ASTM D6874-21

Standard Test Methods for Nondestructive Evaluation of the Stiffness of Wood and Wood-Based Materials Using Transverse Vibration or Stress Wave Propagation

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The dynamic modulus of elasticity provided by these test methods is a fundamental property for the configuration tested.  
5.1.1 The rapidity and ease of application of these test methods facilitate their use as a substitute for static measurements.  
5.1.2 Dynamic modulus of elasticity is often used for surveys, for segregation of lumber for test purposes, for quality assessment of engineered wood products, and to provide indication of environmental or processing effect.  
5.2 The modulus of elasticity, whether measured statically or dynamically, is often a useful predictor variable to suggest or explain property relationships.  
5.3 Results from these test methods can be related to other measurements of modulus of elasticity, such as static methods (see Annex A1 and Appendix X4).  
5.4 These methods use calculations that assume specimens are prismatic in cross-section and are uniform in modulus of elasticity and density.  
5.4.1 As a result of the above assumptions, the obtained values of modulus of elasticity are dependent on how the specimen is stressed (see Commentary).  
5.4.2 Transverse vibration and longitudinal stress wave modulus of elasticity are correlated but not necessarily equal.  
5.4.3 These methods provide a means to establish a model to predict one dynamic modulus of elasticity from another dynamic method or a static method (i.e., D198, D4761, etc.).  
5.4.4 The methods can also be used to estimate the Class I or Class II modulus of elasticity from the Class III method, or the Class I from the Class II method.  
5.5 Testing specified to be undertaken in accordance with this Method shall include any requirements regarding the following for each Class:  
5.5.1 Grades and species permitted to be combined to form the training and validation test sample.  
5.5.2 Selection and positioning of manufacturing or growth characteristics to be included or permitted in the test sample.  
5.5.3 Moisture content conditioning undertaken prior to t...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the non-destructive determination of the following dynamic properties of wood and wood-based materials from measuring the fundamental frequency of vibration:  
1.1.1 Flexural (see Refs (1-3))2 stiffness and apparent modulus of elasticity (Etv) properties using simply or freely supported beam transverse vibration in the vertical direction, and  
1.1.2 Axial stiffness and apparent longitudinal modulus of elasticity (Esw) using stress wave propagation time in the longitudinal direction.  
1.2 The test methods can be used for a broad range of wood-based materials and products ranging from logs, timbers, lumber, and engineered wood products.  
1.2.1 The two flexural methods can be applied to flexural products such as glulam beams and I-joists.  
1.2.2 The longitudinal stress wave methods are limited to solid wood and homogeneous grade glulam (e.g., columns but not products with distinct subcomponents such as wood I-joists).  
1.3 The standard recognizes three implementation classes for each of these test methods.  
1.3.1 Class I—Defines the fundamental method to achieve the highest degree of repeatability and reproducibility that can be achieved under laboratory conditions.
Note 1: Testing should follow Class I methods to develop training and validation data sets for method conversion models (see Annex A2).  
1.3.2 Class II—Method with permitted modifications to the Class I method that can be used to address practical issues found in the field, and where practical deviations from the Class I protocol are known and their effects can be accounted.
Note 2: Practical deviations include, for example, environmental and test boundary conditions. Class II methods allow for corrections to test results to account for quantifiable effect such as machine frame deflections.  
1.3.3 Class III—Method permitting the broadest range of application, with permitted modifications to suit a wider range of ...

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 30-Apr-2021
• ICS: 19.100 - Non-destructive testing
• Technical Committee: D07 - Wood
• Drafting Committee: D07.01 - Fundamental Test Methods and Properties

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D6874 − 21
Standard Test Methods for
Nondestructive Evaluation of the Stiffness of Wood and
Wood-Based Materials Using Transverse Vibration or Stress
1
Wave Propagation
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6874; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Nondestructive testing methods are used to determine the physical and mechanical properties of
wood and wood-based materials. These test methods help ensure structural performance of products
manufactured from a variety of wood species and quality levels of raw materials. These test methods
also assist in evaluating the influence of environmental conditions on product performance.
Dynamic test methods based on the transverse vibration of a simply or freely supported beam, or
the propagation of a longitudinal stress wave are methods used to nondestructively evaluate
wood-based materials. These methods yield results comparable to traditional static test methods,
permitting standardization of results, interchange and correlation of data, and establishment of a
cumulative body of information on wood species and products of the world.
1. Scope 1.3 The standard recognizes three implementation classes
for each of these test methods.
1.1 These test methods cover the non-destructive determi-
1.3.1 Class I—Defines the fundamental method to achieve
nation of the following dynamic properties of wood and
wood-based materials from measuring the fundamental fre- the highest degree of repeatability and reproducibility that can
quency of vibration: be achieved under laboratory conditions.
2
1.1.1 Flexural (see Refs (1-3)) stiffness and apparent
NOTE1—TestingshouldfollowClassImethodstodeveloptrainingand
modulus of elasticity (E ) properties using simply or freely
tv
validation data sets for method conversion models (see Annex A2).
supported beam transverse vibration in the vertical direction,
and 1.3.2 Class II—Method with permitted modifications to the
1.1.2 Axial stiffness and apparent longitudinal modulus of
Class I method that can be used to address practical issues
elasticity (E ) using stress wave propagation time in the
found in the field, and where practical deviations from the
sw
longitudinal direction.
Class I protocol are known and their effects can be accounted.
1.2 The test methods can be used for a broad range of
NOTE 2—Practical deviations include, for example, environmental and
wood-basedmaterialsandproductsrangingfromlogs,timbers,
test boundary conditions. Class II methods allow for corrections to test
lumber, and engineered wood products.
results to account for quantifiable effect such as machine frame deflec-
1.2.1 The two flexural methods can be applied to flexural
tions.
products such as glulam beams and I-joists.
1.3.3 Class III—Method permitting the broadest range of
1.2.2 The longitudinal stress wave methods are limited to
application, with permitted modifications to suit a wider range
solid wood and homogeneous grade glulam (e.g., columns but
of practical needs with an emphasis on repeatability.
not products with distinct subcomponents such as wood
I-joists).
NOTE 3—Online testing machines implemented to grade/sort lumber
may be treated as Class III.
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D07 on
1.4 The standard provides guidance for developing a model
WoodandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD07.01onFundamentalTest
for estimating a non-destructive test method result (e.g., static
Methods and Properties.
Current edition approved May 1, 2021. Published June 2021. Originally modulus of elasticity obtained in accordance with Test Meth-
approved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2020 as D6874–20. DOI:
ods D198) from another non-destructive test method result
10.1520/D6874-21.
2 (e.g., dynamic longitudinal modulus of elasticity from mea-
Theboldfacenumbersinparenthesesrefertothelistofreferencesattheendof
this standard. surement of longitudinal stress wave propagation time).
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

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D6874 − 21
1.4.1 The standard covers only models developed from test E2655Guide for Reporting Uncertainty of Test Results and
data obtained directly from non-destructively testing a repre- Use of the Term Measurement Uncertainty inASTM Test
sentative sample using one test method, and retesting the same Methods
4
sample following a second test method.
2.2 ISO Standards:
1.4.2 Results used for model development shall not be
ISO7626
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D6874 − 20 D6874 − 21
Standard Test Methods for
Nondestructive Evaluation of the Stiffness of Wood and
Wood-Based Materials Using Transverse Vibration or Stress
1
Wave Propagation
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6874; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Nondestructive testing methods are used to determine the physical and mechanical properties of
wood and wood-based materials. These test methods help ensure structural performance of products
manufactured from a variety of wood species and quality levels of raw materials. These test methods
also assist in evaluating the influence of environmental conditions on product performance.
Dynamic test methods based on the transverse vibration of a simply or freely supported beam, or
the propagation of a longitudinal stress wave are methods used to nondestructively evaluate
wood-based materials. These methods yield results comparable to traditional static test methods,
permitting standardization of results, interchange and correlation of data, and establishment of a
cumulative body of information on wood species and products of the world.
1. Scope
1.1 These test methods cover the non-destructive determination of the following dynamic properties of wood and wood-based
materials from measuring the fundamental frequency of vibration:
2
1.1.1 Flexural (see Refs (1-3)) stiffness and apparent modulus of elasticity (E ) properties using simply or freely supported beam
tv
transverse vibration in the vertical direction, and
1.1.2 Axial stiffness and apparent longitudinal modulus of elasticity (E ) using stress wave propagation time in the longitudinal
sw
direction.
1.2 The test methods can be used for a broad range of wood-based materials and products ranging from logs, timbers, lumber, and
engineered wood products.
1.2.1 The two flexural methods can be applied to flexural products such as glulam beams and I-joists.
1.2.2 The longitudinal stress wave methods are limited to solid wood and homogeneous grade glulam (e.g., columns but not
products with distinct subcomponents such as wood I-joists).
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D07 on Wood and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D07.01 on Fundamental Test Methods
and Properties.
Current edition approved April 15, 2020May 1, 2021. Published October 2020June 2021. Originally approved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 20122020 as
D6874 – 12.D6874 – 20. DOI: 10.1520/D6874-20.10.1520/D6874-21.
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

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D6874 − 21
1.3 The standard recognizes three implementation classes for each of these test methods.
1.3.1 Class I—Defines the fundamental method to achieve the highest degree of repeatability and reproducibility that can be
achieved under laboratory conditions.
NOTE 1—Testing should follow Class I methods to develop training and validation data sets for method conversion models (see Annex A2).
1.3.2 Class II—Method with permitted modifications to the Class I method that can be used to address practical issues found in
the field, and where practical deviations from the Class I protocol are known and their effects can be accounted.
NOTE 2—Practical deviations include, for example, environmental and test boundary conditions. Class II methods allow for corrections to test results to
account for quantifiable effect such as machine frame deflections.
1.3.3 Class III—Method permitting the broadest range of application, with permitted modifications to suit a wider range of
practical needs with an emphasis on repeatability.
NOTE 3—Online testing machines implemented to grade/sort lumber may be treated as Class III.
1.4 The standard provides guidance for developing a model for estimating a non-destructive test method result (e.g., static
modulus of elasticity obtained in accordance with Test Methods D198) from another non-destructive test method result (e.g.,
dynamic longitudinal modulus of elasticity from measurement of longitudinal stress wave propagation time).
1.4.1 The standard covers only models
...