ASTM B848-00
(Specification)Standard Specification for Powder Forged (P/F) Ferrous Structural Parts
Standard Specification for Powder Forged (P/F) Ferrous Structural Parts
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers powder forged ferrous materials fabricated by hot densification of atomized prealloyed or iron powders and intended for use as structural parts.
1.2 This specification covers powder forged parts made from the following materials:
1.2.1 Compositions
1.2.1.1 P/F-10XX Carbon Steel (produced from atomized iron powder and graphite powder),
1.2.1.2 P/F-10CXX Copper-Carbon Steel (produced from atomized iron powder, copper and graphite powders),
1.2.1.3 P/F-11XX Carbon Steel with manganese sulfide for enhanced machinability (produced from atomized iron powder, manganese sulfide, and graphite powders),
1.2.1.4 P/F-11CXX Copper-Carbon Steel with manganese sulfide for enhanced machinability (produced from atomized iron powder, copper, manganese sulfide, and graphite powders),
1.2.1.5 P/F-42XX Nickel-Molybdenum Steel (produced from prealloyed atomized iron-nickel-molybdenum powder and graphite powder),
1.2.1.6 P/F-46XX Nickel-Molybdenum Steel (produced from prealloyed atomized iron-nickel-molybdenum powder and graphite powder),
1.2.1.7 P/F-44XX Molybdenum Steel (produced from prealloyed atomized iron-molybdenum powder and graphite powder), and
1.2.1.8 P/F-49XX Molybdenum Steel (produced from prealloyed atomized iron-molybdenum powder and graphite powder).
Note 1—Alloy composition designations are modifications of the AISI-SAE nomenclature. For example: 10CXX designates a plain carbon steel containing copper and XX amount of carbon. Compositional limits of alloy and impurity elements may be different from the AISI-SAE limits. Chemical composition limits are specified in Section 6.
Note 2—XX designates the forged carbon content, in hundredths of a percent, that is specified by the purchaser for the application. For a given specified carbon content, the permissible limits shall be as specified in 6.2.
1.2.2 Grades
1.2.2.1 Grade A—Density equivalent to a maximum of 0.5 % porosity. The minimum density of those sections of the powder forged part so designated by the applicable part drawing shall not be less than the value specified in Table 1.
1.2.2.2Grade B —Density equivalent to a maximum of 1.5 % porosity. The minimum density of those sections of the powder forged part so designated by the applicable part drawing shall not be less than the value specified in .
1.3 Property values stated in inch-pound units are the standard. Conversion factors to SI units may be approximate.
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
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Designation: B 848 – 00
Standard Specification for
Powder Forged (P/F) Ferrous Structural Parts
This standard is issued under the fixed designation B 848; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 0.5 % porosity. The minimum density of those sections of the
powder forged part so designated by the applicable part
1.1 This specification covers powder forged ferrous materi-
drawing shall not be less than the value specified in Table 1.
als fabricated by hot densification of atomized prealloyed or
1.2.2.2 Grade B—Density equivalent to a maximum of
iron powders and intended for use as structural parts.
1.5 % porosity. The minimum density of those sections of the
1.2 This specification covers powder forged parts made
powder forged part so designated by the applicable part
from the following materials:
drawing shall not be less than the value specified in Table 1.
1.2.1 Compositions:
1.3 Property values stated in inch-pound units are the
1.2.1.1 P/F-10XX Carbon Steel (produced from atomized
standard. Conversion factors to SI units may be approximate.
iron powder and graphite powder),
1.2.1.2 P/F-10CXX Copper-Carbon Steel (produced from
2. Referenced Documents
atomized iron powder, copper and graphite powders),
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.2.1.3 P/F-11XX Carbon Steel with manganese sulfide for
B 243 Terminology of Powder Metallurgy
enhanced machinability (produced from atomized iron powder,
B 311 Test Method for Density Determination for Powder
manganese sulfide, and graphite powders),
Metallurgy (P/M) Materials Containing Less Than Two
1.2.1.4 P/F-11CXX Copper-Carbon Steel with manganese
Percent Porosity
sulfide for enhanced machinability (produced from atomized
B 795 Test Method for Determining the Percentage of
iron powder, copper, manganese sulfide, and graphite pow-
Alloyed or Unalloyed Iron Contamination Present in
ders),
Low-Alloy Powder Forged (P/F) Steel Parts
1.2.1.5 P/F-42XX Nickel-Molybdenum Steel (produced
B 796 Test Method for Nonmetallic Inclusion Level of
from prealloyed atomized iron-nickel-molybdenum powder
Low-Alloy Powder Forged (P/F) Steel Parts
and graphite powder),
B 797 Test Methods for Surface Finger Oxide Penetration
1.2.1.6 P/F-46XX Nickel-Molybdenum Steel (produced
Depth and Presence of Interparticle Oxide Networks in
from prealloyed atomized iron-nickel-molybdenum powder
Low-Alloy Powder Forged (P/F) Steel Parts
and graphite powder),
E 3 Methods of Preparation of Metallographic Specimens
1.2.1.7 P/F-44XX Molybdenum Steel (produced from pre-
E 8 Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials
alloyed atomized iron-molybdenum powder and graphite pow-
E 18 Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness and Rockwell
der), and
Superficial Hardness of Metallic Materials
1.2.1.8 P/F-49XX Molybdenum Steel (produced from pre-
E 23 Test Methods for Notched Bar Impact Testing of
alloyed atomized iron-molybdenum powder and graphite pow-
Metallic Materials
der).
E 350 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Carbon Steel,
NOTE 1—Alloy composition designations are modifications of the
Low-Alloy Steel, Silicon Electrical Steel, Ingot Iron, and
AISI-SAE nomenclature. For example: 10CXX designates a plain carbon
Wrought Iron
steel containing copper and XX amount of carbon. Compositional limits
E 415 Test Method for Optical Emission Vacuum Spectro-
of alloy and impurity elements may be different from the AISI-SAE limits.
metric Analysis of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel
Chemical composition limits are specified in Section 6.
E 562 Practice for Determining Volume Fraction by Sys-
NOTE 2—XX designates the forged carbon content, in hundredths of a
percent, that is specified by the purchaser for the application. For a given
tematic Manual Point Count
specified carbon content, the permissible limits shall be as specified in 6.2.
E 1019 Test Methods for Determination of Carbon, Sulfur,
Nitrogen, and Oxygen in Steel, and in Iron, Nickel, and
1.2.2 Grades:
Cobalt Alloys
1.2.2.1 Grade A—Density equivalent to a maximum of
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B-9 on Metal
Powders and Metal Powder Productsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommit- Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 02.05.
tee B09.11 on Near Full Density Powder Metallurgy Materials. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01.
Current edition approved April 10, 2000. Published May 2000. Originally Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.05.
e1 5
published as B 848–94. Last previous edition B 848–94 (1998) Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.06.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
B 848
TABLE 1 Minimum Density for Selected Powder Forged Steel TABLE 2 Chemical Composition Requirements for Powder
Compositions (Fully Annealed Heat Treatment Condition—Ferrite/ Forged Parts Chemical Composition (Weight %)
A
Pearlite Microstructure)
Element P/F-10XX P/F-10CXX P/F-11XX P/F-11CXX
Density (g/cm )
Nickel, max 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10
Chemical Composition
Molybdenum, 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
Grade A Grade B
B B
(0.5 % porosity) (1.5 % porosity) max
A A
Manganese 0.10–0.25 0.10–0.25 0.30–0.60 0.30–0.60
P/F-1040 7.81 7.74
Copper 0.30 max 1.8–2.2 0.30 max 1.8–2.2
P/F-1060 7.81 7.73
Chromium, 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10
C C
P/F-10C40 7.81 7.74
max
C C
P/F-10C60 7.81 7.73
A A
Sulfur, max 0.025 0.025 0.23 0.23
P/F-1140 7.79 7.71
Silicon, max 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
P/F-1160 7.78 7.70
Phosphorus, 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
C C
P/F-11C40 7.79 7.71
max
C C
P/F-11C60 7.79 7.71
BBBB
Carbon
P/F-4220 7.82 7.74 CCCC
Oxygen
P/F-4240 7.81 7.73 D D D D
Total Iron Balance Balance Balance Balance
P/F-4260 7.80 7.72
Element P/F-42XX P/F-46XX P/F-44XX P/F-49XX
P/F-4420 7.82 7.74
P/F-4440 7.81 7.73
Nickel 0.40–0.50 1.75–2.00 0.10 max 0.10 max
P/F-4460 7.81 7.73
Molybdenum 0.55–0.65 0.50–0.60 0.80–0.95 1.4–1.6
P/F-4620 7.82 7.74
Manganese 0.20–0.35 0.10–0.25 0.08–0.18 0.08–0.18
P/F-4640 7.81 7.73
Copper, max 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15
P/F-4660 7.81 7.73
Chromium, 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10
P/F-4680 7.80 7.72
max
P/F-4920 7.83 7.75
Sulfur, max 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
P/F-4940 7.82 7.74
Silicon, max 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
P/F-4960 7.81 7.74
Phosphorus, 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
A max
Quench-hardening and tempering will reduce the density values. Normalized
BBBB
Carbon
samples may have lower density values then fully annealed materials.
CCCC
B Oxygen
Based on the method described in Smith, D. W., “Calculation of the Pore-Free
D D D D
Total Iron Balance Balance Balance Balance
Density of P/M Steels: Role of Microstructure and Composition,” The International
Journal of Powder Metallurgy, Vol 28, No. 3, 1992, p. 259. Calculations based on A
Covers manganese sulfide (MnS) additions of from 0.3 to 0.5 %. The
350 ppm max oxygen content and all oxygen combined as 3MnO · Al O · 3SiO .
2 3 2
manganese content in solution is similar to P/F-10XX or P/F-10CXX, that is, 0.10
C
The method described by Smith is not considered applicable to steels with
to 0.25 %.
B
admixed copper additions. Pore-free densities for these materials were deter-
Carbon content shall be as specified by the purchaser.
mined by experiment. C
When required, maximum oxygen content shall conform to the amount
specified by purchaser. See S1.
D
For information only. Quantitative determination of this element is not required.
E 1077 Test Method for Estimating the Depth of Decarbur-
ization of Steel Specimens
4.1.2 Grade (minimum density requirement—see 1.2.2 and
2.2 Other Standards: Section 7),
J 423 SAE Recommended Practice, Methods of Measuring
4.1.3 Heat treatment condition and hardness (see 8.1.3,
Case Depth 8.1.4, and 8.2.3),
4.1.4 Location of critical regions (see 3.2.1),
3. Terminology
4.1.5 Whether functional or mechanical property testing is
3.1 Definitions—Definitions of powder metallurgy terms required, what type of testing is required, and what perfor-
can be found in Terminology B 243. Additional descriptive mance level is required (see 8.1.1, 8.1.2, 8.2.1, and 8.2.2),
information is available in the Related Material Section of Vol. 4.1.6 Whether the purchaser desires that his representative
02.05 of the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. inspect or witness the inspection and testing of the material
3.2 Descriptions of Terms Specific to This Standard: prior to shipment (see 11.1 and 11.2),
3.2.1 core region—a core region is one where there is either 4.1.7 Whether there are special microstructural require-
no decarburization as determined by the procedure in 9.3.4 or ments (see Section 9 and SR4),
there is no hardened surface as determined by the procedure in 4.1.8 Whether certification of the material is required (see
S2.2. Section 13),
3.2.2 critical region—a critical region of a part is one that 4.1.9 Whether there is a maximum forged-oxygen content
requires a density level or a microstructural characteristic to be (see SR1),
separately specified. 4.1.10 Whether case hardening is required (see SR2),
4.1.11 Whether there is a maximum area percent porosity
4. Ordering Information
requirement for critical regions (see 3.2.1 and SR3), and
4.1.12 ASTM designation and year of issue.
4.1 Orders for parts conforming to this specification shall
include the following:
5. Materials and Manufacture
4.1.1 Alloy composition, including carbon content (see
5.1 Make the structural parts by hot forging of powder
1.2.1, Section 6, and Table 2),
metallurgy (P/M) preforms in confined dies with or without
subsequent heat treatment. Prepare P/M preforms by pressing,
or pressing and sintering material conforming to the designa-
Available from Society of Automotive Engineers, 400 Commonwealth Drive,
Warrendale, PA 15096. tions in 1.2.1 and meeting the chemical compositions specified
B 848
in Section 6 and Table 2. hardness measurements on sectioned parts within the core
region of the part. Determine surface hardness measurements
6. Chemical Composition
in accordance with the applicable part drawing on the original
6.1 The hot forged material shall conform to the require-
forged surface, or, if machined, on the machined part surface.
ments prescribed in Table 2.
6.2 Unless otherwise specified, the hot forged carbon con- 9. Microstructure Requirements
tent shall not deviate from that specified by the purchaser by
9.1 Surface Finger Oxide Penetration:
more than 60.05 weight percent.
9.1.1 The maximum depth of penetration of surface finger
6.3 Determine chemical analysis for the elements copper,
oxides from the finished part surface, for each designated
chromium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, phosphorus, and
critical region of a powder forged part, shall not exceed that
silicon in accordance with Method E 415 (preferred method) or
agreed upon between the manufacturer and purchaser. Desig-
Test Method E 350. Determine analysis for the elements
nate critical regions by the applicable part drawing or purchase
carbon and sulfur in accordance with Test Method E 1019.
order.
9.1.2 Determine the surface finger oxide penetration in
7. Density Requirement
accordance with Test Method B 797.
7.1 The minimum density of those sections of powder
9.2 Interparticle Oxide Networks:
forged parts so designated by the applicable part drawing shall
9.2.1 The extent of any interparticle oxide networks in each
not be less than the values specified in Table 1.
designated critical region of a powder forged part shall not
7.2 Determine the density of complete parts or sections of
exceed that agreed upon between the manufacturer and pur-
parts in accordance with Test Method B 311.
chaser. Designate critical regions on the applicable part draw-
ing or purchase order.
8. Mechanical Property Requirements
9.2.2 Determine the interparticle oxide networks in accor-
8.1 Mechanical Properties:
dance with Test Method B 797.
8.1.1 The preferred method for verifying the acceptable
9.3 Decarburization Depth:
performance of a finished part is for the manufacturer and the
9.3.1 The maximum depth of complete decarburization
purchaser to agree upon a qualification test to be performed on
(only ferrite present) of surfaces of powder forged parts shall
an actual part. The specific test should be determined following
not exceed that agreed between the manufacturer and pur-
consideration of the function of the part. An example would be
chaser.
measuring the force needed to break teeth off a gear, using a
9.3.2 The depth of total decarburization (total
prescribed test fixture.
decarburization 5 complete decarburization + partial decar-
8.1.2 Where the part configuration permits, standard me-
burization), the depth at which core carbon content is reached,
chanical property test specimens may be machined from the
shall not exceed that agreed between the manufacturer and
part in the condition in which it is to be used. (Remove test
purchaser. Alternatively, for quenched and tempered parts, an
specimens from parts to be used in the quenched and tempered
effective decarburization depth (depth to a specified hardness)
condition after heat treatment of the part to ensure the
may be specified.
microstructure is representative of the actual part.) The appli-
9.3.3 Determine the depth of complete decarburization by
cable part drawing or purchase order shall designate the
the microscopical method in accordance with Test Method
location from which the mechanical property test specimens
E 1077.
are to be removed and the type of specimen to be tested.
9.3.4 Depth of total or effective decarburization.
8.1.3 The core hardness range of parts shall be in accor-
9.3.4.1 Slow-Cooled or Normalized Parts—Estimate the
dance with the applicable part drawing or purchase order.
depth of total decarburization of slow-cooled or normalized
8.1.4 The surface hardness range of parts shall be in
parts microscopically from the sum of the depths of complete
accordance with the applicable part drawing or purchase order.
and partial decarburization in accordance with Test Method
8.1.5 Typical mechanical properties of materials covered by
E 1077.
this specification are shown in Appendix X1.
9.3.4.2 Quenched and Tempered Parts—Determine the
8.2 Mechanical Property Test Methods:
depth of effective decarburization by the microhardness
8.2.1 Tensile Test Method—When requested, take tensile
method in accordance with Test Method E 1077.
test specimens from parts in accordance with the applicable
9.4 Nonmetallic Inclusion Level:
part drawing or purchase order. Test tensile specimens in
9.4.1 The nonmetallic inclusion level of Grade A powder
accordance with Test Method E 8. Determine yield
...
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