ASTM E1685-13

Standard Practice for Measuring the Change in Length of Fasteners Using the Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Technique

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The techniques described provide for the indirect measurement of change in length of a fastener. Such measurements are made from one end of the specimen without requiring access to the rear surface.  
5.2 The equipment is field portable and should be used in the manner prescribed by the manufacturer. Common uses include monitoring changes in length of fasteners and as a tool for industrial quality control. Current applications include fasteners used in turbines, petrochemical pressure vessels, aircraft, automotive manufacturing, general bolting within the nuclear industry, structural steel connections, laboratory testing, and so forth.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for measuring changes in length of threaded fasteners using conventional ultrasonic pulse-echo bolt-measuring instrumentation which has been properly calibrated.  
1.2 This procedure is normally intended for metal bolting 6.3 mm or more in nominal diameter with effective length-to-diameter ratios of 2:1 or greater.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 31-Oct-2013
• ICS: 17.040.30 - Measuring instruments
• ICS: 21.060.01 - Fasteners in general
• Technical Committee: E28 - Mechanical Testing
• Drafting Committee: E28.13 - Residual Stress Measurement

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E1685 − 13
Standard Practice for
Measuring the Change in Length of Fasteners Using the
1
Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Technique
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1685; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 3. Terminology
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for measuring changes
3.1 The definitions in this practice are in accordance with
in length of threaded fasteners using conventional ultrasonic Terminology E6 and Section I of Terminology E1316.
pulse-echo bolt-measuring instrumentation which has been
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
properly calibrated.
3.2.1 change in length [L], n—physical change in length of
1.2 This procedure is normally intended for metal bolting
a threaded fastener due to a change in tension within the
6.3 mm or more in nominal diameter with effective length-to- fastener.
diameter ratios of 2:1 or greater.
3.2.2 effective length [L], n—the length of a bolt that is
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as responsive to stress.
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this 3.2.2.1 Discussion—This quantity lies somewhere between
standard. the overall length of the bolt and the grip length. It is usually
estimated as the grip length plus one half the thickness of the
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
head and one half the thickness of the nut.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.2.3 longitudinal wave, n—those waves in which the par-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- ticle motion of the material is in the same direction as the wave
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. propagation.
3.2.4 pulse-echo bolt-measuring instrument—an assembly
2. Referenced Documents
of ultrasonic instruments designed specifically to measure
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
changes in the lengths of bolts. See Appendix X1.
E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
3.2.5 reference length [L], n—theultrasonictimeofflightin
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
the test specimen multiplied by a reference propagation veloc-
E1544 Practice for Construction of a Stepped Block and Its
ity.
Use to Estimate Errors Produced by Speed-of-Sound
-1
3.2.6 reference propagation velocity, [LT ], n—the veloc-
Measurement Systems for Use on Solids (Withdrawn
3
ity of propagation of the ultrasonic wavefront in a calibration
2012)
4
test block or in the bolts whose changes of length are being
2.2 ASME Standards:
measured.
ASME B46.1–2009 Surface Texture (Surface Roughness,
Waviness, and Lay)
3.2.7 time of flight, [T], n—the measured time interval
between the launching of an ultrasonic pulse at the start of a
path of travel and the reception of the pulse at the end of the
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E28 on Mechanical
path.
Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.13 on Residual Stress
Measurement.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2013. Published January 2014. Originally
4. Summary of Practice
approvedin1995.Lastpreviouseditionapprovedin2006asE1685–00(2006).DOI:
10.1520/E1685-13. 4.1 This practice describes a procedure for determining the
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
change in length of a threaded fastener due to a change in
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
tension in the fastener. Measurements of the ultrasonic time of
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
flightaremadebeforeandafterthefastenertensionischanged,
the ASTM website.
3
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
and a calculation of the change in length is made from the
www.astm.org.
change in the time of flight.
4
Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASME
4.1.1 Brief bursts of ultrasound (pulses) are generated by
International Headquarters, Two Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http://
www.asme.org. applying high-voltage electrical signals to an electroacoustic
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

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E1685 − 13
transducer having a resonant frequency in the 5 to 10-MHz 6.2.2 Oscilloscope—For optimal adjustment of the
range. The pulses enter the bolt through the transducer/bolt apparatu
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E1685 − 00 (Reapproved 2006) E1685 − 13
Standard Practice for
Measuring the Change in Length of Fasteners Using the
1
Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Technique
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1685; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for measuring changes in length of threaded fasteners using conventional ultrasonic
pulse-echo bolt-measuring instrumentation which has been properly calibrated.
1.2 This procedure is normally intended for metal bolting 0.25 in. (6.4 mm) 6.3 mm or more in nominal diameter with effective
length-to-diameter ratios of 2:1 or greater.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
E1544 Practice for Construction of a Stepped Block and Its Use to Estimate Errors Produced by Speed-of-Sound Measurement
3
Systems for Use on Solids (Withdrawn 2012)
4
2.2 ASME Standards:
ASME B46.1–2009 Surface Texture (Surface Roughness, Waviness, and Lay)
3. Terminology
3.1 The definitions in this practice are in accordance with Terminology E6 and Section I of Terminology E1316.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 change in length—length [L], n—physical change in length of a threaded fastener due to a change in tension within the
fastener.
3.2.2 effective length—length [L], n—the length of a bolt that is responsive to stress.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 on Mechanical Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.13 on Residual Stress
Measurement.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2006Nov. 1, 2013. Published January 2007January 2014. Originally approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 20002006 as
E1685E1685–00(2006).–00. DOI: 10.1520/E1685-00R06.10.1520/E1685-13.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
4
Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASME International Headquarters, Two Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http://
www.asme.org.
3.2.2.1 Discussion—
This quantity lies somewhere between the overall length of the bolt and the grip length. It is usually estimated as the grip length
plus one half the thickness of the head and one half the thickness of the nut.
3.2.3 longitudinal wave—wave, n—those waves in which the particle motion of the material is in the same direction as the wave
propagation.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1685 − 13
3.2.4 pulse-echo bolt-measuring equipment—instrument—an assembly of ultrasonic instruments designed specifically to
measure changes in the lengths of bolts. See Appendix X1.
3.2.5 reference length—length [L], n—the ultrasonic time of flight in the test specimen multiplied by a reference propagation
velocity.
-1
3.2.6 reference propagation velocity—velocity, [LT ], n—the velocity of propagation of the ultrasonic wavefront in a
calibration test block or in the bolts whose changes of length are being measured.
3.2.7 time of flight—flight, [T], n—the measured time interval between the launching of an ultrasonic pulse at the start of a path
of travel and the reception of the pulse at the end of the path.
4. Summary of Practice
4.1 This practice describes a procedure for determining the change in length of a threaded fastener due to a change in tension
in the fastener. Measurements of the ultrasonic ti
...