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ASTM B312-09

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Green Strength of Specimens Compacted from Metal Powders

Standard Test Method for Green Strength of Specimens Compacted from Metal Powders

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The green strength value determined under the conditions specified by this test method is influenced by the characteristics of the powder, how it compacts under the specified conditions (i.e., the particle to particle bonding that exists following compacting), and the lubrication system used.
5.2 Knowledge of the green strength value is useful to the production, characterization and utilization of metal powders in the manufacture of PM structural parts and bearings.
The test for green strength of a compacted metal powder can be used to:  
Relate the resistance of a pressed compact to breakage or damage due to handling.  
Compare the quality of a metal powder or powder mixture from lot to lot.
Determine the effect of the addition of a lubricant or other powders to a base powder.  
Evaluate powder mixing or blending variables.  
Factors that are known to influence the green strength of a metal powder are particle shape, particle size distribution and compressibility of the metal powder.  
5.5 The amount and type of lubricant or other additives and the mixing procedures have a strong effect on the green strength of specimens produced from metal powder mixtures.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard covers a test method that may be used to measure the transverse rupture strength of a compacted but unsintered (green) test specimen produced from lubricated or unlubricated metal powders or powder mixtures.
1.2 Green strength is measured by a quantitative laboratory procedure in which the fracture strength is calculated from the force required to break an unsintered test specimen supported as a simple beam while subjected to a uniformly increasing three-point transverse load under controlled conditions.
1.3 This test method is a companion standard to Test Method B 528 that covers the measurement of the transverse rupture strength of sintered PM test specimens.
1.4 With the exception of density values, for which the g/cm3 unit is the industry standard, and mass measurements used to calculate density, the values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI equivalents shown in parentheses have been converted in accordance with IEEE/ASTM Standard SI 10, may be approximate and are only included for information.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. ^REFERENCE:
ASTM Standards:
B 215 Practices for Sampling Metal Powders
B 243 Terminology of Powder Metallurgy
B 528 Test Method for Transverse Rupture Strength of Metal Powder Specimens
B 925 Practices for Production and Preparation of Powder Metallurgy (PM) Test Specimens
B 962 Test Methods for Density of Compacted or Sintered Powder Metallurgy (PM) Products Using Archimedes’ Principle
E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
SI 10 American National Standard for Use of the International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System ^KEYWORDS: ^STATUS: Dn Cn Sn Nn Mn ^APPROVAL: 20090501 ^PAGES: 6 ^COMMITTEE: B09 ^SUBCOMMITTEE: 0200 ^BOS: 02.05 ^ORGINFO: ISO ^ACTION: STD_REVISION ^MISCPUB: ^PDESIG: B0312 ^PYEAR: 2009 ^CLASS: Test Method

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Apr-2009
ICS
77.160 - Powder metallurgy
Technical Committee
B09 - Metal Powders and Metal Powder Products
Drafting Committee
B09.02 - Base Metal Powders
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM B312-96(2002) - Standard Test Method for Green Strength for Compacted Metal Powder Specimens
Effective Date
01-May-2009
Replaced By
ASTM B312-14 - Standard Test Method for Green Strength of Specimens Compacted from Metal Powders
Effective Date
01-Jun-2014
Referred By
ASTM B528-16(2020)e1 - Standard Test Method for Transverse Rupture Strength of Powder Metallurgy (PM) Specimens
Effective Date
01-May-2009
Referred By
ASTM B925-15(2022) - Standard Practices for Production and Preparation of Powder Metallurgy (PM) Test Specimens
Effective Date
01-May-2009

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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: B312 − 09
StandardTest Method for
Green Strength of Specimens Compacted from Metal
1
Powders
This standard is issued under the fixed designation B312; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* der Metallurgy (PM) Specimens
B925 Practices for Production and Preparation of Powder
1.1 This standard covers a test method that may be used to
Metallurgy (PM) Test Specimens
measure the transverse rupture strength of a compacted but
B962 Test Methods for Density of Compacted or Sintered
unsintered (green) test specimen produced from lubricated or
Powder Metallurgy (PM) Products Using Archimedes’
unlubricated metal powders or powder mixtures.
Principle
1.2 Green strength is measured by a quantitative laboratory
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
procedure in which the fracture strength is calculated from the
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
force required to break an unsintered test specimen supported
IEEE/ASTM SI 10 American National Standard for Metric
as a simple beam while subjected to a uniformly increasing
Practice
three-point transverse load under controlled conditions.
1.3 This test method is a companion standard to Test 3. Terminology
Method B528 that covers the measurement of the transverse
3.1 Definitions—the definitions of powder metallurgy (PM)
rupture strength of sintered PM test specimens.
terms used in this test method can be found in Terminology
1.4 With the exception of density values, for which the
B243. Additional descriptive PM information is available in
3
g/cm unit is the industry standard, and mass measurements
the Related Material section of Vol 02.05 of the Annual Book
used to calculate density, the values stated in inch-pound units
of ASTM Standards.
are to be regarded as the standard.The SI equivalents shown in
parentheses have been converted in accordance with IEEE/
4. Summary of Test Method
ASTM SI 10, may be approximate and are only included for
4.1 Three rectangular test specimens are compacted to a
information.
predetermined green density from test portions of the metal
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
powder or powder mixture that is to be tested.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4.2 Each unsintered bar is placed, in turn, in a test fixture
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
and subjected to a uniformly increasing transverse load under
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
controlled conditions until fracture occurs.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4.3 The green strength or maximum flexural stress of each
2. Referenced Documents
specimenisdeterminedbycalculationusingthestressequation
2
2.1 ASTM Standards: for a simply supported beam with a concentrated mid-point
B215 Practices for Sampling Metal Powders
load.
B243 Terminology of Powder Metallurgy
4.4 The green strength of the material being tested is
B528 Test Method for Transverse Rupture Strength of Pow-
reported as the arithmetic mean of the results of three indi-
vidual tests at the measured green density rounded to the
nearest 100 psi (0.5 MPa).
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B09 on Metal
Powders and Metal Powder Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-
mittee B09.02 on Base Metal Powders. 5. Significance and Use
CurrenteditionapprovedMay1,2009.PublishedJuly2009.Originallyapproved
5.1 The green strength value determined under the condi-
in 1956. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as B312 – 96 (2002). DOI:
10.1520/B0312-09.
tions specified by this test method is influenced by the
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
characteristics of the powder, how it compacts under the
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
specified conditions (i.e., the particle to particle bonding that
Standards volumeinformation,refertothestandard’sDocumentSummarypageon
the ASTM website. exists following compacting), and the lubrication system used.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
B312 − 09
5.2 Knowledge of the green strength value is useful to the 6.2 PM Tool Set—a compacting die and punches capable of
production, characterization and utilization of metal powders producing the test specimens; an example of which is shown in
in the manufacture of PM struct
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:B312–96 (Reapproved 2002) Designation:B312–09
Standard Test Method for
Green Strength for Compacted Metal Powder
SpecimensGreen Strength of Specimens Compacted from
1
Metal Powders
This standard is issued under the fixed designation B 312; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1This test method covers determination of the green strength of unsintered compacted metal powder specimens by subjecting
them to a uniformly increasing transverse loading under controlled conditions.The term green strength, as used herein, defines the
stress, calculated from the flexure formula, required to break a specimen as a simple beam supported near the ends and applying
the force midway between the fixed line center of the supports.
1.2The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI equivalents are in parentheses and may be
approximate.
1.3*
1.1 This standard covers a test method that may be used to measure the transverse rupture strength of a compacted but
unsintered (green) test specimen produced from lubricated or unlubricated metal powders or powder mixtures.
1.2 Green strength is measured by a quantitative laboratory procedure in which the fracture strength is calculated from the force
required to break an unsintered test specimen supported as a simple beam while subjected to a uniformly increasing three-point
transverse load under controlled conditions.
1.3 This test method is a companion standard to Test Method B 528 that covers the measurement of the transverse rupture
strength of sintered PM test specimens.
3
1.4 With the exception of density values, for which the g/cm unit is the industry standard, and mass measurements used to
calculate density, the values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.The SI equivalents shown in parentheses
have been converted in accordance with IEEE/ASTM Standard SI 10, may be approximate and are only included for information.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
B 215 Practices for Sampling Metal Powders
B 243 Terminology of Powder Metallurgy Terminology of Powder Metallurgy
B 528 Test Method for Transverse Rupture Strength of Metal Powder Specimens
B 925 Practices for Production and Preparation of Powder Metallurgy (PM) Test Specimens
B 962 Test Methods for Density of Compacted or Sintered Powder Metallurgy (PM) Products Using Archimedes’ Principle
E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
SI 10 American National Standard for Use of the International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—the definitions of powder metallurgy (P/M)(PM) terms used in this test method can be found in Terminology
B 243.AdditionaldescriptivePMinformationisavailableintheRelatedMaterialsectionofVol02.05oftheAnnual Book ofASTM
Standards.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B09 on Metal Powders and Metal Powder Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
B09.02 on Base Metal Powders.
´1
Current edition approved Sept. 10, 1996. Published December 1996. Originally published as B312–56 T. Last previous edition B312–82 (1988) .
Current edition approved May 1, 2009. Published July 2009. Originally approved in 1956. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as B 312 – 96 (2002).
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
, Vol 02.05.volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
B312–09
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1The powder to be tested is pressed in a die to the configuration of a bar having a standard rectangular shape in the pressing
directi
...

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ASTM
ASTM B963-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Oil Content, Oil-Impregnation Efficiency, and Surface-Connected Porosity of Sintered Powder Metallurgy (PM) Products Using Archimedes’ Principle

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Oil content values are generally contained in specifications for oil-impregnated PM bearings.  
5.2 The oil-impregnation efficiency provides an indication of how well the as-received parts had been impregnated.  
5.3 The desired self-lubricating performance of PM bearings requires a minimum amount of surface-connected porosity and satisfactory oil impregnation of the surface-connected porosity. A minimum oil content is specified.  
5.4 The results from these test methods may be used for quality control or compliance purposes.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard describes three related test methods that cover the measurement of physical properties of oil-impregnated powder metallurgy products.  
1.1.1 Determination of the volume percent of oil contained in the material.  
1.1.2 Determination of the efficiency of the oil-impregnation process.  
1.1.3 Determination of the percent surface-connected porosity by oil impregnation.  
1.2 Units—With the exception of the values for density and the mass used to determine density, for which the use of the gram per cubic centimetre (g/cm3) and gram (g) units is the long-standing industry practice, the values in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    6 pages
    English language
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  • Standard
    6 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off