fractographic features. Surface roughness increases gradually from well within the fracture mirror to beyond the apparent boundaries. The boundaries were a matter of interpretation, the resolving power of the microscope, and the mode of viewing. In very weak specimens, the mirror may be larger than the specimen or component and the boundaries will not be present. Eq 1 is hereafter referred to as the “empirical stress – fracture mirror size relationship,” or “stress-mirror size relationship” for short. A review of the history of Eq 1, and fracture mirror analysis in general, may be found in Refs (1)3 and (2).  
5.5 A, the “fracture mirror constant” (sometimes also known as the “mirror constant”) has units of stress intensity (MPa√m or ksi√in.) and is considered by many to be a material property. As shown in Figs. 1 and 2, it is possible to discern separate mist and hackle regions and the apparent boundaries between them i...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice pertains to the analysis and interpretation of fracture mirror sizes in brittle materials. Fracture mirrors (Fig. 1) are telltale fractographic markings that surround a fracture origin in brittle materials. The fracture mirror size may be used with known fracture mirror constants to estimate the stress in a fractured component. Alternatively, the fracture mirror size may be used in conjunction with known stresses in test specimens to calculate fracture mirror constants. The practice is applicable to glasses and polycrystalline ceramic laboratory test specimens as well as fractured components. The analysis and interpretation procedures for glasses and ceramics are similar, but they are not identical. Different optical microscopy examination techniques are listed and described, including observation angles, illumination methods, appropriate magnification, and measurement protocols. Guidance is given for calculating a fracture mirror constant and for interpreting the fracture mirror size and shape for both circular and noncircular mirrors including stress gradients, geometrical effects, residual stresses, or combinations thereof. The practice provides figures and micrographs illustrating the different types of features commonly observed in and measurement techniques used for the fracture mirrors of glasses and polycrystalline ceramics.
FIG. 1 Schematic of a Fracture Mirror Centered on a Surface Flaw of Initial Size (a)
Note 1: The initial flaw may grow stably to size ac prior to unstable fracture when the stress intensity reaches KIc. The mirror-mist radius is Ri, the mist-hackle radius is Ro, and the branching distance is Rb. These transitions correspond to the mirror constants, Ai, Ao, and Ab, respectively.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safet...

  • Standard
    16 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    16 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM C872-10(2021)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Lead and Cadmium Release from Porcelain Enamel Surfaces

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The determination of lead and cadmium release from porcelain enamel surfaces was formerly of interest only to manufacturers of porcelain enamel cookware and similar food service products. Food contact surfaces of these container-type products have been evaluated using a test procedure similar to Test Method C738. Recently, however, there has been a need to measure lead and cadmium release from flat or curved porcelain enamel surfaces that are not capable of being evaluated by a test similar to Test Method C738.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the precise determination of lead and cadmium extracted by acetic acid from porcelain enamel surfaces.  
1.2 Values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Inch-pound units are given for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    4 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM F109-21(Terminology)
Standard Terminology Relating to Surface Imperfections on Ceramics

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology describes and illustrates imperfections observed on whitewares and related products. For additional definitions of terms relating to whitewares and related products, refer to Terminology C242. To observe these defects, examination shall be performed visually, with or without the aid of a dye penetrant, as described in Test Method C949. Agreement by the manufacturer and the purchaser regarding specific techniques of observation is strongly recommended.  
1.2 This terminology does not cover every defect or imperfection possible for whitewares or related products. The standard is not intended to be an all inclusive document for ceramic imperfections. New defect types may be created as ceramic processes, materials, and technology evolve.  
1.3 Some of the imperfection photos utilize magnification for clarity in documentation. Unless otherwise noted, typical observation conditions for detection of tile imperfections/defects shall consist of current ANSI A137.1 viewing criteria for the specific defect type  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    64 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    64 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off