B09.02 - Base Metal Powders

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Dimensional Change When Compacting and Sintering Metal Powders:  
5.1.1 The dimensional change value obtained under specified conditions of compacting and sintering is a material characteristic inherent in the powder.  
5.1.2 The test is useful for quality control of the dimensional change of a metal powder mixture, to measure compositional and processing changes and to guide in the production of PM parts.  
5.1.3 The absolute dimensional change may be used to classify powders or differentiate one type or grade from another, to evaluate additions to a powder mixture or to measure process changes, and to guide in the design of tooling.  
5.1.4 The comparative dimensional change is mainly used as a quality control test to measure variations between a lot or shipment of metal powder and a reference powder of the same material composition.  
5.1.5 Factors known to affect size change are the base metal powder grade; type and lot; particle size distribution; level and types of additions to the base metal powder; amount and type of lubricant, green density, as well as processing conditions of the test specimen; heating rate; sintering time and temperature; sintering atmosphere; and cooling rate.  
5.2 Dimensional Change of Various PM Processing Steps:  
5.2.1 The general procedure of measuring the die or a test compact before and after a PM processing step, and calculating a percent dimensional change, is also adapted for use as an internal process evaluation test to quantify green expansion, repressing size change, heat treatment changes, or other changes in dimensions that result from a manufacturing operation.
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1.1 This standard covers a test method that may be used to measure the sum of the changes in dimensions that occur when a metal powder is first compacted into a test specimen and then sintered.  
1.2 The dimensional change is determined by a quantitative laboratory procedure in which the arithmetic difference between the dimensions of a die cavity and the dimensions of a sintered test specimen produced from that die is calculated and expressed as a percent growth or shrinkage.  
1.3 With the exception of the values for density and the mass used to determine density, for which the use of the gram per cubic centimetre (g/cm3) and gram (g) units is the long-standing industry practice, the values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The rate and uniformity of die cavity filling are related to flow properties, which thus influence production rates and uniformity of compacted parts.  
5.2 The ability of a powder to flow is a function of interparticle friction. As interparticle friction increases, flow is slowed. Some powders, often fine powders and lubricated powder mixtures, may not flow through the Hall funnel of Test Method B213. Nevertheless, if a larger orifice is provided, such as in the Carney funnel, a meaningful flow rate may be determined, providing specific information for certain applications.  
5.3 Test Method B213, using the Hall funnel, is the preferred method for determining the flowability of metal powders. The Carney funnel of these test methods should only be used when a powder will not flow through the Hall funnel. These test methods may also be used for comparison of several powders when some flow through the Hall funnel and some do not.  
5.4 Humidity and moisture content influence flow rate. Wet or moist powders may not flow through either the Hall or the Carney funnel.  
5.5 These test methods are based on flow of a specific mass of powder. If flow of a specific volume of powder is preferred, Test Method B855 may be used for powders that flow readily through the Hall funnel.  
5.6 These test methods may be part of the purchase agreement between powder suppliers and powder metallurgy (PM) part producers, or it can be an internal quality control test by either the supplier or the end user.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of a flow rate, by use of the Carney funnel, of metal powders and powder mixtures that do not readily flow through the Hall funnel of Test Method B213.  
1.2 This is a non-destructive quantitative test performed in the laboratory.  
1.3 With the exception of the values for density and the mass used to determine density, for which the use of gram per cubic centimetre (g/cm3) and gram (g) units is the longstanding industry practice, the values in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only, and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The method of powder dispersion in a liquid has a significant effect on the results of a particle size distribution analysis. The analysis will show a too-coarse, unstable, or nonrepeatable distribution if the powder has not been dispersed adequately. It is therefore important that parties wishing to compare their analyses use the same dispersion technique.  
4.2 This guide provides ways of deriving dispersion techniques for a range of metal powders and compounds. It should be used by all parties performing liquid-dispersed particle size analysis of all of the materials covered by this guide (see 1.1, 1.2, and 4.1).  
4.3 Table 1 provides some dispersion procedures that have been found useful and consistent for the particular materials listed there. These are only suggested dispersion procedures; the procedures and dispersion checks of 7.1.2 – 7.1.4, or the more detailed method development procedures of Guide E3340, should still be used to verify adequate dispersion for each particular material and particle size range. (A) Stated ultrasonic power and duration times are given as an indication only. Specific conditions should be sought for the particular system in question during the method development phase.(B) Tween 21, chemically known as polyoxyethylene6 sorbitan monolaurate, is manufactured by Croda International PLC, and is available from various chemical suppliers.(C) Three to five drops Tween 21 in 30 to 50 mL water.  
4.4 This guide should be used in the preparation of powders for use in Test Methods B761 and B822 and other procedures that analyze metal powder particle size distributions in liquid-dispersed systems.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the dispersion in liquids of metal powders and related compounds for subsequent use in particle size analysis instruments. This guide describes a general procedure for achieving and determining dispersion; it also lists procedures that have been found useful for certain materials.  
1.2 This guide does not include specific procedures for dry dispersion of particulate materials. It only indicates when liquid dispersion is not appropriate and dry dispersion must be utilized (see 7.1.2.1). For guidance on development of methods of dry dispersion, see Guide E3340.  
1.3 This guide is limited to metal powders and related metal compounds. However, the general procedure described herein may be used, with caution as to its significance, for other particulate materials, such as ceramics, pigments, minerals, etc.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method enables the measurement of the volume of the apparent density cup to ensure that it complies with the specified volume of 25.00 cm3  ± 0.03 cm3  (cylindrical cup), or 16.39 cm3  ± 0.05 cm3  (square cup). Use of an out-of-specification cup will give erroneous apparent density values using the formulae in Test Methods B212, B329, and B417.
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1.1 This test method covers a procedure for measuring the volume of the apparent density cups used in Test Methods B212, B329, and B417.  
1.2 The apparent density cup, particularly its rim, may become worn during use, and it is recommended that the volume of the cup be checked periodically (at least every 6 months) in order to ensure that it complies with the specified volume.  
1.3 Units—With the exception of the values for density and the mass used to determine density, for which the use of the gram per cubic centimetre (g/cm3) and gram (g) units is the long standing industry practice, the values in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The particle size distribution of a metal powder affects its behavior in PM processing and other applications of these materials. The test method may be part of the purchase agreement between powder supplier and user, or it may be an internal quality control test for either.
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1.1 This test method covers the dry sieve analysis of metal powders, using sieves with openings ranging from 45 to 850 micrometres.  
1.2 This test method is based on a particular type of mechanical sieve shaker (see 5.2). Other types of sieve shakers are also available, but their precision and reproducibility have not been determined.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The volumetric flow rate is a measure of the flow characteristics of a metal powder. Measuring flow by volume compared with flow per unit mass eliminates the variable of the powder density and relates to the production practice of die filling by volume.  
5.2 The ability of a powder to flow and pack is a function of interparticle friction. As the surface area increases, the amount of friction in a powder mass also increases. Consequently, the friction between particles increases, giving less efficient flow and packing.  
5.3 Knowledge of the volumetric flow rate permits the part producer to estimate the number of parts that can be compacted per hour.  
5.4 This test may be part of the purchase agreement between metal powder producers and powder metallurgy (PM) part producers, or it can be an internal quality control test for any company using metal powders.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a laboratory procedure for the quantitative determination of the flow rate of a specific volume of a free-flowing metal powder or lubricated powder mixture.  
1.2 Units—With the exception of the values for mass, volume, and density, for which the use of the gram and the cubic centimetre unit is long-standing industry practice, the values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The oxygen content of a powder affects both its green and sintered properties.  
5.2 Hydrogen loss is a term widely used in the powder metallurgy industry even though the measurement represents an approximate oxygen content of the powder.  
5.3 Oxygen is the most common hydrogen-reducible constituent of metal powders, and this procedure may be used as a measure of oxygen, reducible under the test conditions, if other interfering elements are absent.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the mass of hydrogen-reducible constituents in the following metal powders: cobalt, copper, iron, and tungsten.  
1.2 This test method is useful for cobalt, copper, and iron powders in the range from 0.05 to 3.0 % oxygen, and for tungsten powder in the range from 0.01 to 0.50 % oxygen.  
1.3 This test method does not measure the oxygen contained in oxides such as silicon oxide (SiO2), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), magnesium oxide (MgO), calcium oxide (CaO), titanium dioxide (TiO2), etc. that are not reduced by hydrogen at the test temperatures.  
1.4 For total oxygen content, vacuum or inert gas fusion methods are available (see Test Methods E1019).  
1.5 Untis—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a guide for evaluation of an important physical characteristic of a powder known as the apparent density. The measured apparent density bears a relationship to the mass of powder that will fill a fixed volume die cavity. The degree of correlation between the results of this test and the performance of powders during use may vary with each particular application. Note, however, that the presence of moisture, oils, stearic acid, stearates, waxes, and the temperature of the powder mass may alter the physical characteristics of the powder.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the apparent density of non-free-flowing metal powders. It is designed for those metal powders that do not freely flow through the Hall flowmeter funnel.  
1.2 Units—With the exception of the values for density and the mass used to determine density, for which the use of the gram per cubic centimeter (g/cm3) and gram (g) units is the long-standing industry practice, the values in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test specimens are used to determine the engineering properties of PM materials, for example, tensile strength, ductility, impact energy, etc.; property data that are essential to the successful use of PM material standards. Processing PM test specimens under production conditions is the most efficient method by which to obtain reliable PM material property data since in most cases it is impractical or impossible to cut test bars from sintered parts.  
5.2 The performance characteristics of metal powders, for example, compressibility, green strength and dimensional changes associated with processing are evaluated using PM test specimens under controlled conditions. The data obtained are important to both metal powder producers and PM parts manufacturers.  
5.3 PM test specimens play a significant role in industrial quality assurance programs. They are used to compare properties of a new lot of metal powder with an established lot in an acceptance test and are used in the part manufacturing process to establish and adjust production variables.  
5.4 In those instances where it is required to present equivalent property data for a production lot of PM parts, standard test specimens compacted from the production powder mix to the same green density can be processed with the production PM parts and then tested to obtain this information.  
5.5 Material property testing performed for industrial or academic research and development projects uses standard PM test specimens so the test results obtained can be compared with previous work or published data.  
5.6 Powder metallurgy test specimens may have multiple uses. The dimensions and tolerances given in this standard are nominal in many cases. The user is cautioned to make certain that the dimensions of the test specimen are in agreement with the requirements of the specific test method to be used.
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1.1 These standard practices cover the specifications for those uniaxially compacted test specimens that are used in ASTM standards, the procedures for producing and preparing these test specimens, and reference the applicable standards.  
1.2 Basic tool design and engineering information regarding the tooling that is required to compact the test specimens and machining blanks are contained in the annexes.  
1.3 This standard is intended to be a comprehensive one-source document that can be referenced by ASTM test methods that utilize PM test specimens and in ASTM PM material specifications that contain the engineering data obtained from these test specimens.  
1.4 These practices are not applicable to metal powder test specimens that are produced by other processes such as cold isostatic pressing (CIP), hot isostatic pressing (HIP), powder forging (PF) or metal injection molding (MIM). They do not pertain to cemented carbide materials.  
1.5 Detailed information on PM presses, compacting tooling and sintering furnaces, their design, manufacture and use are not within the scope of these practices.  
1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.7 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a guide for evaluation of an important physical characteristic of a powder known as the apparent density. The measured apparent density bears a relationship to the mass of powder that will fill a fixed volume die cavity. The degree of correlation between the results of this test and the performance of powders during use may vary with each particular application. Note, however, that the presence of moisture, oils, stearic acid, stearates, waxes, and the temperature of the powder mass may alter the physical characteristics of the powder.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a procedure for determining the apparent density of free-flowing metal powders, and mixed powders; and is suitable for only those powders that will flow unaided through the specified Hall Flowmeter funnel.  
1.2 Units—With the exception of the values for mass, volume, and density, for which the use of the gram and the cubic centimetre units is the long-standing industry practice, the values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The apparent density is an important measure of a material characteristic of the powder that is useful to the powder producers and powder users in determining quality and lot to lot consistency.  
5.2 This test method is applicable to free-flowing and non-free-flowing metal powders, lubricated powder mixtures and metal compounds.  
5.3 The apparent density of a lubricated metal powder mixture may be different when a quantity settles after falling into the die cavity during automated compacting compared with the value obtained from a measurement taken in the laboratory under controlled test conditions.  
5.4 This test method simulates the action of the feed shoe on a powder compacting press and gives an apparent density value that closely approximates the apparent density of the powder in the die cavity after the production filling operation.  
5.5 Knowledge of this apparent density value for the final lubricated production powder mixture is very helpful to the powder metallurgy (PM) parts fabricator to set the compression ratios for fixed fill die cavity tooling.  
5.6 The values of apparent density obtained on metal powders with this test method are approximately 0.2 g/cm3 higher than those obtained using the Hall Funnel, Test Method B212, the Carney Funnel, Test Method B417; or the Scott Volumeter, Test Method B329.  
5.7 This test method may be part of a purchase agreement between the powder producer and PM parts producer, or it may be an internal quality control test for either party.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a quantitative laboratory procedure for determining the apparent density of both free-flowing and non-free-flowing metal powders, lubricated metal powder mixtures, and powder compounds.  
1.2 Units—With the exception of the values for mass, volume, and density, for which the use of the gram and the cubic centimetre units is the long-standing industry practice, the values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Specifications and test methods for metal powders and metal powder products require the sampling, testing, and performance evaluation of small samples taken from large quantities of powder. The sampling procedure is equally as important as the testing and evaluation; the sampling methods used must include every precaution to ensure that the samples obtained will show the true nature and condition of the large powder quantity that they represent.  
4.2 The primary objective of any sampling procedure is to obtain a small quantity of material that is truly representative of the larger amount from which it is taken, a condition that is readily comprehended but difficult to define, quantify, and prove. Certain criteria are desirable to meet this condition:3  
4.2.1 Every sampling increment should have a non-zero probability of being selected.  
4.2.2 All increments should have an equal probability of being selected.  
4.2.3 The sampling procedure should not alter the material (for example, by changing the particle size or chemical composition).  
4.3 Sampling a moving powder helps to satisfy these criteria; therefore, Practice 1A should be used whenever possible to obtain the composite sample. Similarly, Practice 2 should be used to obtain the test portions; use of a spinning riffler is preferred when possible and practicable.  
4.4 Although not always meeting all the criteria of 4.2.1 – 4.2.3, the other sampling practices described in this standard are based on time-proven experience in the PM industry in sampling granular metal powders. These practices have been shown to produce samples that give reliable and representative evaluation data.  
4.5 Since many tests are performed using very small amounts of powder meant to represent much larger quantities, it is most important that the test portions be obtained in a standardized manner. The practices described here take into account the possibility of segregation of the metal powder during and after filling of ...
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1.1 These practices cover sampling methods used to collect a small quantity of metal powder that is as representative of the entire starting material as possible, and detail the procedures that are recommended for reducing this quantity into smaller test portions on which chemical, physical, and mechanical property data may be determined.  
1.2 Several sampling practices are described, depending on their applicability to the conditions of storage and transport of the sampled powders:  
1.2.1 Practice 1A (Described in Section 6)—Applicable to sampling moving powders, as when being transferred from one container to another or to a process stream; or when falling from a conveyor; or in a moving process stream. This is the preferred practice for obtaining the several increments that are combined to form the gross sample.  
1.2.2 Practice 1B (Described in Section 7)—Applicable to sampling powders that have already been packaged for transport, as in a bag or drum. A hollow tubular slot sampler is the recommended way to sample these packaged powders to obtain the increments (7.1.1). Alternatively, when other methods are not possible or available, a procedure specified here (7.1.2) may be used to randomly scoop samples from the powder, using a scoop of specified material and configuration.  
1.2.3 Practice 2 (Described in Section 8)—Applicable to obtaining test portions from the composite sample. For larger quantities of powder, a chute splitter is generally used, while a spinning riffler is used for smaller quantities.  
1.3 These practices apply to particulate materials or mixtures of particulates with particle sizes generally less than one millimetre and include mixtures containing lubricant, with or without other non-metallic additives, that are ready for compacting.  
1.4 These practices do not cover the sampling of flake powders or pastes. For procedures on the sampling and testing of flake metal powders and pastes, ...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Reported particle size measurement is a function of both the actual particle dimension and shape factor as well as the particular physical or chemical properties being measured. Caution is required when comparing data from instruments operating on different physical or chemical parameters or with different particle size measurement ranges. Sample acquisition, handling, and preparation can also affect reported particle size results.  
5.1.1 It is important to recognize that the results obtained by this test method, or any other method for particle size determination using different physical principles, may disagree. The results are strongly influenced by the physical principles employed by each method of particle size analysis. The results of any particle sizing method should be used only in a relative sense; they should not be regarded as absolute when comparing results obtained by other methods.  
5.2 Light scattering theory has been available for many years for use in the determination of particle size. Several manufacturers of testing equipment now have units based on these principles. Although each type of testing equipment uses the same basic principles for light scattering as a function of particle size, different assumptions pertinent to application of the theory, and different models for converting light measurements to particle size, may lead to different results for each instrument. Therefore, the use of this test method cannot guarantee directly comparable results from different types of instruments.  
5.3 Knowledge of the particle size distribution of metal powders is useful in predicting the powder-processing behavior and ultimate performance of powder metallurgy parts. Particle size distribution is related closely to the flowability, moldability, compressibility, and die-filling characteristics of a powder, as well as to the final structure and properties of finished powder metallurgy (P/M) parts.  
5.4 This test method is useful to both suppli...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the particle size distribution by light scattering, reported as volume percent, of particulate materials including metals and compounds.  
1.2 This test method applies to analyses with both aqueous and nonaqueous dispersions. In addition, analysis can be performed with a gaseous dispersion for materials that are hygroscopic or react with a liquid carrier.  
1.3 This test method is applicable to the measurement of particulate materials in the range of 0.4 to 2000 μm, or a subset of that range, as applicable to the particle size distribution being measured.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The purpose of this test method is to determine the amount of gangue, refractory, inert, etc. materials, that may adversely affect compacting tools and sintered properties of components formed from copper and iron powders.  
4.2 The insoluble matter consists of those nonmetallic substances that do not dissolve in the mineral acid used to dissolve the metal. In copper powder, which is treated with nitric acid, the acid-insoluble matter includes silica, insoluble silicates, alumina, clays, and other refractory materials that may be introduced either as impurities in the raw material or from the furnace lining, fuel, etc.; lead sulfate may also be present. In iron powder, which is treated with hydrochloric acid, the insoluble matter may include carbides in addition to the substances listed above. The test method excludes insoluble material that is volatile at the ignition temperature specified.
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1.1 This test method2 covers the determination of the mineral-acid-insoluble matter content of copper and iron powders in amounts under 1.0 %.  
1.2 Units—With the exception of the values for density and the mass used to determine density, for which the use of the gram per cubic centimetre (g/cm3) and gram (g) units is the longstanding industry practice, the values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The compressibility value obtained by this test is a measure of a material characteristic of the powder.  
5.2 The test method is useful in research and development projects, as a quality control test in the evaluation and manufacturing control of metal powder production, and as an acceptance test for shipment of metal powder lots.  
5.3 In PM production operations, the test is helpful in determining pressing and tooling requirements for high density parts.  
5.4 Results may be affected by test conditions such as the type, amount, and method of lubrication, dwell time during compaction, and die material. The compressibility values may not necessarily agree with results obtained under production conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This laboratory test method covers the determination of the compressibility of metal powders and metal powder mixtures as measured by the extent to which a test portion can be densified under controlled conditions in a specified die.  
1.2 Units—With the exception of the values for density and mass, for which the use of gram per cubic centermetre (g/cm3) and gram (g) units is the longstanding industry practice, the values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The green strength value determined under the conditions specified by this test method is influenced by the characteristics of the powder, how it compacts under the specified conditions (that is, the particle to particle bonding that exists following compacting), and the lubrication system used.  
5.2 Knowledge of the green strength value is useful to the production, characterization, and utilization of metal powders in the manufacture of PM structural parts and bearings.  
5.3 The test for green strength of a compacted metal powder can be used to:  
5.3.1 Relate the resistance of a pressed compact to breakage or damage due to handling.  
5.3.2 Compare the quality of a metal powder or powder mixture from lot to lot.  
5.3.3 Determine the effect of the addition of a lubricant or other powders to a base powder.  
5.3.4 Evaluate powder mixing or blending variables.  
5.4 Factors that are known to influence the green strength of a metal powder are particle shape, particle size distribution, and compressibility of the metal powder.  
5.5 The amount and type of lubricant or other additives and the mixing procedures have a strong effect on the green strength of specimens produced from metal powder mixtures.
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1.1 This standard covers a test method that may be used to measure the transverse rupture strength of a compacted but unsintered (green) test specimen produced from lubricated or unlubricated metal powders or powder mixtures.  
1.2 Green strength is measured by a quantitative laboratory procedure in which the fracture strength is calculated from the force required to break an unsintered test specimen supported as a simple beam while subjected to a uniformly increasing three-point transverse load under controlled conditions.  
1.3 This test method is a companion standard to Test Method B528 that covers the measurement of the transverse rupture strength of sintered PM test specimens.  
1.4 Units—With the exception of the values for density and the mass used to determine density, for which the use of the gram per cubic centimeter (g/cm3) and gram (g) units is the longstanding industry practice, the values in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The rate and uniformity of die cavity filling are related to flow properties, which thus influence production rates and uniformity of compacted parts.  
5.2 The ability of a powder to flow is a function of interparticle friction. As interparticle friction increases, flow is slowed. Fine powders may not flow. Some powders, often fine powders and lubricated powder mixtures, may not flow through the Hall Flowmeter funnel. Nevertheless, if a larger orifice is provided, such as in the Carney Flowmeter funnel of Test Methods B964, a meaningful flow rate may be determined, providing specific information for certain applications.  
5.3 Test Methods B213, using the Hall Flowmeter funnel, are the preferred methods for determining the flowability of metal powders and powder mixtures. The Carney Flowmeter funnel of Test Methods B964 should only be used when powder will not flow through the Hall Flowmeter funnel.  
5.4 Humidity and moisture content influence flow rate. Wet or moist powders may not flow.  
5.5 These test methods are based on flow of a specified mass of powder. If flow of a specific volume of powder is preferred, Test Method B855 may be used for powders that flow readily through the Hall Flowmeter funnel.  
5.6 This test method may be part of the purchase agreement between powder manufacturers and powder metallurgy (PM) part producers, or it can be an internal quality control test by either the producer or the end user.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of a flow rate, by the use of the Hall Flowmeter funnel of metal powders and powder mixtures. It is suitable only for those powders that will flow unaided through the Hall Flowmeter funnel.  
1.2 Units—With the exception of the values for density and the mass used to determine density, for which the use of the gram per cubic centimetre (g/cm3) and gram (g) units is the long-standing industry practice, the values in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only, and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The method of powder dispersion in a liquid has a significant effect on the results of a particle size distribution analysis. The analysis will show a too-coarse, unstable, or nonrepeatable distribution if the powder has not been dispersed adequately. It is therefore important that parties wishing to compare their analyses use the same dispersion technique.  
4.2 This guide provides ways of deriving dispersion techniques for a range of metal powders and compounds. It should be used by all parties performing liquid-dispersed particle size analysis of all of the materials covered by this guide (see 1.1, 1.2, and 4.1).  
4.3 Table 1 provides some dispersion procedures that have been found useful and consistent for the particular materials listed there. These are only suggested dispersion procedures; the procedures and dispersion checks of 7.1.2 – 7.1.4, or the more detailed method development procedures of Guide E3340, should still be used to verify adequate dispersion for each particular material and particle size range. (A) Stated ultrasonic power and duration times are given as an indication only. Specific conditions should be sought for the particular system in question during the method development phase.(B) Tween 21, chemically known as polyoxyethylene6 sorbitan monolaurate, is manufactured by Croda International PLC, and is available from various chemical suppliers.(C) Three to five drops Tween 21 in 30 to 50 mL water.  
4.4 This guide should be used in the preparation of powders for use in Test Methods B761 and B822 and other procedures that analyze metal powder particle size distributions in liquid-dispersed systems.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the dispersion in liquids of metal powders and related compounds for subsequent use in particle size analysis instruments. This guide describes a general procedure for achieving and determining dispersion; it also lists procedures that have been found useful for certain materials.  
1.2 This guide does not include specific procedures for dry dispersion of particulate materials. It only indicates when liquid dispersion is not appropriate and dry dispersion must be utilized (see 7.1.2.1). For guidance on development of methods of dry dispersion, see Guide E3340.  
1.3 This guide is limited to metal powders and related metal compounds. However, the general procedure described herein may be used, with caution as to its significance, for other particulate materials, such as ceramics, pigments, minerals, etc.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method enables the measurement of the volume of the apparent density cup to ensure that it complies with the specified volume of 25.00 ± 0.03 cm3  (cylindrical cup), or 16.39 ± 0.05 cm3  (square cup). Use of an out-of-specification cup will give erroneous apparent density values using the formulae in Test Methods B212, B329, and B417.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for measuring the volume of the apparent density cups used in Test Methods B212, B329, and B417.  
1.2 The apparent density cup, particularly its rim, may become worn during use, and it is recommended that the volume of the cup be checked periodically (at least every 6 months) in order to ensure that it complies with the specified volume.  
1.3 Units—With the exception of the values for density and the mass used to determine density, for which the use of the gram per cubic centimetre (g/cm3) and gram (g) units is the long standing industry practice, the values in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Dimensional Change When Compacting and Sintering Metal Powders:  
5.1.1 The dimensional change value obtained under specified conditions of compacting and sintering is a material characteristic inherent in the powder.  
5.1.2 The test is useful for quality control of the dimensional change of a metal powder mixture, to measure compositional and processing changes and to guide in the production of PM parts.  
5.1.3 The absolute dimensional change may be used to classify powders or differentiate one type or grade from another, to evaluate additions to a powder mixture or to measure process changes, and to guide in the design of tooling.  
5.1.4 The comparative dimensional change is mainly used as a quality control test to measure variations between a lot or shipment of metal powder and a reference powder of the same material composition.  
5.1.5 Factors known to affect size change are the base metal powder grade; type and lot; particle size distribution; level and types of additions to the base metal powder; amount and type of lubricant, green density, as well as processing conditions of the test specimen; heating rate; sintering time and temperature; sintering atmosphere; and cooling rate.  
5.2 Dimensional Change of Various PM Processing Steps:  
5.2.1 The general procedure of measuring the die or a test compact before and after a PM processing step, and calculating a percent dimensional change, is also adapted for use as an internal process evaluation test to quantify green expansion, repressing size change, heat treatment changes, or other changes in dimensions that result from a manufacturing operation.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard covers a test method that may be used to measure the sum of the changes in dimensions that occur when a metal powder is first compacted into a test specimen and then sintered.  
1.2 The dimensional change is determined by a quantitative laboratory procedure in which the arithmetic difference between the dimensions of a die cavity and the dimensions of a sintered test specimen produced from that die is calculated and expressed as a percent growth or shrinkage.  
1.3 With the exception of the values for density and the mass used to determine density, for which the use of the gram per cubic centimetre (g/cm3) and gram (g) units is the long-standing industry practice, the values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a guide for evaluation of an important physical characteristic of a powder known as the apparent density. The measured apparent density bears a relationship to the mass of powder that will fill a fixed volume die cavity. The degree of correlation between the results of this test and the performance of powders during use may vary with each particular application. Note, however, that the presence of moisture, oils, stearic acid, stearates, waxes, and the temperature of the powder mass may alter the physical characteristics of the powder.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the apparent density of non-free-flowing metal powders. It is designed for those metal powders that do not freely flow through the Hall flowmeter funnel.  
1.2 With the exception of the values for density and the mass used to determine density, for which the use of the gram per cubic centimeter (g/cm3) and gram (g) units is the long-standing industry practice, the values in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only, and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The apparent density is an important measure of a material characteristic of the powder that is useful to the powder producers and powder users in determining quality and lot to lot consistency.  
5.2 This test method is applicable to free-flowing and non-free-flowing metal powders, lubricated powder mixtures and metal compounds.  
5.3 The apparent density of a lubricated metal powder mixture may be different when a quantity settles after falling into the die cavity during automatic compacting as compared with the value obtained from a measurement taken in the laboratory under controlled test conditions.  
5.4 This test method simulates the action of the feed shoe on a powder compacting press and gives an apparent density value that closely approximates the apparent density of the powder in the die cavity after the production filling operation.  
5.5 Knowledge of this apparent density value for the final lubricated production powder mixture is very helpful to the powder metallurgy (PM) parts fabricator to set the compression ratios for fixed fill die cavity tooling.  
5.6 The values of apparent density obtained on metal powders with this test method are approximately 0.2 g/cm3 higher than those obtained using the Hall Funnel, Test Method B212, the Carney Funnel, Test Method B417; or the Scott Volumeter, Test Method B329.  
5.7 This test method may be part of a purchase agreement between the powder supplier and PM parts producer, or it may be an internal quality control test for either party.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a quantitative laboratory procedure for determining the apparent density of both free-flowing and non-free-flowing metal powders, lubricated metal powder mixtures, and powder compounds.  
1.2 With the exception of the values for mass, volume, and density, for which the use of the gram and the cubic centimetre units is the long-standing industry practice, the values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method enables the measurement of the volume of the apparent density cup to ensure that it complies with the specified volume of 25.00 ± 0.03 cm3  (cylindrical cup), or 16.39 ± 0.05 cm3  (square cup). Use of an out-of-specification cup will give erroneous apparent density values using the formulae in Test Methods B212, B329, and B417.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for measuring the volume of the apparent density cups used in Test Methods B212, B329, and B417.  
1.2 The apparent density cup, particularly its rim, may become worn during use, and it is recommended that the volume of the cup be checked periodically (at least every 6 months) in order to ensure that it complies with the specified volume.  
1.3 With the exception of the values for density and the mass used to determine density, for which the use of the gram per cubic centimetre (g/cm3) and gram (g) units is the long standing industry practice, the values in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Reported particle size measurement is a function of both the actual particle dimension and shape factor as well as the particular physical or chemical properties being measured. Caution is required when comparing data from instruments operating on different physical or chemical parameters or with different particle size measurement ranges. Sample acquisition, handling, and preparation can also affect reported particle size results.  
5.1.1 It is important to recognize that the results obtained by this test method, or any other method for particle size determination using different physical principles, may disagree. The results are strongly influenced by the physical principles employed by each method of particle size analysis. The results of any particle sizing method should be used only in a relative sense; they should not be regarded as absolute when comparing results obtained by other methods.  
5.2 Light scattering theory has been available for many years for use in the determination of particle size. Several manufacturers of testing equipment now have units based on these principles. Although each type of testing equipment uses the same basic principles for light scattering as a function of particle size, different assumptions pertinent to application of the theory, and different models for converting light measurements to particle size, may lead to different results for each instrument. Therefore, the use of this test method cannot guarantee directly comparable results from different types of instruments.  
5.3 Knowledge of the particle size distribution of metal powders is useful in predicting the powder-processing behavior and ultimate performance of powder metallurgy parts. Particle size distribution is related closely to the flowability, moldability, compressibility, and die-filling characteristics of a powder, as well as to the final structure and properties of finished powder metallurgy (P/M) parts.  
5.4 This test method is useful to both suppli...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the particle size distribution by light scattering, reported as volume percent, of particulate materials including metals and compounds.  
1.2 This test method applies to analyses with both aqueous and nonaqueous dispersions. In addition, analysis can be performed with a gaseous dispersion for materials that are hygroscopic or react with a liquid carrier.  
1.3 This test method is applicable to the measurement of particulate materials in the range of 0.4 to 2000 μm, or a subset of that range, as applicable to the particle size distribution being measured.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a guide for evaluation of an important physical characteristic of a powder known as the apparent density. The measured apparent density bears a relationship to the mass of powder that will fill a fixed volume die cavity. The degree of correlation between the results of this test and the performance of powders during use may vary with each particular application. Note, however, that the presence of moisture, oils, stearic acid, stearates, waxes, and the temperature of the powder mass may alter the physical characteristics of the powder.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a procedure for determining the apparent density of free-flowing metal powders, and mixed powders; and is suitable for only those powders that will flow unaided through the specified Hall Flowmeter funnel.  
1.2 With the exception of the values for mass, volume, and density, for which the use of the gram and the cubic centimetre units is the long-standing industry practice, the values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The oxygen content of a powder affects both its green and sintered properties.  
5.2 Hydrogen loss is a term widely used in the powder metallurgy industry even though the measurement represents an approximate oxygen content of the powder.  
5.3 Oxygen is the most common hydrogen-reducible constituent of metal powders, and this procedure may be used as a measure of oxygen, reducible under the test conditions, if other interfering elements are absent.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the mass of hydrogen-reducible constituents in the following metal powders: cobalt, copper, iron, and tungsten.  
1.2 This test method is useful for cobalt, copper, and iron powders in the range from 0.05 to 3.0 % oxygen, and for tungsten powder in the range from 0.01 to 0.50 % oxygen.  
1.3 This test method does not measure the oxygen contained in oxides such as silicon oxide (SiO2), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), magnesium oxide (MgO), calcium oxide (CaO), titanium dioxide (TiO2), etc. that are not reduced by hydrogen at the test temperatures.  
1.4 For total oxygen content, vacuum or inert gas fusion methods are available (see Test Methods E1019).  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The volumetric flow rate is a measure of the flow characteristics of a metal powder. Measuring flow by volume as compared with flow per unit mass eliminates the variable of the powder density and relates to the production practice of die filling by volume.  
5.2 The ability of a powder to flow and pack is a function of interparticle friction. As the surface area increases, the amount of friction in a powder mass also increases. Consequently, the friction between particles increases, giving less efficient flow and packing.  
5.3 Knowledge of the volumetric flow rate permits the part producer to estimate the number of parts that can be compacted per hour.  
5.4 This test may be part of the purchase agreement between metal powder manufacturers and powder metallurgy (PM) part producers, or it can be an internal quality control test for any company using metal powders.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a laboratory procedure for the quantitative determination of the flow rate of a specific volume of a free-flowing metal powder or lubricated powder mixture.  
1.2 With the exception of the values for mass, volume and density, for which the use of the gram and the cubic centimetre unit is long-standing industry practice, the values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parenthesis are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The rate and uniformity of die cavity filling are related to flow properties, which thus influence production rates and uniformity of compacted parts.  
5.2 The ability of a powder to flow is a function of interparticle friction. As interparticle friction increases, flow is slowed. Fine powders may not flow. Some powders, often fine powders and lubricated powder mixtures, may not flow through the Hall Flowmeter funnel. Nevertheless, if a larger orifice is provided, such as in the Carney Flowmeter funnel of Test Method B964, a meaningful flow rate may be determined, providing specific information for certain applications.  
5.3 Test Method B213, using the Hall Flowmeter funnel, is the preferred method for determining the flowability of metal powders and powder mixtures. The Carney Flowmeter funnel of Method B964 should only be used when powder will not flow through the Hall Flowmeter funnel.  
5.4 Humidity and moisture content influence flow rate. Wet or moist powders may not flow.  
5.5 These test methods are based on flow of a specified mass of powder. If flow of a specific volume of powder is preferred, Test Method B855 may be used for powders that flow readily through the Hall Flowmeter funnel.  
5.6 This test method may be part of the purchase agreement between powder manufacturers and powder metallurgy (PM) part producers, or it can be an internal quality control test by either the producer or the end user.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of a flow rate, by the use of the Hall Flowmeter funnel of metal powders and powder mixtures. It is suitable only for those powders that will flow unaided through the Hall Flowmeter funnel.  
1.2 With the exception of the values for density and the mass used to determine density, for which the use of the gram per cubic centimetre (g/cm3) and gram (g) units is the long-standing industry practice, the values in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only, and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The method of powder dispersion in a liquid has a significant effect on the results of a particle size distribution analysis. The analysis will show a too-coarse, unstable, or nonrepeatable distribution if the powder has not been dispersed adequately. It is therefore important that parties wishing to compare their analyses use the same dispersion technique.  
4.2 This guide provides established powder dispersion techniques for certain materials and the means of deriving techniques for materials not listed. It should be used by all parties performing liquid-dispersed particle size analysis of all of the materials covered by this guide (see 1.1, 1.2, and 4.1).  
4.3 This guide should be used in the preparation of powders for use in Test Methods B430, B761, and B822 and other procedures that analyze metal powder particle size distributions in liquid-dispersed systems. (A) As described in Test Method B430.(B) Tween 21, chemically known as polyoxyethylene6 sorbitan monolaurate, is manufactured by Croda International PLC, and is available from various chemical suppliers.(C) Three to five drops Tween 21 in 30 to 50 mL water.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the dispersion in liquids of metal powders and related compounds for subsequent use in particle size analysis instruments. This guide describes a general procedure for achieving and determining dispersion; it also lists procedures that are currently in general use for certain materials.  
1.2 This guide is limited to metal powders and related metal compounds. However, the general procedure described herein may be used, with caution as to its significance, for other particulate materials, such as ceramics, pigments, minerals, etc.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The rate and uniformity of die cavity filling are related to flow properties, which thus influence production rates and uniformity of compacted parts.  
5.2 The ability of a powder to flow is a function of interparticle friction. As interparticle friction increases, flow is slowed. Some powders, often fine powders and lubricated powder mixtures, may not flow through the Hall funnel of Test Method B213.. Nevertheless, if a larger orifice is provided, such as in the Carney funnel, a meaningful flow rate may be determined, providing specific information for certain applications.  
5.3 Test Method B213., using the Hall funnel, is the preferred method for determining the flowability of metal powders. The Carney funnel of these test methods should only be used when a powder will not flow through the Hall funnel. These test methods may also be used for comparison of several powders when some flow through the Hall funnel and some do not.  
5.4 Humidity and moisture content influence flow rate. Wet or moist powders may not flow through either the Hall or the Carney funnel.  
5.5 These test methods are based on flow of a specific mass of powder. If flow of a specific volume of powder is preferred, Test Method B855 may be used for powders that flow readily through the Hall funnel.  
5.6 These test methods may be part of the purchase agreement between powder suppliers and powder metallurgy (PM) part producers, or it can be an internal quality control test by either the supplier or the end user.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of a flow rate, by use of the Carney funnel, of metal powders and powder mixtures that do not readily flow through the Hall funnel of Test Method B213.  
1.2 This is a non-destructive quantitative test performed in the laboratory.  
1.3 With the exception of the values for density and the mass used to determine density, for which the use of gram per cubic centimetre (g/cm3) and gram (g) units is the longstanding industry practice, the values in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only, and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The particle size distribution of a metal powder affects its behavior in P/M processing and other applications of these materials. The test method may be part of the purchase agreement between powder supplier and user, or it may be an internal quality control test for either.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the dry sieve analysis of metal powders, using sieves with openings ranging from 45 to 850 micrometres.  
1.2 This test method is based on a particular type of mechanical sieve shaker (see 5.2). Other types of sieve shakers are also available, but their precision and reproducibility have not been determined.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The compressibility value obtained by this test is a measure of a material characteristic of the powder.  
5.2 The test method is useful in research and development projects, as a quality control test in the evaluation and manufacturing control of metal powder production, and as an acceptance test for shipment of metal powder lots.  
5.3 In PM production operations, the test is helpful in determining pressing and tooling requirements for high density parts.  
5.4 Results may be affected by test conditions such as the type, amount, and method of lubrication, dwell time during compaction, and die material. The compressibility values may not necessarily agree with results obtained under production conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This laboratory test method covers the determination of the compressibility of metal powders and metal powder mixtures as measured by the extent to which a test portion can be densified under controlled conditions in a specified die.  
1.2 With the exception of the values for density and mass, for which the use of gram per cubic centermetre (g/cm3) and gram (g) units is the longstanding industry practice, the values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The purpose of this test method is to determine the amount of gangue, refractory, inert, etc., materials, that may adversely affect compacting tools and sintered properties of components formed from copper and iron powders.  
4.2 The insoluble matter consists of those nonmetallic substances that do not dissolve in the mineral acid used to dissolve the metal. In copper powder, which is treated with nitric acid, the acid-insoluble matter includes silica, insoluble silicates, alumina, clays, and other refractory materials that may be introduced either as impurities in the raw material or from the furnace lining, fuel, etc.; lead sulfate may also be present. In iron powder, which is treated with hydrochloric acid, the insoluble matter may include carbides in addition to the substances listed above. The test method excludes insoluble material that is volatile at the ignition temperature specified.
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1.1 This test method2 covers the determination of the mineral-acid-insoluble matter content of copper and iron powders in amounts under 1.0 %.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Specifications and test methods for metal powders and metal powder products require the sampling, testing, and performance evaluation of small samples taken from large quantities of powder. The sampling procedure is equally as important as the testing and evaluation; the sampling methods used must include every precaution to ensure that the samples obtained will show the true nature and condition of the large powder quantity that they represent.  
4.2 The primary objective of any sampling procedure is to obtain a small quantity of material that is truly representative of the larger amount from which it is taken, a condition that is readily comprehended but difficult to define, quantify, and prove. Certain criteria are desirable to meet this condition:3  
4.2.1 Every sampling increment should have a non-zero probability of being selected.  
4.2.2 All increments should have an equal probability of being selected.  
4.2.3 The sampling procedure should not alter the material (for example, by changing the particle size or chemical composition).  
4.3 Sampling a moving powder helps to satisfy these criteria; therefore, Practice 1A should be used whenever possible to obtain the composite sample. Similarly, Practice 2 should be used to obtain the test portions; use of a spinning riffler is preferred when possible and practicable.  
4.4 Although not always meeting all the criteria of 4.2.1 – 4.2.3, the other sampling practices described in this standard are based on time-proven experience in the PM industry in sampling granular metal powders. These practices have been shown to produce samples that give reliable and representative evaluation data.  
4.5 Since many tests are performed using very small amounts of powder meant to represent much larger quantities, it is most important that the test portions be obtained in a standardized manner. The practices described here take into account the possibility of segregation of the metal powder during and after filling of ...
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1.1 These practices cover sampling methods used to collect a small quantity of metal powder that is as representative of the entire starting material as possible, and details the procedures that are recommended for reducing this quantity into smaller test portions on which chemical, physical, and mechanical property data may be determined.  
1.2 Several sampling practices are described, depending on their applicability to the conditions of storage and transport of the sampled powders:  
1.2.1 Practice 1A (Described in Section 6)—Applicable to sampling moving powders, as when being transferred from one container to another or to a process stream; or when falling from a conveyor; or in a moving process stream. This is the preferred practice for obtaining the several increments that are combined to form the gross sample.  
1.2.2 Practice 1B (Described in Section 7)—Applicable to sampling powders that have already been packaged for transport, as in a bag or drum. A hollow tubular slot sampler is the recommended way to sample these packaged powders to obtain the increments (7.1.1). Alternatively, when other methods are not possible or available, a procedure specified here (7.1.2) may be used to randomly scoop samples from the powder, using a scoop of specified material and configuration.  
1.2.3 Practice 2 (Described in Section 8)—Applicable to obtaining test portions from the composite sample. For larger quantities of powder, a chute splitter is generally used, while a spinning riffler is used for smaller quantities.  
1.3 These practices apply to particulate materials or mixtures of particulates with particle sizes generally less than one millimetre and include mixtures containing lubricant, with or without other non-metallic additives, that are ready for compacting.  
1.4 These practices do not cover the sampling of flake powders or pastes. For procedures on the sampling and testing of flake metal powders and pastes,...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The particle size distribution of a metal powder affects its behavior in P/M processing and other applications of these materials. The test method may be part of the purchase agreement between powder supplier and user, or it may be an internal quality control test for either.
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1.1 This test method covers the dry sieve analysis of metal powders, using sieves with openings ranging from 45 to 1000 micrometres.  
1.2 This test method is based on a particular type of mechanical sieve shaker (see 5.2). Other types of sieve shakers are also available, but their precision and reproducibility have not been determined.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test specimens are used to determine the engineering properties of PM materials, for example, tensile strength, ductility, impact energy, etc.; property data that are essential to the successful use of PM material standards. Processing PM test specimens under production conditions is the most efficient method by which to obtain reliable PM material property data since in most cases it is impractical or impossible to cut test bars from sintered parts.  
5.2 The performance characteristics of metal powders, for example, compressibility, green strength and dimensional changes associated with processing are evaluated using PM test specimens under controlled conditions. The data obtained are important to both metal powder producers and PM parts manufacturers.  
5.3 PM test specimens play a significant role in industrial quality assurance programs. They are used to compare properties of a new lot of metal powder with an established lot in an acceptance test and are used in the part manufacturing process to establish and adjust production variables.  
5.4 In those instances where it is required to present equivalent property data for a production lot of PM parts, standard test specimens compacted from the production powder mix to the same green density can be processed with the production PM parts and then tested to obtain this information.  
5.5 Material property testing performed for industrial or academic research and development projects uses standard PM test specimens so the test results obtained can be compared with previous work or published data.  
5.6 Powder metallurgy test specimens may have multiple uses. The dimensions and tolerances given in this standard are nominal in many cases. The user is cautioned to make certain that the dimensions of the test specimen are in agreement with the requirements of the specific test method to be used.
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1.1 These standard practices cover the specifications for those uniaxially compacted test specimens that are used in ASTM standards, the procedures for producing and preparing these test specimens, and reference the applicable standards.  
1.2 Basic tool design and engineering information regarding the tooling that is required to compact the test specimens and machining blanks are contained in the annexes.  
1.3 This standard is intended to be a comprehensive one-source document that can be referenced by ASTM test methods that utilize PM test specimens and in ASTM PM material specifications that contain the engineering data obtained from these test specimens.  
1.4 These practices are not applicable to metal powder test specimens that are produced by other processes such as cold isostatic pressing (CIP), hot isostatic pressing (HIP), powder forging (PF) or metal injection molding (MIM). They do not pertain to cemented carbide materials.  
1.5 Detailed information on PM presses, compacting tooling and sintering furnaces, their design, manufacture and use are not within the scope of these practices.  
1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.7 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The green strength value determined under the conditions specified by this test method is influenced by the characteristics of the powder, how it compacts under the specified conditions (i.e., the particle to particle bonding that exists following compacting), and the lubrication system used.  
5.2 Knowledge of the green strength value is useful to the production, characterization and utilization of metal powders in the manufacture of PM structural parts and bearings.  
5.3 The test for green strength of a compacted metal powder can be used to:  
5.3.1 Relate the resistance of a pressed compact to breakage or damage due to handling.  
5.3.2 Compare the quality of a metal powder or powder mixture from lot to lot.  
5.3.3 Determine the effect of the addition of a lubricant or other powders to a base powder.  
5.3.4 Evaluate powder mixing or blending variables.  
5.4 Factors that are known to influence the green strength of a metal powder are particle shape, particle size distribution and compressibility of the metal powder.  
5.5 The amount and type of lubricant or other additives and the mixing procedures have a strong effect on the green strength of specimens produced from metal powder mixtures.
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1.1 This standard covers a test method that may be used to measure the transverse rupture strength of a compacted but unsintered (green) test specimen produced from lubricated or unlubricated metal powders or powder mixtures.  
1.2 Green strength is measured by a quantitative laboratory procedure in which the fracture strength is calculated from the force required to break an unsintered test specimen supported as a simple beam while subjected to a uniformly increasing three-point transverse load under controlled conditions.  
1.3 This test method is a companion standard to Test Method B528 that covers the measurement of the transverse rupture strength of sintered PM test specimens.  
1.4 With the exception of the values for density and the mass used to determine density, for which the use of the gram per cubic centimeter (g/cm3) and gram (g) units is the longstanding industry practice, the values in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a guide for evaluation of an important physical characteristic of a powder known as the apparent density. The measured apparent density bears a relationship to the mass of powder that will fill a fixed volume die cavity. The degree of correlation between the results of this test and the performance of powders during use may vary with each particular application. Note, however, that the presence of moisture, oils, stearic acid, stearates, waxes, and the temperature of the powder mass may alter the physical characteristics of the powder.
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1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the apparent density of non-free-flowing metal powders. It is designed for those metal powders that do not freely flow through the Hall flowmeter funnel.  
1.2 With the exception of the values for density and the mass used to determine density, for which the use of the gram per cubic centimeter (g/cm3) and gram (g) units is the longstanding industry practice, the values in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only, and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Dimensional Change When Compacting and Sintering Metal Powders:  
5.1.1 The dimensional change value obtained under specified conditions of compacting and sintering is a material characteristic inherent in the powder.  
5.1.2 The test is useful for quality control of the dimensional change of a metal powder mixture, to measure compositional and processing changes and to guide in the production of PM parts.  
5.1.3 The absolute dimensional change may be used to classify powders or differentiate one type or grade from another, to evaluate additions to a powder mixture or to measure process changes, and to guide in the design of tooling.  
5.1.4 The comparative dimensional change is mainly used as a quality control test to measure variations between a lot or shipment of metal powder and a reference powder of the same material composition.  
5.1.5 Factors known to affect size change are the base metal powder grade, type and lot, particle size distribution, level and types of additions to the base metal powder, amount and type of lubricant, green density, as well as processing conditions of the test specimen; heating rate, sintering time and temperature, sintering atmosphere, and cooling rate.  
5.2 Dimensional Change of Various PM Processing Steps:  
5.2.1 The general procedure of measuring the die or a test compact before and after a PM processing step, and calculating a percent dimensional change is also adapted for use as an internal process evaluation test to quantify green expansion, repressing size change, heat treatment changes or other changes in dimensions that result from a manufacturing operation.
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1.1 This standard covers a test method that may be used to measure the sum of the changes in dimensions that occur when a metal powder is first compacted into a test specimen and then sintered.  
1.2 The dimensional change is determined by a quantitative laboratory procedure in which the arithmetic difference between the dimensions of a die cavity and the dimensions of a sintered test specimen produced from that die is calculated and expressed as a percent growth or shrinkage.  
1.3 With the exception of the values for density and the mass used to determine density, for which the use of the gram per cubic centimetre (g/cm3) and gram (g) units is the long-standing industry practice, the values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The rate and uniformity of die cavity filling are related to flow properties, which thus influence production rates and uniformity of compacted parts.  
5.2 The ability of a powder to flow is a function of interparticle friction. As interparticle friction increases, flow is slowed. Fine powders may not flow. Some powders, often fine powders and lubricated powder mixtures, may not flow through the Hall Flowmeter funnel. Nevertheless, if a larger orifice is provided, such as in the Carney Flowmeter funnel of Test Method B964, a meaningful flow rate may be determined, providing specific information for certain applications.  
5.3 Test Method B213, using the Hall Flowmeter funnel, is the preferred method for determining the flowability of metal powders and powder mixtures. The Carney Flowmeter funnel of Method B964 should only be used when powder will not flow through the Hall Flowmeter funnel.  
5.4 Humidity and moisture content influence flow rate. Wet or moist powders may not flow.  
5.5 These test methods are based on flow of a specified mass of powder. If flow of a specific volume of powder is preferred, Test Method B855 may be used for powders that flow readily through the Hall Flowmeter funnel.  
5.6 This test method may be part of the purchase agreement between powder manufacturers and powder metallurgy (PM) part producers, or it can be an internal quality control test by either the producer or the end user.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of a flow rate, by the use of the Hall Flowmeter funnel of metal powders and powder mixtures. It is suitable only for those powders that will flow unaided through the Hall Flowmeter funnel.  
1.2 With the exception of the values for density and the mass used to determine density, for which the use of the gram per cubic centimeter (g/cm3) and gram (g) units is the longstanding industry practice, the values in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only, and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a guide for evaluation of an important physical characteristic of a powder known as the apparent density. The measured apparent density bears a relationship to the mass of powder that will fill a fixed volume die cavity. The degree of correlation between the results of this test and the performance of powders during use may vary with each particular application. Note, however, that the presence of moisture, oils, stearic acid, stearates, waxes, and the temperature of the powder mass may alter the physical characteristics of the powder.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a procedure for determining the apparent density of free-flowing metal powders, and mixed powders; and is suitable for only those powders that will flow unaided through the specified Hall Flowmeter funnel.  
1.2 With the exception of the values for mass, volume, and density, for which the use of the gram and the cubic centimeter units is the long-standing industry practice, the values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method enables the measurement of the volume of the apparent density cup to ensure that it complies with the specified volume of 25.00 ± 0.03 cm3  (cylindrical cup), or 16.39 ± 0.05 cm3  (square cup). Use of an out-of-specification cup will give erroneous apparent density values using the formulae in Test Methods B212, B329, and B417.
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1.1 This test method covers a procedure for measuring the volume of the apparent density cups used in Test Methods B212, B329, and B417.  
1.2 The apparent density cup, particularly its rim, may become worn during use, and it is recommended that the volume of the cup be checked periodically (at least every 6 months) in order to ensure that it complies with the specified volume.  
1.3 With the exception of the values for density and the mass used to determine density, for which the use of the gram per cubic centimetre (g/cm3) and gram (g) units is the long standing industry practice, the values in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method provides a guide for evaluation of an important physical characteristic of a powder known as the apparent density. The measured apparent density bears a relationship to the mass of powder that will fill a fixed volume die cavity. The degree of correlation between the results of this test and the performance of powders during use may vary with each particular application. Note, however, that the presence of moisture, oils, stearic acid, stearates, waxes, and the temperature of the powder mass may alter the physical characteristics of the powder.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a procedure for determining the apparent density of free-flowing metal powders, and mixed powders; and is suitable for only those powders that will flow unaided through the specified Hall Flowmeter funnel.  
1.2 With the exception of the values for mass, volume, and density, for which the use of the gram and the cubic centimeter units is the long-standing industry practice, the values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The volumetric flow rate is a measure of the flow characteristics of a metal powder. Measuring flow by volume as compared with flow per unit mass eliminates the variable of the powder density.
The ability of a powder to flow and pack is a function of interparticle friction. As the surface area increases, the amount of friction in a powder mass also increases. Consequently, the friction between particles increases, giving less efficient flow and packing.
Knowledge of the volumetric flow permits the number of parts that can be made per hour to be estimated.
This test method may be part of the purchase agreement between powder manufacturers and powder metallurgy (P/M) part producers, or it can be an internal quality control test by either the producer or the end user.
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1.1 This test method covers a procedure for measuring the flow characteristics of a given volume of powder.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard (except for the Hall Flowmeter Funnel, which is produced in inch-pound units). The values given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The rate and uniformity of die cavity filling are related to flow properties, which thus influence production rates and uniformity of compacted parts.
The ability of a powder to flow is a function of interparticle friction. As interparticle friction increases, flow is slowed. Fine powders may not flow.
Humidity and moisture content influence flow rate. Wet or moist powders may not flow.
This test method may be part of the purchase agreement between powder manufacturers and powder metallurgy (P/M) part producers, or it can be an internal quality control test by either the producer or the end user.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the flow rate of metal powders and is suitable only for those powders that will flow unaided through the specified apparatus.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard (except for the flowmeter funnel, which is fabricated in inch-pound units). The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The particle size distribution of a metal powder affects its behavior in P/M processing and other applications of these materials. The test method may be part of the purchase agreement between powder supplier and user, or it may be an internal quality control test for either.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the dry sieve analysis of metal powders or mixed powders, using sieves with openings ranging from 45 to 1000 micrometers.
1.2 This test method is based on a particular type of mechanical sieve shaker (see 5.2). Other types of sieve shakers are also available, but their precision and reproducibility have not been determined.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method provides a guide for evaluation of an important physical characteristic of a powder known as the apparent density. The measured apparent density bears a relationship to the mass of powder that will fill a fixed volume die cavity. The degree of correlation between the results of this test and the performance of powders during use may vary with each particular application. Note, however, that the presence of moisture, oils, stearic acid, stearates, waxes, and the temperature of the powder mass may alter the physical characteristics of the powder.
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1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the apparent density of non-free-flowing metal powders. It is designed for those metal powders that do not freely flow through the Hall flowmeter funnel.
1.2 With the exception of the values for density and the mass used to determine density, for which the use of the gram per cubic centimeter (g/cm3) and gram (g) units is the longstanding industry practice, the values in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only, and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Since many tests are performed using very small amounts of powder, it is most important that the test portions be obtained in a standardized manner. The practices described here take into account the possibility of segregation of the metal powder during and after filling of containers.
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1.1 These practices describe two procedures for obtaining samples of metal powders for subsequent testing:
1.1.1 Practice A—For powders being transferred from blenders or storage tanks.
1.1.2 Practice B—For powders already packaged in containers.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The compressibility value obtained by this test is a measure of a material characteristic of the powder.
The test method is useful in research and development projects, as a quality control test in the evaluation and manufacturing control of metal powder production, and as an acceptance test for shipment of metal powder lots.
In PM production operations, the test is helpful in determining pressing and tooling requirements for high density parts.
Results may be affected by test conditions such as the type amount, and method of lubrication, dwell time during compaction, and die material. The compressibility values may not necessarily agree with results obtained under production conditions.
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1.1 This laboratory test method covers the determination of the compressibility of metal powders and metal powder mixtures as measured by the extent to which a sample can be densified under controlled conditions in a specified die.
1.2 With the exception of density values, for which the g/cm3 unit is the industry standard, the values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values shown in parenthesis are mathematical conversions to SI units that are presented for information only and are not to be considered as standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The method of powder dispersion in a liquid has a significant effect on the results of a particle size distribution analysis. The analysis will show a too-coarse, unstable, or nonrepeatable distribution if the powder has not been dispersed adequately. It is therefore important that parties wishing to compare their analyses use the same dispersion technique.
This guide provides established powder dispersion techniques for certain materials and the means of deriving techniques for materials not listed. It should be used by all parties performing liquid-dispersed particle size analysis of all of the materials covered by this guide (see 1.1, 1.2, and 4.1).
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1.1 This guide covers the dispersion in liquids of metal powders and related compounds for subsequent use in particle size analysis instruments. This guide describes a general procedure for achieving and determining dispersion; it also lists procedures that are currently in general use for certain materials.
1.2 This guide is limited to metal powders and related metal compounds. However, the general procedure described herein may be used, with caution as to its significance, for other particulate materials, such as ceramics, pigments, minerals, etc.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.