ASTM C927-80(2004)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Lead and Cadmium Extracted from the Lip and Rim Area of Glass Tumblers Externally Decorated with Ceramic Glass Enamels
Standard Test Method for Lead and Cadmium Extracted from the Lip and Rim Area of Glass Tumblers Externally Decorated with Ceramic Glass Enamels
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The heavy metals, lead and cadmium, are known to cause serious health effects in man if consumed in excess. It is, therefore, important to measure the amount that may be extracted from an area of the glass drinking vessel in contact with the lip. Even though the amount of lead and cadmium extracted by this test method is in no way representative of the amount of the metals extracted by actual lip contact, the relative magnitude of metals extracted from one test specimen in relation to another test specimen provides an effective tool for discrimination.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of lead and cadmium extracted by acetic acid from the lip and rim area of glassware used for drinking and which is exteriorly decorated with ceramic glass enamels. The procedure of extraction may be expected to accelerate the release of lead and cadmium from the decorated area and to serve, therefore, as a severe test that is unlikely to be matched under the actual conditions of usage of such glassware. This test method is specific for lead and cadmium. Note 1For additional information see Test Method C 738.
1.2 The values stated in acceptable metric units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation:C927–80 (Reapproved 2004)
Standard Test Method for
Lead and Cadmium Extracted from the Lip and Rim Area of
Glass Tumblers Externally Decorated with Ceramic Glass
Enamels
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 927; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.1.1 ceramic glass decorations—ceramic glass enamels
fused to glassware at temperatures above 425°C (800°F) to
1.1 This test method covers the determination of lead and
produce a decoration.
cadmium extracted by acetic acid from the lip and rim area of
3.1.2 ceramic glass enamels (also ceramic enamels or glass
glassware used for drinking and which is exteriorly decorated
enamels)—predominately colored, silicate glass fluxes used to
with ceramic glass enamels. The procedure of extraction may
decorate glassware.
beexpectedtoacceleratethereleaseofleadandcadmiumfrom
3.1.3 lip and rim area—that part of a drinking vessel which
the decorated area and to serve, therefore, as a severe test that
extends 20 mm below the rim on the outside of the specimen.
is unlikely to be matched under the actual conditions of usage
of such glassware. This test method is specific for lead and
4. Summary of Test Method
cadmium.
4.1 Lead and cadmium are extracted from the lip and rim
NOTE 1—For additional information see Test Method C 738.
area of the article under test by leaching with a 4 % acetic acid
solution at 20 to 24°C (68 to 75°F) for 24 h and are measured
1.2 The values stated in acceptable metric units are to be
regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are by atomic absorption spectrophotometry using specific hollow
cathode or electrodeless discharge lamps for lead and cadmium
for information only.
1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, opera- respectively. Results are reported as micrograms per millilitre
(ppm) extracted relative to the internal volume of the glass
tions, and equipment. This standard does not purport to
address all of the safety concerns associated with its use. It is article.
the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish
5. Significance and Use
appropriate safety and health practices and determine the
5.1 The heavy metals, lead and cadmium, are known to
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
cause serious health effects in man if consumed in excess. It is,
2. Referenced Documents
therefore, important to measure the amount that may be
2.1 ASTM Standards: extracted from an area of the glass drinking vessel in contact
with the lip. Even though the amount of lead and cadmium
C 738 Test Method for Lead and Cadmium Extracted from
Glazed Ceramic Surfaces extracted by this test method is in no way representative of the
amount of the metals extracted by actual lip contact, the
3. Terminology
relative magnitude of metals extracted from one test specimen
3.1 Definitions: in relation to another test specimen provides an effective tool
for discrimination.
6. Interferences
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C14 on Glass
6.1 Since specific hollow cathode lamps or electrodeless
and Glass Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C14.10 on
Glass Decoration. It was developed jointly byASTM Committee C-14 and C-21 on
discharge lamps for lead and cadmium are used, there are no
Ceramic Whitewares and Related Products, the Society of Glass Decorators A-20
interferences.
Subcommittee on Ceramic Enameled Decorated Glass Tumblers, and an Inter-
agency Task Force consisting of FDA, EPA, and CPSC of the U.S. Government.
7. Apparatus
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2004. Published October 2004. Originally
approved in 1980. Last previous edition C 927 - 80 (1999).
7.1 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS), equipped
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
with a 102-mm (4-in.) single slot or Boling burner head and
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
digital concentration readout attachment (DCR) if available.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. Thisinstrumentshouldhaveasensitivityofabout0.5µg/mLof
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C927–80 (2004)
lead for 1 % absorption and a sensitivity of about 0.025 µg/mL a minimum of six samples should be taken representing both
of cadmium for 1 % absorption. Use the operating conditions sides and the center of the lehr.
as specified in the instrument manufacturer’s analytical meth-
9.2 Load or Pile—A minimum of six samples should be
ods manual.
randomly selected from throughout the load.
7.2 Hollow Cathode or Electrodeless Discharge Lead
Lamp, set at 283.3 nm.
10. Preparation of Standards
7.3 Hollow Cathode or Electrodeless Discharge Cadmium
10.1 Lead Standard Working Solutions—Dilute lead nitrate
Lamp, set at 228.8 nm.
solution(8.7)withaceticacid(8.3)toobtainworkingstandards
7.4 Glassware of chemically resistant borosilicate glass for
having final lead concentrations of 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 µg/mL.
use in preparing and storing reagents and solutions, and for use
10.2 Cadmium Standard Working Solutions—Dilute cad-
as test specimen containers.
mium stock solution (8.4) with acetic acid (8.3) to obtain
7.5 Detection limits of lead and cadmium shall be deter-
working standards having final cadmium concentrations of 0.0,
mined and reported for individual instruments. In this test
0.3, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2.0 µg/mL.
method, the detection limit shall be defined as twice the mean
noise level at 0 µg/mL. Representative detection limits would
10.3 Fresh working solutions should be prepared daily.
be approximately 0.01 to 0.03 µg/mL for lead and 0.0005 to
0.0010 µg/mL for cadmium.
11. Procedure
11.1 Preparation of Sample—Take six identical units and
8. Reagents
cleanse each with a detergent rinse. Then rinse with tap water
8.1 Purity of Reagents—Reagent grade chemicals shall be
followed by distilled water followed by air drying. Mark each
used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that
unit 7 mm below the rim. Record the internal volume of each
all reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Commit-
article in millilitres by filling from a graduated cylinder to
tee onAnalytical Reagents of theAmerican Chemical Society,
approximately 6 to 7 mm ( ⁄4 in.) of overflowing. Mark each
where such specifications are available. Other grades may be
article, in a nondecorated area (if possible), 20 mm below the
used provided it is first ascertained that the reagent i
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