ASTM D5864-11
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Determining Aerobic Aquatic Biodegradation of Lubricants or Their Components
Standard Test Method for Determining Aerobic Aquatic Biodegradation of Lubricants or Their Components
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Results from the test method suggest, within the confines of a controlled laboratory setting, the degree of aerobic aquatic biodegradation of a lubricant or components of a lubricant by measuring the evolved carbon dioxide upon exposure of the test material to an inoculum. The plateau level of CO2 evolution in this test method will suggest the degree of biodegradability of the lubricant. Test substances that achieve a high degree of biodegradation in this test may be assumed to easily biodegrade in many aerobic aquatic environments.
Because of the stringency of this test, a low yield of CO2 does not necessarily mean that the test substance is not biodegradable under environmental conditions, but indicates that further testing is necessary to establish biodegradability.
Information on toxicity to the inoculum of the test substance may be useful in the interpretation of low biodegradation results.
Activated sewage-sludge from a sewage-treatment plant that principally treats domestic waste is considered an acceptable active aerobic inoculum available over a wide geographical area in which to test a broad range of lubricants. An inoculum derived from soil or natural surface waters, or both, or any combination of the three sources, is also appropriate for this test method.
Note 1—Allowance for various and multiple inoculum sources provides access to a greater diversity of biochemical competency and potentially represents more accurately the capacity for biodegradation.
A reference or control substance known to biodegrade is necessary in order to verify the activity of the inoculum. The test must be regarded as invalid and should be repeated using a fresh inoculum if the reference does not demonstrate a biodegradation of > 60 % of the theoretical CO2 evolution within 28 days.
A total CO2 evolution in the blank at the end of the test exceeding 75 mg CO2 per 3 L of medium shall be considered as invalidating the test.
The water solubility or dispersibility of ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the degree of aerobic aquatic biodegradation of fully formulated lubricants or their components on exposure to an inoculum under laboratory conditions.
1.2 This test method is intended to specifically address the difficulties associated with testing water insoluble materials and complex mixtures such as are found in many lubricants.
1.3 This test method is designed to be applicable to all lubricants that are not volatile and are not inhibitory at the test concentration to the organisms present in the inoculum.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazards are discussed in Section 10.
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Designation: D5864 − 11
Standard Test Method for
Determining Aerobic Aquatic Biodegradation of Lubricants
1
or Their Components
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5864; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
3
1. Scope 2.2 ISO Standard:
4259:1992(E)Petroleum Products—Determination and Ap-
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the degree
plication of Precision Data in Relation to Methods ofTest
of aerobic aquatic biodegradation of fully formulated lubri-
4
2.3 APHA Standard:
cants or their components on exposure to an inoculum under
2540BTotal Solids Dried at 103–105°C
laboratory conditions.
9215Heterotrophic Plate Count
1.2 This test method is intended to specifically address the
3. Terminology
difficulties associated with testing water insoluble materials
and complex mixtures such as are found in many lubricants. 3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 Definitionsoftermsapplicabletothistestmethodthat
1.3 This test method is designed to be applicable to all
arenotdescribedhereinappearinthe ASTM Online Dictionary
lubricants that are not volatile and are not inhibitory at the test 5
of Engineering Science and Technology orTerminologyE943.
concentration to the organisms present in the inoculum.
3.1.2 aerobic, adj—(1 ) taking place in the presence of
oxygen, (2) living or active in the presence of oxygen.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.3 biodegradation, n—the process of chemical break-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
down or transformation of a substance caused by organisms or
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- their enzymes.
bilityofregulatorylimitationspriortouse.Specifichazardsare
3.1.4 biomass, n—biological material including any mate-
discussed in Section 10.
rial other than fossil fuels which is or was a living organism or
component or product of a living organism.
2. Referenced Documents
3.1.4.1 Discussion—In biology and environmental science,
2 biomassistypicallyexpressedasdensityofbiologicalmaterial
2.1 ASTM Standards:
per unit sample volume, area, or mass (g biomass/g(or/mL
D1193Specification for Reagent Water
2
or / cm ) sample); when used for products derived from
D1293Test Methods for pH of Water
organismsbiomassistypicallyexpressedintermsofmass(kg,
D4447Guide for Disposal of Laboratory Chemicals and
3
MT, etc.) or volume (L, m , bbl, etc.).
Samples
3.1.4.2 Discussion—Products of living organisms include
D5291Test Methods for Instrumental Determination of
those materials produced directly by living organisms as
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen in Petroleum Products
metabolites (for example, ethanol, various carbohydrates and
and Lubricants
fatty acids), materials manufactured by processing living
E943Terminology Relating to Biological Effects and Envi-
organisms (for example: pellets manufactured by shredding
ronmental Fate
and pelletizing plant material) and materials produced by
processing living organisms, their components or metabolites
(for example, transesterified oil; also called biodiesel).
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
3
Subcommittee D02.12 on Environmental Standards for Lubricants. Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
Current edition approved March 1, 2011. Published March 2011. Originally 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
4
approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D5864–05. DOI: From Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, latest
10.1520/D5864-11. edition. Available from the American Public Health Association, 1015 18th St.,
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or N.W., Washington, DC 20036.
5
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM ASTM Online Dictionary of Engineering Science and Technology
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on (Stock#DEFONLINE)isavailableontheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontact
the ASTM website. ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D5864 − 11
3.1.5 blank, n—a flask containing the test medium and the production is quantified by trapping it in a Ba(OH) solution
2
inoculum with no additional carbon source added. and titratin
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D5864–05 Designation:D5864–11
Standard Test Method for
Determining Aerobic Aquatic Biodegradation of Lubricants
1
or Their Components
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5864; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the degree of aerobic aquatic biodegradation of fully formulated lubricants or
their components on exposure to an inoculum under laboratory conditions.
1.2 This test method is intended to specifically address the difficulties associated with testing water insoluble materials and
complex mixtures such as are found in many lubricants.
1.3 This test method is designed to be applicable to all lubricants that are not volatile and are not inhibitory at the test
concentration to the organisms present in the inoculum.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. Specific hazards are discussed in Section 10.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
D1293 Test Methods for pH of Water
D4447 Guide for Disposal of Laboratory Chemicals and Samples
D5291 Test Methods for Instrumental Determination of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen in Petroleum Products and Lubricants
E943 Terminology Relating to Biological Effects and Environmental Fate
3
2.2 ISO Standard:
4259:1992(E) Petroleum Products—Determination and Application of Precision Data in Relation to Methods of Test
4
2.3 APHA Standard:
2540B Total Solids Dried at 103–105°C
9215 Heterotrophic Plate Count
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 Definitions of terms applicable to this test method that are not described herein appear in the Compilation of ASTM
2 5
Standard Definitions, 1990 ASTM Online Dictionary of Engineering Science and Technology or Terminology E943.
3.1.2 aerobic, adj—(1 ) taking place in the presence of oxygen, (2) living or active in the presence of oxygen.
3.1.3 biodegradation, n—the process of chemical breakdown or transformation of a substance caused by organisms or their
enzymes.
3.1.4 biomass, n—any material, excluding fossil fuels, which is or was a living organism or component of a living organism.
—biological material including any material other than fossil fuels which is or was a living organism or component or product of
a living organism.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.12 on
Environmental Standards for Lubricants.
Current edition approved Nov.March 1, 2005.2011. Published December 2005.March 2011. Originally approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 20002005 as
D5864–00.D5864–05. DOI: 10.1520/D5864-05.10.1520/D5864-11.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
4
From Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, latest edition. Available from the American Public Health Association, 1015 18th St., N.W.,
Washington, DC 20036.
5
Adapted from McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed., 1989.
5
ASTM Online Dictionary of Engineering Science and Technology (Stock#DEFONLINE) is available on theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer
Service at service@astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D5864–11
3.1.4.1 Discussion—In biology and environmental science, biomass is typically expressed as density of biological material per
2
unit sample volume, area, or mass (g biomass/g(or/mLor/cm ) sample); when used for products derived from organisms
3
biomass is typically expressed in terms of mass (kg, MT, etc.) or volume (L, m , bbl, etc.).
3.1.4.2 Discussion—Products of
...
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