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ASTM C651-91(2005)e1

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Articles Using Four-Point Loading at Room Temperature

Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Articles Using Four-Point Loading at Room Temperature

ABSTRACT
This test method details the standard procedures for determining the flexural strength of manufactured carbon and graphite articles using a simple beam in four-point loading at room temperature. The four-point loading fixture shall consist of spherical bearing blocks of hardened steel or its equivalent to ensure that forces applied to the beam are normal only and without eccentricity, and distortion of the loading member is prevented. Judicious use of linkages, rocker bearings, and flexure plates may maintain the parallel direction of loads and reactions. The test specimens shall be prepared to yield a parallelepiped with cross sections that are rectangular, faces that are parallel and flat, and edges that are free from visible flaws and chips.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the flexural strength of manufactured carbon and graphite articles using a simple beam in four-point loading at room temperature.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Apr-2005
ICS
71.100.99 - Other products of the chemical industry
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.F0 - Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Products
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM C651-91(2000) - Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Articles Using Four-Point Loading at Room Temperature
Effective Date
01-May-2005
Replaced By
ASTM C651-91(2010)e1 - Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Articles Using Four-Point Loading at Room Temperature
Effective Date
01-May-2010
Referred By
ASTM D7846-21 - Standard Practice for Reporting Uniaxial Strength Data and Estimating Weibull Distribution Parameters for Advanced Graphites
Effective Date
01-May-2005
Referred By
ASTM C1025-15(2020) - Standard Test Method for Modulus of Rupture in Bending of Electrode Graphite
Effective Date
01-May-2005
Referred By
ASTM C198-09(2019) - Standard Test Method for Cold Bonding Strength of Refractory Mortar
Effective Date
01-May-2005
Referred By
ASTM D6354-23 - Standard Guide for Sampling Plan and Core Sampling of Carbon Cathode Blocks Used in Aluminum Production
Effective Date
01-May-2005
Referred By
ASTM C781-20 - Standard Practice for Testing Graphite Materials for Gas-Cooled Nuclear Reactor Components
Effective Date
01-May-2005
Referred By
ASTM D8377-21a - Standard Guide for High Temperature Strength Measurements of Graphite Impregnated with Molten Salt
Effective Date
01-May-2005
Referred By
ASTM D8255-19 - Standard Guide for Work of Fracture Measurements on Small Nuclear Graphite Specimens
Effective Date
01-May-2005
Referred By
ASTM C783-85(2020) - Standard Practice for Core Sampling of Graphite Electrodes
Effective Date
01-May-2005
Referred By
ASTM D7775-21 - Standard Guide for Measurements on Small Graphite Specimens
Effective Date
01-May-2005

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ASTM C651-91(2005)e1 - Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Articles Using Four-Point Loading at Room TemperatureASTM C651-91(2005)e1 - Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Articles Using Four-Point Loading at Room Temperature
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ASTM C651-91(2005)e1 - Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Articles Using Four-Point Loading at Room Temperature
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Standards Content (Sample)


NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
An American National Standard
´1
Designation:C651–91(Reapproved 2005)
Standard Test Method for
Flexural Strength of Manufactured Carbon and Graphite
Articles Using Four-Point Loading at Room Temperature
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C651; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
´ NOTE—Units of measurement were corrected in Section 8 in May 2005.
1. Scope E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
1.1 This test method covers determination of the flexural
strength of manufactured carbon and graphite articles using a
3. Terminology
simple beam in four-point loading at room temperature.
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
3.1.1 flexural strength—a measure of the ultimate load-
as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for
carrying capacity of a specified beam in bending.
information only.
3.2 Definitions—For definitions of terms relating to manu-
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
factured carbon and graphite, see Terminology C709.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4. Apparatus
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
4.1 The testing machine shall conform to the requirements
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
of Practices E4.
4.2 The four-point loading fixture shall consist of bearing
2. Referenced Documents
blocks which ensure that forces applied to the beam are normal
2.1 ASTM Standards:
only and without eccentricity. (See Test Method C78.)
C78 Test Method for Flexural Strength of Concrete (Using
4.2.1 The bearing block diameter shall be between 1/10 and
Simple Beam with Third-Point Loading)
1/20 of the specimen support span. A hardened steel bearing
C709 Terminology Relating to Manufactured Carbon and
block or its equivalent is necessary to prevent distortion of the
Graphite
loading member.
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
4.3 The directions of loads and reactions may be maintained
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
parallel by judicious use of linkages, rocker bearings, and
ASTM Test Methods
flexure plates. Eccentricity of loading can be avoided by the
use of spherical bearings. Provision must be made in fixture
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
design for relief of torsional loading to less than 5 % of the
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
nominal specimen strength. Refer to the attached figure for a
D02.F0 on Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Products.
suggested four-point loading fixture.
Current edition approved May 1, 2005. Published May 2005. Originally
approved in 1970. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as C651–91(2000). DOI:
5. Test Specimen
10.1520/C0651-91R05E01.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
5.1 Preparation—The test specimen shall be prepared to
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
yield a parallelepiped of rectangular cross section. The faces
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. shall be parallel and flat within 0.001 in. (0.025 mm)/in. of
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
´1
C651–91 (2005)
length. In addition, the samples having a maximum particle 8. Calculation
size less than 0.006-in. (0.152-mm) diameter must be finished
8.1 If the fracture occurs within the span length between the
so that the surface roughness is less than 125 µin.AA. Sample
loadbearingsurfaces,calculatetheflexuralstrengthasfollows:
edges should be free from visible flaws and chips.
S 5PL/bd
5.2 Size—The size of the test specimen shall be selected
such that the minimum dimension of the specimen is greater
than 5 times the largest particle dimension. The test specimen
where:
shall have a length to thickness ratio of at least 8, and a width
S = flexural strength, psi (MPa),
to thickness ratio not greater than 2.
P = maximum applied load indicated by the testing ma-
5.3 Measurements—All dimensions shall be measured to
chine, lbf (N),
the nearest 0.5 %. L = support span length, in. (mm),
b = average width of specimen, in. (mm), and
5.4 Orientation—The specimen shall be marked on the end
d = average thickness of specimen, in. (mm).
to denote its orientation with respect to the parent stock.
8.2 If the fracture occurs outside of the s
...

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ASTM D7972-14(2020)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Articles Using Three-Point Loading at Room Temperature

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method provides a framework for material development, quality control, characterization, and design data generation purposes. The user needs to assess the applicability of the method on the specific material and for the intended use, as shown by the interlaboratory study.  
4.2 This test method determines the maximum loading on a graphite specimen with simple beam geometry in three–point bending, and it provides a means for the calculation of flexural strength at ambient temperature and environmental conditions.  
4.3 The flexure stress is computed based on simple beam theory with assumptions that the material is isotropic and homogeneous, the moduli of elasticity in tension and compression are identical, and the material is linearly elastic. For materials with large grains, the minimum specimen dimension should be significantly larger than the maximum grain size (see Guide D7775).  
4.4 Flexural strength of a group of test specimens is influenced by several parameters associated with the test procedure. Such factors include the loading rate, test environment, specimen size, specimen preparation, and test fixtures. Specimen sizes and fixtures should be chosen to reduce errors due to material variability or testing parameters, such as friction and non-parallelism of specimen surfaces.  
4.5 The flexural strength of a manufactured graphite or carbon material is dependent on both its inherent resistance to fracture and the size and severity of flaws. Variations in these cause a natural scatter in test results for a sample of test specimens. Fractographic analysis of fracture surfaces, although beyond the scope of this standard, is highly recommended for all purposes, especially if the data will be used for design as discussed in Practices C1239 and C1322.  
4.6 The three-point test configuration exposes only a very small portion of the specimen to the maximum stress. Therefore, three-point flexural strengths are likely to be much greater than four-po...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the flexural strength of manufactured carbon and graphite articles using a square, rectangular or cylindrical beam in three-point loading at room temperature.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM C651-20(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Articles Using Four-Point Loading at Room Temperature

ABSTRACT
This test method details the standard procedures for determining the flexural strength of manufactured carbon and graphite articles using a simple beam in four-point loading at room temperature. The four-point loading fixture shall consist of spherical bearing blocks of hardened steel or its equivalent to ensure that forces applied to the beam are normal only and without eccentricity, and distortion of the loading member is prevented. Judicious use of linkages, rocker bearings, and flexure plates may maintain the parallel direction of loads and reactions. The test specimens shall be prepared to yield a parallelepiped with cross sections that are rectangular, faces that are parallel and flat, and edges that are free from visible flaws and chips.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method may be used for material development, quality control, characterization, and design data generation purposes.  
4.2 This test method determines the maximum loading on a graphite specimen with simple beam geometry in 4-point bending, and it provides a means for the calculation of flexural strength at ambient temperature and environmental conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the flexural strength of manufactured carbon and graphite articles using a simple beam in four-point loading at room temperature.  
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