ASTM A220/A220M-99(2018)e1

Standard Specification for Pearlitic Malleable Iron

ABSTRACT
This specification covers pearlitic malleable iron castings for general. The chemical composition of the iron shall be such as to produce the mechanical properties required by this specification. Hardness test and tensile test shall be made to conform to the requirements specified. The microstructure of the pearlitic malleable iron shall consist of temper carbon nodules uniformly distributed in a matrix of ferrite, pearlite, and tempered transformation products of austenite. All castings on visual examination, shall be sound and free from obvious shrinkage and porosity.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers pearlitic malleable iron castings for general engineering usage at temperatures from normal ambient to approximately 750 °F [400 °C].  
1.1.1 For continuous service at temperatures up to 1200 °F [650 °C], design factors should be incorporated to compensate for possible property changes, as demonstrated by Marshall and Sommer2 and by Pearson.3  
1.2 Without knowledge of casting geometry and process details, no quantitative relationship can be stated between the properties of the iron in the various locations of a casting and those of a test bar cast from the same iron.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 31-Oct-2018
• ICS: 77.140.80 - Iron and steel castings
• Technical Committee: A04 - Iron Castings
• Drafting Committee: A04.02 - Malleable and Ductile Iron Castings

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
´1
Designation:A220/A220M −99 (Reapproved 2018)
Standard Specification for
Pearlitic Malleable Iron
This standard is issued under the fixed designationA220/A220M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
ε NOTE—Footnotes 5 and 6 were updated editorially in November 2018.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This specification covers pearlitic malleable iron cast- 2.1 ASTM Standards:
ingsforgeneralengineeringusageattemperaturesfromnormal A247Test Method for Evaluating the Microstructure of
ambient to approximately 750°F [400°C]. Graphite in Iron Castings
1.1.1 For continuous service at temperatures up to 1200°F A644Terminology Relating to Iron Castings
[650°C], design factors should be incorporated to compensate E8/E8MTest Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Ma-
for possible property changes, as demonstrated by Marshall terials
2 3
and Sommer and by Pearson. E10Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materials
E18Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Ma-
1.2 Without knowledge of casting geometry and process
terials
details, no quantitative relationship can be stated between the
E140Hardness Conversion Tables for Metals Relationship
properties of the iron in the various locations of a casting and
Among Brinell Hardness, Vickers Hardness, Rockwell
those of a test bar cast from the same iron.
Hardness, Superficial Hardness, Knoop Hardness, Sclero-
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
scope Hardness, and Leeb Hardness
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
2.2 Military Standard:
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
MIL-STD-129Marking for Shipment and Storage
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
2.3 Federal Standard:
values from the two systems may result in nonconformance
Fed. Std. No. 123Marking for Shipment (Civil Agencies)
with the standard.
3. Terminology
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
3.1 Definitions:
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
3.1.1 Definitions for many terms common to iron castings
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
are found in Terminology A644.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
4. Classification
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
4.1 Iron produced for castings ordered under this specifica-
1 tionisclassifiedinanumberofgradesasshowninTable1and
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A04 on Iron
Castings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A04.02 on Malleable and isqualifiedbytestsonseparatelycasttestbars.Separatelycast
Ductile Iron Castings.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2018. Published November 2018. Originally
approved in 1968. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as A220/A220M–99 For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
(2014). DOI: 10.1520/A0220_A0220M-99R18E01. contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Marshall, L. C., and Sommer, G. F., “Stress-Rupture Properties of Malleable Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Iron at Elevated Temperatures,” Proceedings, ASTM International, Vol 58, pp. the ASTM website.
752–773. Available from General Services Administration – Vendor Support Center,
Pearson, D.A., “Stress-Rupture and Elongation Properties of Malleable Iron at https://vsc.gsa.gov/administration/files/MIL-STD-129R.pdf.
ElevatedTemperatures,”Transactions,70thCastingsCongressandExposition,May Available from General Services Administration – Vendor Support Center,
9, 1966. https://vsc.gsa.gov/administration/files/Compliance-with-FED-STD-123H.pdf.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
´1
A220/A220M−99 (2018)
TABLE 1 Tensile Test Requirements
Inch-Pound Grades
Tensile Strength, Yield Strength, min Elongation, mn
English
min
Grade
psi psi 2 in., %
40010 60 000 40 000 10
45008 65 000 45 000 8
45006 65 000 45 000 6
50005 70 000 50 000 5
60004 80 000 60 000 4
70003 85 000 70 000 3
80002 95 000 80 000 2
90001 105 000 90 000 1
Metric Grades
NOTE 1—Modification may be made in the dimensions indicated above
Tensile Strength, Yield Strength, min Elongation, min
Metric for those details of the specimen outside of the gauge length as required
min
Grade by testing procedure and equipment.
MPa MPa 50 mm, %
280M10 400 280 10
FIG. 2Alternative Unmachined Tension Test Specimen
310M8 450 310 8
310M6 450 310 6
340M5 480 340 5
410M4 550 410 4
480M3 590 480 3
7.2.1.2 All test specimens shall be suitably identified with
550M2 650 550 2
the designation of the pour period.
620M1 720 620 1
7.2.1.3 All test specimens shall be heat treated in the same
productionfurnaceandforthesamecyclesasthecastingsthey
represent.
test bars shall be poured from the same lot of iron as the
7.2.2 Tensile Test Method:
castings they represent and shall be heat treated with those
7.2.2.1 The tensile test is usually performed on unmachined
castings.
specimens. However, for referee work the specimen may be
machined from the standard cast bar to the dimensions shown
5. Ordering Information
in Fig. 3.
5.1 The purchase order for castings ordered under this
7.2.2.2 Gauge Length—The gauge length of the standard
specification shall state the specification designation, the year tensile specimen shall be 2.00 6 0.01 in. [50.0 6 0.3 mm].
inwhichthespecificationwasissued,andthegradeofpearlitic
7.2.2.3 Cross-Sectional Area—The diameter used to com-
malleable iron to be supplied. pute the cross-sectional area shall be the average between the
largest and smallest diameter in that section of the 2-in.
5.2 Any options or special additions to the basic require-
[50-mm] gauge length having the smallest diameter and shall
ments of this specification shall be clearly and fully stipulated.
be measured to the nearest 0.001 in. [0.02 mm]. No cast bar
having a mean diameter less than ⁄32 in. [15 mm] shall be
6. Chemical Composition
accepted for test.
6.1 Thechemicalcompositionoftheironshallbesuchasto
7.2.2.4 Speed of Testing—After reaching a stress equivalent
produce the mechanical properties required by this specifica-
to approximately half of the anticipated yield stress, the speed
tion.
of the moving head of the testing machine shall not exceed
0.50 in./mm [12.5 mm/min] through the breaking load.
7. Mechanical Requirements
7.1 Factors influencing the properties of castings and their
relationship to those of test specimens and separate test
castings are discussed in Appendix X1.
7.2 Tensile Test:
7.2.1 Tensile Test Specimens:
7.2.1.1 The tensile test specimens shall be cast to the form
and dimensions shown in Fig. 1 or Fig. 2 using the same kind
of molding material used for the production castings.
NOTE 1—The gauge length and filets shall be as shown, but the ends
maybeofanyshapetofittheholdersofthetestingmachineinsuchaway
that the load shall be axial.The reduced section shall have a gradual taper
from the ends toward the center, with the ends 0.003 to 0.005 in. [0.08 to
0.13 mm] larger in diameter than the center.
FIG. 1Unmachined Tension Test Specimen FIG. 3Machined Tension Test Specimen
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A220/A220M−99 (2018)
7.2.2.5 Yield Strength—Yield strength may be determined 7.3.2.2 For castings of such size or shape that do not permit
by any of the approved techniques described in Test Methods Brinell testing with the standard 3000-kgf load, the 500-kgf
E8/E8M. In referee work, it shall be determined at an offset of load may be employed; the hardness number being reported as
0.2% from the stress-strain curve. Yield strength shall be HB 10/500/15. In very unusual cases where it is impossible to
reported to the nearest 100 psi [megapascal]. use the Brinell method, the Rockwell test may be substituted,
using Test Methods E18 with an appropriate Rockwell scale.
7.2.2.6 Tensile Strength—The tensile strength shall be the
Conversions of hardness values from one method to another
maximum load carried by the specimen during the test divided
according to Tables E140, that does not specifically cover cast
by the original cross-sectional area of the gauge length, as
irons, are approximate only and are generally inadvisable.
found in accordance with 7.2.2.3. It shall be reported to the
7.3.2.3 Sufficient material shall be removed from the cast
nearest 100 psi [megapascal].
surface to ensure that the measured hardness is representative.
7.2.2.7 Elongation—Theincreaseingaugelengthafterfrac-
7.3.3 Sampling procedures and the frequency of hardness
ture of a tensile specimen, measured to the nearest 0.01 in.
testing shall be fully detailed on the purchase agreement.
[0.25 mm] expressed as a percentage of the original gauge
Otherwise, hardness tests shall be performed at the discretion
length. It shall be reported to the nearest 0.5%.
of the producer.
7.2.3 Number of Tests and Retests:
7.3.4 Castings failing to conform to the required hardness
7.2.3.1 At least three tensile test specimens shall be cast
rangemaybereheattreatedandretested.Ifafterreheattreating
from a representative ladle of iron from each 4-h pour period
they still fail the hardness requirements, they shall be rejected.
during which the purchaser’s castings were poured.
7.3.5 Typical hardness ranges for the various grades of
7.2.3.2 Only one test specimen need be tested to qualify
pearlitic malleable iron are listed in Table 2.
each pour period and heat treatment batch, provided the
requirementsofthisspecificationaremetbythattestspecimen.
8. Microstructure Requirements
7.2.3.3 If after testing, a specimen shows evidence of a
8.1 The microstructure of the pearlitic malleable iron shall
defect, another tensile test may be made on a companion
consist of temper carbon nodules uniformly distributed in a
specimen. Also, a retest shall be permitted whenever fracture
matrix of ferrite, pearlite, and tempered transformation prod-
occurs outside the central 50% of the gauge length.
ucts of austenite.
7.2.3.4 If the result of a valid test fails to conform to the
8.2 When agreed upon between the purchaser and the
requirements of this specification, two retests shall be made. If
producer, the maximum decarburization at any as-cast surface
either of the retests fails to meet specification, the castings
after heat treatment may be stipulated in writing as measured
represented by these test specimens shall be rejected. A valid
byvisualdepletionofcombinedcarbonafterpolishing,etching
test is one wherein the test specimen has been properly
in nital, and viewing at 100×.
prepared and appears to be sound and on which the approved
test procedure has been followed.
8.3 If the castings are to be subsequently hardened, the
7.2.3.5 Ifthefirsttestresultsindicatethatareheattreatment
selected grade designation should be preceded by the letter L.
is needed to meet the test requirements, the entire lot of
Such castings shall contain sufficient combined carbon in the
castings and the representative test specimens shall be reheat
matrix to respond satisfactorily to any of the common harden-
treated together. Testing shall then be repeated in accordance
ing processes properly applied. A minimum hardness of 197
with 7.2.3.1 – 7.2.3.4.
HB is recommended. Free ferrite shall be as low as is
7.2.4 The results of all tests, including retests, shall be consistent with other properties.
posted in permanent records, that shall state any abnormalities
8.4 In referee work, the metallographic practice recom-
observedduringthetestandinthefracturedends.Suchrecords
mended in Test Method A247 shall be followed.
shall be kept for at least one year after production of the
castings and shall be available for examination by the pur-
9. Soundness Requirements
chaser or by an authorized representative.
9.1 All castings on visual examination shall be sound and
7.2.5 Tensile test results, obtained in accordance with this
free from obvious shrinkage and porosity.
section, must conform to the requirements of Table 1.
7.2.6 When agreed upon between the manufacturer and the
A
purchaser, tested specimens or unbroken test bars, or both,
TABLE 2 Typical Hardness Ranges
shallbesavedbythemanufacturerforaperiodofthreemonths
Inch-Pound Grade Typical Hardness, Typical Indentation
[Metric Grade] HB Diameters, mm
after the date of the test report.
40010 [280M10] 149–197 4.3–4.9
7.3 Hardness Test:
45008 [310M8] 156–197 4.3–4.8
45006 [310M6] 156–207 4.2–4.8
7.3.1 If the purchase agreement requires hardness testing,
50005 [340M5] 179–229 4.0–4.5
the acceptable hardness range shall be stated and a location
60004 [410M4] 197–241 3.9–4.3
shall be clearly shown on the covering drawing(s).
70003 [480M3] 217–269 3.7–4.1
80002 [550M2] 241–285 3.6–3.9
7.3.2 Hardness Test Method:
90001 [620M1] 269–321 3.4–3.7
7.3.2.1 The Brinell method of hardness testing, in accor-
A
Hardness test in accordance with Test Method E10 using a 0.39-in. [10-mm] ball
dance with Test Method E10, shall be employed whenever
and 6600-lbf [3000-kgf] load.
possible.
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A220/A220M−99 (2018)
9.2 If the purchaser requires soundness tests to be cable specification. Foundry inspection by the purchaser shall
performed, it shall be so stated in the purchase agreement and not interfere unnecessarily with the manufacturer’s operations.
the method and soundness requirements shall be detailed.
13.3 The purchaser reserves the right to perform any of the
tests and inspections set forth in this specification where such
10. Dimensional Requirements
tests and inspections are deemed necessary to ensure that
10.1 The castings shall conform to the dimensions given on
compliance with this specification is being met.
drawings furnished by the purchaser, or to the dimensions
established by the patterns supplied by the purchaser.
14. Rejection and Rehearing
10.1.1 Variations of solid casting dimensions as shown in
14.1 Any casting or lot of castings failing to comply with
Table 3 will be permitted unless otherwise agreed upon
the requirements of this specification may, where possible, be
between the purchaser and the producer.
reprocessed, retested, and reinspected. If the tests and inspec-
11. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance tions on the reprocessed casting(s) show compliance with the
specification, the
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: A220/A220M − 99 (Reapproved 2014) A220/A220M − 99 (Reapproved 2018)
Standard Specification for
Pearlitic Malleable Iron
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A220/A220M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
ε NOTE—Footnotes 5 and 6 were updated editorially in November 2018.
1. Scope
1.1 This specification covers pearlitic malleable iron castings for general engineering usage at temperatures from normal
ambient to approximately 750°F [400°C].750 °F [400 °C].
1.1.1 For continuous service at temperatures up to 1200°F [650°C]1200 °F [650 °C], design factors should be incorporated to
2 3
compensate for possible property changes, as demonstrated by Marshall and Sommer and by Pearson.
1.2 Without knowledge of casting geometry and process details, no quantitative relationship can be stated between the
properties of the iron in the various locations of a casting and those of a test bar cast from the same iron.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformancenonconformance with the standard.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
A247 Test Method for Evaluating the Microstructure of Graphite in Iron Castings
A644 Terminology Relating to Iron Castings
E8E8/E8M Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials [Metric] E0008_E0008M
E10 Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materials
E18 Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Materials
E140 Hardness Conversion Tables for Metals Relationship Among Brinell Hardness, Vickers Hardness, Rockwell Hardness,
Superficial Hardness, Knoop Hardness, Scleroscope Hardness, and Leeb Hardness
2.2 Military Standard:
MIL-STD-129 Marking for Shipment and Storage
2.3 Federal Standard:
Fed. Std. No. 123 Marking for Shipment (Civil Agencies)
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A04 on Iron Castings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A04.02 on Malleable and Ductile
Iron Castings.
Current edition approved April 1, 2014Nov. 1, 2018. Published April 2014November 2018. Originally approved in 1968. Last previous edition approved in 20092014 as
A220/A220M – 99 (2014). (2009). DOI: 10.1520/A0220_A0220M-99R14.10.1520/A0220_A0220M-99R18E01.
Marshall, L. C., and Sommer, G. F., “Stress-Rupture Properties of Malleable Iron at Elevated Temperatures,” Proceedings, American Society of Testing and Materials,
ASTM International, Vol 58, pp. 752–773.
Pearson, D. A., “Stress-Rupture and Elongation Properties of Malleable Iron at Elevated Temperatures,” Transactions, 70th Castings Congress and Exposition, May 9,
1966.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4, Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, http://
dodssp.daps.dla.mil.General Services Administration – Vendor Support Center, https://vsc.gsa.gov/administration/files/MIL-STD-129R.pdf.
Available from General Services Administration – Vendor Support Center, https://vsc.gsa.gov/administration/files/Compliance-with-FED-STD-123H.pdf.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
´1
A220/A220M − 99 (2018)
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 Definitions for many terms common to iron castings are found in Terminology A644.
4. Classification
4.1 Iron produced for castings ordered under this specification is classified in a number of grades as shown in Table 1 and is
qualified by tests on separately cast test bars. Separately cast test bars shall be poured from the same lot of iron as the castings
they represent and shall be heat treated with those castings.
5. Ordering Information
5.1 The purchase order for castings ordered under this specification shall state the specification designation, the year in which
the specification was issued, and the grade of pearlitic malleable iron to be supplied.
5.2 Any options or special additions to the basic requirements of this specification shall be clearly and fully stipulated.
6. Chemical Composition
6.1 The chemical composition of the iron shall be such as to produce the mechanical properties required by this specification.
7. Mechanical Requirements
7.1 Factors influencing the properties of castings and their relationship to those of test specimens and separate test castings are
discussed in Appendix X1.
7.2 Tensile Test:
7.2.1 Tensile Test Specimens:
7.2.1.1 The tensile test specimens shall be cast to the form and dimensions shown in Fig. 1 or Fig. 2 using the same kind of
molding material used for the production castings.
7.2.1.2 All test specimens shall be suitably identified with the designation of the pour period.
7.2.1.3 All test specimens shall be heat treated in the same production furnace and for the same cycles as the castings they
represent.
7.2.2 Tensile Test Method:
7.2.2.1 The tensile test is usually performed on unmachined specimens. However, for referee work the specimen may be
machined from the standard cast bar to the dimensions shown in Fig. 3.
7.2.2.2 Gauge Length—The gauge length of the standard tensile specimen shall be 2.00 6 0.01 in. [50.0 6 0.3 mm].
7.2.2.3 Cross-Sectional Area—The diameter used to compute the cross-sectional area shall be the average between the largest
and smallest diameter in that section of the 2-in. [50-mm] gauge length having the smallest diameter and shall be measured to the
nearest 0.001 in. [0.02 mm]. No cast bar having a mean diameter less than ⁄32 in. [15 mm] shall be accepted for test.
TABLE 1 Tensile Test Requirements
Inch-Pound Grades
Tensile Strength, Yield Strength, min Elongation, mn
English
min
Grade
psi psi 2 in., %
40010 60 000 40 000 10
45008 65 000 45 000 8
45006 65 000 45 000 6
50005 70 000 50 000 5
60004 80 000 60 000 4
70003 85 000 70 000 3
80002 95 000 80 000 2
90001 105 000 90 000 1
Metric Grades
Tensile Strength, Yield Strength, min Elongation, min
Metric
min
Grade
MPa MPa 50 mm, %
280M10 400 280 10
310M8 450 310 8
310M6 450 310 6
340M5 480 340 5
410M4 550 410 4
480M3 590 480 3
550M2 650 550 2
620M1 720 620 1
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A220/A220M − 99 (2018)
FIG. 1 Unmachined Tension Test Specimen
NOTE 1—Modification may be made in the dimensions indicated above for those details of the specimen outside of the gauge length as required by
testing procedure and equipment.
FIG. 2 Alternative Unmachined Tension Test Specimen
NOTE 1—The gauge length and filets shall be as shown, but the ends may be of any shape to fit the holders of the testing machine in such a way that
the load shall be axial. The reduced section shall have a gradual taper from the ends toward the center, with the ends 0.003 to 0.005 in. [0.08 to 0.13
mm] larger in diameter than the center.
FIG. 3 Machined Tension Test Specimen
7.2.2.4 Speed of Testing—After reaching a stress equivalent to approximately half of the anticipated yield stress, the speed of
the moving head of the testing machine shall not exceed 0.50 in./mm [12.5 mm/min] through the breaking load.
7.2.2.5 Yield Strength—Yield strength may be determined by any of the approved techniques described in Test Methods
E8E8/E8M. In referee work, it shall be determined at an offset of 0.2 % from the stress-strain curve. Yield strength shall be reported
to the nearest 100 psi [megapascal].
7.2.2.6 Tensile Strength—The tensile strength shall be the maximum load carried by the specimen during the test divided by the
original cross-sectional area of the gauge length, as found in accordance with 7.2.2.3. It shall be reported to the nearest 100 psi
[megapascal].
7.2.2.7 Elongation—The increase in gauge length after fracture of a tensile specimen, measured to the nearest 0.01 in. [0.25
mm] expressed as a percentage of the original gauge length. It shall be reported to the nearest 0.5 %.
7.2.3 Number of Tests and Retests:
7.2.3.1 At least three tensile test specimens shall be cast from a representative ladle of iron from each 4-h pour period during
which the purchaser’s castings were poured.
7.2.3.2 Only one test specimen need be tested to qualify each pour period and heat treatment batch, provided the requirements
of this specification are met by that test specimen.
7.2.3.3 If after testing, a specimen shows evidence of a defect, another tensile test may be made on a companion specimen. Also,
a retest shall be permitted whenever fracture occurs outside the central 50 % of the gauge length.
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A220/A220M − 99 (2018)
7.2.3.4 If the result of a valid test fails to conform to the requirements of this specification, two retests shall be made. If either
of the retests fails to meet specification, the castings represented by these test specimens shall be rejected. A valid test is one
wherein the test specimen has been properly prepared and appears to be sound and on which the approved test procedure has been
followed.
7.2.3.5 If the first test results indicate that a reheat treatment is needed to meet the test requirements, the entire lot of castings
and the representative test specimens shall be reheat treated together. Testing shall then be repeated in accordance with 7.2.3.1 –
7.2.3.4.
7.2.4 The results of all tests, including retests, shall be posted in permanent records, that shall state any abnormalities observed
during the test and in the fractured ends. Such records shall be kept for at least one year after production of the castings and shall
be available for examination by the purchaser or by an authorized representative.
7.2.5 Tensile test results, obtained in accordance with this section, must conform to the requirements of Table 1.
7.2.6 When agreed upon between the manufacturer and the purchaser, tested specimens or unbroken test bars, or both, shall be
saved by the manufacturer for a period of three months after the date of the test report.
7.3 Hardness Test:
7.3.1 If the purchase agreement requires hardness testing, the acceptable hardness range shall be stated and a location shall be
clearly shown on the covering drawing(s).
7.3.2 Hardness Test Method:
7.3.2.1 The Brinell method of hardness testing, in accordance with Test Method E10, shall be employed whenever possible.
7.3.2.2 For castings of such size or shape that do not permit Brinell testing with the standard 3000-kgf load, the 500-kgf load
may be employed; the hardness number being reported as HB 10/500/15. In very unusual cases where it is impossible to use the
Brinell method, the Rockwell test may be substituted, using Test Methods E18 with an appropriate Rockwell scale. Conversions
of hardness values from one method to another according to Tables E140, that does not specifically cover cast irons, are
approximate only and are generally inadvisable.
7.3.2.3 Sufficient material shall be removed from the cast surface to ensure that the measured hardness is representative.
7.3.3 Sampling procedures and the frequency of hardness testing shall be fully detailed on the purchase agreement. Otherwise,
hardness tests shall be performed at the discretion of the producer.
7.3.4 Castings failing to conform to the required hardness range may be reheat treated and retested. If after reheat treating they
still fail the hardness requirements, they shall be rejected.
7.3.5 Typical hardness ranges for the various grades of pearlitic malleable iron are listed in Table 2.
8. Microstructure Requirements
8.1 The microstructure of the pearlitic malleable iron shall consist of temper carbon nodules uniformly distributed in a matrix
of ferrite, pearlite, and tempered transformation products of austenite.
8.2 When agreed upon between the purchaser and the producer, the maximum decarburization at any as-cast surface after heat
treatment may be stipulated in writing as measured by visual depletion of combined carbon after polishing, etching in nital, and
viewing at 100×.
8.3 If the castings are to be subsequently hardened, the selected grade designation should be preceded by the letter L. Such
castings shall contain sufficient combined carbon in the matrix to respond satisfactorily to any of the common hardening processes
properly applied. A minimum hardness of 197 HB is recommended. Free ferrite shall be as low as is consistent with other
properties.
8.4 In referee work, the metallographic practice recommended in Test Method A247 shall be followed.
9. Soundness Requirements
9.1 All castings on visual examination,examination shall be sound and free from obvious shrinkage and porosity.
A
TABLE 2 Typical Hardness Ranges
Inch-Pound Grade Typical Hardness, Typical Indentation
[Metric Grade}Grade] HB Diameters, mm
40010 [280M10] 149–197 4.3–4.9
45008 [310M8] 156–197 4.3–4.8
45006 [310M6] 156–207 4.2–4.8
50005 [340M5] 179–229 4.0–4.5
60004 [410M4] 197–241 3.9–4.3
70003 [480M3] 217–269 3.7–4.1
80002 [550M2] 241–285 3.6–3.9
90001 [620M1] 269–321 3.4–3.7
A
Hardness test in accordance with Test Method E10 using a 0.39-in. [10-mm] ball
and 6600–lbf6600-lbf [3000-kgf] load.
´1
A220/A220M − 99 (2018)
9.2 If the purchaser requires soundness tests to be performed, it shall be so stated in the purchase agreement and the method
and soundness requirements shall be detailed.
10. Dimensional Requirements
10.1 The castings shall conform to the dimensions given on drawings furnished by the purchaser, or to the dimensions
establishe
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