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ASTM D4157-13

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder Method)

Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder Method)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The measurement of the resistance to abrasion of textile and other materials is very complex. The resistance to abrasion is affected by many factors, such as the inherent mechanical properties of the fibers; the dimensions of the fibers; the structure of the yarns; the construction of the fabrics; and the type, kind, and amount of finishing material added to the fibers, yarns, or fabric.  
5.2 The resistance to abrasion is also greatly affected by the conditions of the tests, such as the nature of abradant; variable action of the abradant over the area of specimen abraded, the tension of the specimen, the pressure between the specimen and abradant, and the dimensional changes in the specimen.  
5.3 Abrasion tests are all subject to variation due to changes in the abradant during specific tests. The abradant must accordingly be changed at frequent intervals or checked periodically against a standard. With disposable abradants, the abradant is used only once or changed after limited use. With permanent abradants that use hardened metal or equivalent surfaces, it is assumed that the abradant will not change appreciably in a specific series of tests, but obviously similar abradants used in different laboratories will not likely change at the same rate due to differences in usage. Permanent abradants may also change due to pick up of finishing or other material from test fabrics and must accordingly be cleaned at frequent intervals. The measurement of the relative amount of abrasion may also be affected by the method of evaluation and may be influenced by the judgment of the operator.  
5.4 The resistance of textile materials to abrasion as measured on a testing machine in the laboratory is generally only one of several factors contributing to wear performance or durability as experienced in the actual use of the material. While “abrasion resistance” (often stated in terms of the number of cycles on a specified machine, using a specified technique to produce a spe...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abrasion resistance of woven textile fabrics using the oscillatory cylinder tester. This test method may not be usable for some fabric constructions.Note 1—Other procedures for measuring the abrasion resistance of textile fabrics are given in: Guides D3884 and D4158, and Test Methods D3885, D3886, and AATCC 93.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard; the values in English units are provided as information only and are not exact equivalents.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Jun-2013
ICS
59.080.30 - Textile fabrics
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.60 - Fabric Physical Test Methods B
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D4157-10 - Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder Method)
Effective Date
01-Jul-2013
Referred By
ASTM D3181-15(2019) - Standard Guide for Conducting Wear Tests on Textiles
Effective Date
01-Jul-2013
Referred By
ASTM D4850-23 - Standard Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test Methods
Effective Date
01-Jul-2013
Referred By
ASTM D3885-07A(2019)e1 - Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Flexing and Abrasion Method)
Effective Date
01-Jul-2013
Referred By
ASTM F2704-17a - Standard Specification for Air-Fed Protective Ensembles
Effective Date
01-Jul-2013
Referred By
ASTM F1052-20 - Standard Test Method for Pressure Testing Vapor Protective Suits
Effective Date
01-Jul-2013
Referred By
ASTM F1002-15(2021) - Standard Performance Specification for Protective Clothing and Materials for Use by Workers Exposed to Specific Molten Substances and Related Thermal Hazards
Effective Date
01-Jul-2013
Referred By
ASTM D4158-08(2020) - Standard Guide for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Uniform Abrasion)
Effective Date
01-Jul-2013
Referred By
ASTM D3690-19 - Standard Performance Specification for Vinyl-Coated and Urethane-Coated Upholstery Fabrics—Indoor
Effective Date
01-Jul-2013
Referred By
ASTM D5446-08(2019) - Standard Practice for Determining Physical Properties of Fabrics, Yarns, and Sewing Thread Used in Inflatable Restraints
Effective Date
01-Jul-2013
Referred By
ASTM D3597-02(2018)e1 - Standard Performance Specification for Woven Upholstery Fabrics—Plain, Tufted, or Flocked
Effective Date
01-Jul-2013
Referred By
ASTM D3884-22 - Standard Guide for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Rotary Platform Abrader Method)
Effective Date
01-Jul-2013
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ASTM F1296-08(2023) - Standard Guide for Evaluating Chemical Protective Clothing
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ASTM D4966-22 - Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Martindale Abrasion Tester Method)
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ASTM D4157-13 - Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder Method)ASTM D4157-13 - Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder Method)
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ASTM D4157-13 - Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder Method)
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REDLINE ASTM D4157-13 - Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder Method)REDLINE ASTM D4157-13 - Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder Method)
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REDLINE ASTM D4157-13 - Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder Method)
English language
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D4157 − 13
Standard Test Method for
Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder
1
Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4157; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope Textile Fabrics (Grab Test)
D5035Test Method for Breaking Force and Elongation of
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abra-
Textile Fabrics (Strip Method)
sion resistance of woven textile fabrics using the oscillatory
2.2 Other Document:
cylinder tester. This test method may not be usable for some
AATCC 93Abrasion Resistance of Fabrics: Accelerotor
fabric constructions.
3
NOTE 1—Other procedures for measuring the abrasion resistance of Method
textile fabrics are given in: Guides D3884 and D4158, and Test Methods
D3885, D3886, and AATCC 93.
3. Terminology
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.59, Fabric Test
standard; the values in English units are provided as informa-
Methods, General, refer to Terminology D4850.
tion only and are not exact equivalents.
3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
abrasion, abrasion cycle, in abrasion testing, breaking force,
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
double-rub, in oscillatory cylinder abrasion testing.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.2 For all other terminology related to textiles, refer to
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Terminology D123.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4. Summary of Test Method
2. Referenced Documents
4.1 Abrasionresistanceismeasuredbysubjectingthespeci-
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
men to unidirectional rubbing action under known conditions
D123Terminology Relating to Textiles
of pressure, tension, and abrasive action. Resistance to abra-
D3884Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile
sion is evaluated by various means which are described in
Fabrics (Rotary Platform, Double-Head Method)
Section 12.
D3885Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile
Fabrics (Flexing and Abrasion Method)
5. Significance and Use
D3886Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile
5.1 The measurement of the resistance to abrasion of textile
Fabrics (Inflated Diaphragm Apparatus)
andothermaterialsisverycomplex.Theresistancetoabrasion
D4158Guide for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics
is affected by many factors, such as the inherent mechanical
(Uniform Abrasion)
properties of the fibers; the dimensions of the fibers; the
D4850Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test
structure of the yarns; the construction of the fabrics; and the
Methods
type,kind,andamountoffinishingmaterialaddedtothefibers,
D5034TestMethodforBreakingStrengthandElongationof
yarns, or fabric.
5.2 The resistance to abrasion is also greatly affected by the
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD13onTextiles
conditions of the tests, such as the nature of abradant; variable
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods,
action of the abradant over the area of specimen abraded, the
Specific.
tension of the specimen, the pressure between the specimen
Current edition approved July 1, 2013. Published August 2013. Originally
approved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D4157–10. DOI:
and abradant, and the dimensional changes in the specimen.
10.1520/D4157-13.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists, P.O.
the ASTM website. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4157 − 13
5.3 Abrasiontestsareallsubjecttovariationduetochanges each laboratory for testing. The test results from the two
in the abradant during specific tests. The abradant must laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for
accordingly be changed at frequent intervals or checked unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing
periodically against a standard. With disposable abradants, the series. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and
abradant
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D4157 − 10 D4157 − 13
Standard Test Method for
Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder
1
Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4157; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abrasion resistance of woven textile fabrics using the oscillatory cylinder
tester. This test method may not be usable for some fabric constructions.
NOTE 1—Other procedures for measuring the abrasion resistance of textile fabrics are given in: Guides D3884 and D4158, and Test Methods D3885,
D3886, and AATCC 93.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard; the values in English units are provided as information only
and are not exact equivalents.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D3884 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Rotary Platform, Double-Head Method)
D3885 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Flexing and Abrasion Method)
D3886 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Inflated Diaphragm Apparatus)
D4158 Guide for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Uniform Abrasion)
D4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test Methods
D5034 Test Method for Breaking Strength and Elongation of Textile Fabrics (Grab Test)
D5035 Test Method for Breaking Force and Elongation of Textile Fabrics (Strip Method)
2.2 Other Document:
3
AATCC 93 Abrasion Resistance of Fabrics: Accelerotor Method
3. Terminology
3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.59, Fabric Test Methods, General, refer to Terminology D4850.
3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard: abrasion,abrasion cycle,in abrasion testing, breaking force,double-
rub,in oscillatory cylinder abrasion testing.
3.2 For all other terminology related to textiles, refer to Terminology D123.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 Abrasion resistance is measured by subjecting the specimen to unidirectional rubbing action under known conditions of
pressure, tension, and abrasive action. Resistance to abrasion is evaluated by various means which are described in Section 12.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods, Specific.
Current edition approved June 1, 2010July 1, 2013. Published August 2010August 2013. Originally approved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 20072010 as
D4157 – 07.D4157 – 10. DOI: 10.1520/D4157-10.10.1520/D4157-13.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists, P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4157 − 13
5. Significance and Use
5.1 The measurement of the resistance to abrasion of textile and other materials is very complex. The resistance to abrasion is
affected by many factors, such as the inherent mechanical properties of the fibers; the dimensions of the fibers; the structure of the
yarns; the construction of the fabrics; and the type, kind, and amount of finishing material added to the fibers, yarns, or fabric.
5.2 The resistance to abrasion is also greatly affected by the conditions of the tests, such as the nature of abradant; variable
action of the abradant over the area of specimen abraded, the tension of the specimen, the pressure between the specimen and
abradant, and the dimensional changes in the specimen.
5.3 Abrasion tests are all subject to variation due to changes in the abradant during specific tes
...

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4.2 It is recognized that, for purposes of fashion or aesthetics, the ultimate consumer of articles made from these fabrics may find acceptable products that do not conform to all of the requirements listed in Table 1. Therefore, one or more of the requirements in Table 1 may be modified by mutual agreement between the purchaser and the supplier.  
4.2.1 In such cases, any references to the specifications should specify that: “This product meets ASTM specifications XXXX except for the following characteristic(s).”  
4.3 Where no pre-purchase agreement has been reached between the purchaser and supplier, and in case of controversy, the requirements listed in Table 1 are intended to be used as a guide only. As noted in 4.2, ultimate consumer demands dictate varying performance parameters for a particular product.  
4.4 The uses and significance of particular properties and test methods are discussed in the appropriate sections of the specified test methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the performance requirements for woven high stretch fabrics used in apparel.  
1.2 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods described in this performance specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4157-13(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder Method)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The measurement of the resistance to abrasion of textile and other materials is very complex. The resistance to abrasion is affected by many factors, such as the inherent mechanical properties of the fibers; the dimensions of the fibers; the structure of the yarns; the construction of the fabrics; and the type, kind, and amount of finishing material added to the fibers, yarns, or fabric.  
5.2 The resistance to abrasion is also greatly affected by the conditions of the tests, such as the nature of abradant; variable action of the abradant over the area of specimen abraded, the tension of the specimen, the pressure between the specimen and abradant, and the dimensional changes in the specimen.  
5.3 Abrasion tests are all subject to variation due to changes in the abradant during specific tests. The abradant must accordingly be changed at frequent intervals or checked periodically against a standard. With disposable abradants, the abradant is used only once or changed after limited use. With permanent abradants that use hardened metal or equivalent surfaces, it is assumed that the abradant will not change appreciably in a specific series of tests, but obviously similar abradants used in different laboratories will not likely change at the same rate due to differences in usage. Permanent abradants may also change due to pick up of finishing or other material from test fabrics and must accordingly be cleaned at frequent intervals. The measurement of the relative amount of abrasion may also be affected by the method of evaluation and may be influenced by the judgment of the operator.  
5.4 The resistance of textile materials to abrasion as measured on a testing machine in the laboratory is generally only one of several factors contributing to wear performance or durability as experienced in the actual use of the material. While “abrasion resistance” (often stated in terms of the number of cycles on a specified machine, using a specified technique to produce a spe...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abrasion resistance of woven textile fabrics using the oscillatory cylinder tester. This test method may not be usable for some fabric constructions.
Note 1: Other procedures for measuring the abrasion resistance of textile fabrics are given in: Guides D3884 and D4158, and Test Methods D3885, D3886, and AATCC 93.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4966-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Martindale Abrasion Tester Method)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Acceptance Testing—this test method is not considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of fabric. The between-laboratory precision of this test method is poor and, because of the nature of abrasion testing itself, technicians frequently fail to obtain results in agreement on the same type of testing instrument, both within and between laboratories. Although this test method is not recommended for acceptance testing, it is useful because it is used widely, especially outside the United States.  
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens then should be assigned randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Students t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.  
5.2 The resistance to abrasion also is affected greatly by the conditions of the tests, such as the nature of abradant; variable action of the abradant over the area of specimen abraded, the tension on the specimen, the pressure between the specimen and abradant, and the dimensional changes in the specimen.  
5.3 Abrasion tests are all subject to variation due to changes in the abradant during specific tests. The abradant must be changed accordingly at freque...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abrasion resistance of textile fabrics using the Martindale abrasion tester. The method is generally applicable to knit, woven, and nonwoven fabrics; however, material thickness may limit suitability for testing due to specimen holder capacity.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: For other current test methods of testing the abrasion resistance of textiles refer to Test Methods D3884, D3885, D3886, D4157, D4158, and AATCC TM93.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4970/D4970M-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Martindale Tester

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Acceptance Testing—This method of testing fabrics resistance to pilling is not recommended for acceptance testing. If it is used for acceptance testing, it should be used with caution because interlaboratory data are not available. In some cases the purchaser or supplier may have to test a commercial shipment of one or more specific materials by the best available method even though the method has not been recommended for acceptance testing. Although this test method is not recommended for acceptance testing, it is useful because it is used widely outside the United States.  
5.2 If there is a disagreement arising from differences in values reported by the purchaser and the supplier when using this test method, the statistical bias, if any, between the laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory of the supplier should be determined with comparison being based on testing specimens randomly drawn from one sample of material of the type being evaluated. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. A minimum of two parties should take a group of test specimens, which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens then should be assigned randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average test results from the two laboratories should be compared using an acceptable statistical protocol and probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is started. Appropriate statistical disciplines for comparing data must be used when the purchaser and supplier cannot agree. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future results with consideration for the known bias.  
5.3 The pilling of textile fabrics is a very complex property because it is affected by many factors that include type of fiber or blends, fiber dimensions, yarn and fabric construction, and fabric f...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance to the formation of pills and other related surface changes on textile fabrics using the Martindale tester.
Note 1: For other methods, if testing the pilling resistance of textiles, refer to Test Methods D3511/D3511M, D3512/D3512M, and D3514.  
1.2 This test method is generally applicable to knit, woven, and nonwoven fabrics; however, material thickness may limit suitability for testing due to specimen holder capacity.  
1.3 The fabric may be laundered or dry cleaned before testing as agreed upon among interested parties.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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