ASTM D3886-99(2011)e1
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Inflated Diaphragm Apparatus)
Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Inflated Diaphragm Apparatus)
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance to abrasion of woven and knitted textile fabrics, both conditioned and wet, using the inflated diaphragm tester. This procedure is not applicable to floor coverings. Note 1 - Other procedures for measuring the abrasion resistance of textile fabrics are given in Test Methods D 3884, D 3885, D 1175, and AATCC Test Method 93.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard; the values in English units are provided as information only and are not exact equivalents.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation:D3886 −99(Reapproved 2011)
Standard Test Method for
Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Inflated Diaphragm
Apparatus)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3886; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—The Terminology section was updated in June 2011.
1. Scope D2906 Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias for
2 Textiles (Withdrawn 2008)
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the
D3884 Guide for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics
resistance to abrasion of woven and knitted textile fabrics, both
(Rotary Platform, Double-Head Method)
conditioned and wet, using the inflated diaphragm tester. This
D3885 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile
procedure is not applicable to floor coverings.
Fabrics (Flexing and Abrasion Method)
NOTE 1—Other procedures for measuring the abrasion resistance of
D4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test
textile fabrics are given in Test Methods D3884, D3885, D1175 and
Methods
AATCC Test Method 93.
2.2 AATCC Standard:
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
Test Method 93 Abrasion Resistance of Fabrics:Accelerator
standard; the values in English units are provided as informa-
Method
tion only and are not exact equivalents.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3. Terminology
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1 For all terminology related to D13.60, Fabric Test
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Methods, Specific, see Terminology D4850.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.2 Thefollowingtermisrelevanttothisstandard:abrasion.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.3 FordefinitionsofallothertextiletermsseeTerminology
2. Referenced Documents
D123.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles 4. Summary of Test Method
D1175 Method of Test for Abrasion Resistance of Textile
4.1 A specimen is abraded by rubbing either unidirection-
Fabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder and Uniform Abrasion);
ally or multidirectionally against an abradant having specified
Replaced by D 4157, D 4158 (Withdrawn 1981)
surface characteristics. A specimen is held in a fixed position
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
and supported by an inflated rubber diaphragm which is held
D2904 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile Test
under constant pressure. A specimen is abraded by rubbing
Method that Produces Normally Distributed Data (With-
eitherunidirectionallyormultidirectionallyagainstanabradant
drawn 2008)
having specified surface characteristics. The resistance to
abrasion is determined using Option 1, the number of cycles to
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textiles wear a hole in the specimen, or Option 2, visual assessment of
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods,
the specimen surface after a specified number of cycles.
Specific.
Current edition approved May 1, 2011. Published June 2011. Originally
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5. Significance and Use
approved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D3886 – 99(2007) .
DOI: 10.1520/D3886-99R11E01.
5.1 The measurement of the resistance to abrasion of textile
This test method is based upon the development described by R. G. Stoll, in
and other materials is very complex.The resistance to abrasion
“Improved MultipurposeAbrasion Test and ItsApplication for the Wear Resistance
of Textiles,” Textile Research Journal , July 1949, p. 394.
is affected by many factors, such as the inherent mechanical
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
properties of the fibers; the dimensions of the fibers; the
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists, P.O.
www.astm.org. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D3886−99 (2011)
structure of the yarns; the construction of the fabrics; and the frequently related, the relationship varies with different end
type,kind,andamountoffinishingmaterialaddedtothefibers, uses, and different factors may be necessary in any calculation
yarns, or fabric. of predicted durability from specific abrasion data. Laboratory
tests may be reliable as an indication of relative end-use
5.2 The resistance to abrasion is also greatly affected by the
performance in cases where the difference in abrasion resis-
conditions of the tests, such as the nature of abradant, variable
tance of various materials is large, but they should not be relied
action of the abradant over the area of specimen abraded, the
upon where differences in laboratory test findings are small. In
tension of the specimen, the pressure between the specimen
general, they should not be relied upon for prediction of actual
and abradant, and the dimensional changes in the specimens.
wear-life in specific end uses unless there are data showing the
5.3 Abrasion tests are all subject to variation due to changes
specific relationship between laboratory abrasion tests and
in the abradant during specific tests. The abradant must
actual wear in the intended end-use.
accordingly be discarded at frequent intervals or checked
5.5 These general observations apply to all types of fabrics,
periodically against a standard. With disposable abradants, the
including woven, nonwoven, and knit apparel fabrics, house-
abradant is used only once or discarded after limited use. With
hold fabrics, industrial fabrics, and floor coverings. It is not
permanent abradants that use hardened metal or equivalent
surprising, therefore, to find that there are many different types
surfaces, it is assumed that the abradant will not change
of abrasion testing machines, abradants, testing conditions,
appreciably in a specific series of tests. Similar abradants used
testing procedures, methods of evaluation of abrasion resis-
in different laboratories will not change at the same rate, due to
tance and interpretation of results.
differencesinusage.Permanentabradantsmayalsochangedue
to pick up of finishing or other material from test fabrics and 5.6 All the test methods and instruments so far developed
must accordingly be cleaned at frequent intervals. The mea- for measuring abrasion resistance may show a high degree of
surement of the relative amount of abrasion may also be variability in results obtained by different operators and in
affected by the method of evaluation and may be influenced by different laboratories; however, they represent the test methods
the judgment of the operator. now most widely in use.
FIG. 1 Schematic Diagram of Inflated Diaphragm Abrasion Tester
5.4 The resistance of textile materials to abrasion as mea- 5.7 Because there is a definite need for measuring the
sured on a testing machine in the laboratory is generally only relative resistance to abrasion, standardized test methods are
needed and useful and may clarify the problem and lessen the
one of several factors contributing to wear performance or
confusion.
durability as experienced in the actual use of the material.
While “abrasion resistance” (often stated in terms of the
5.8 Because of the conditions mentioned above, technicians
number of cycles on a specified machine, using a specified
frequently fail to get good agreement between results obtained
technique to produce a specified degree or amount of abrasion)
onthesametypeoftestinginstrumentbothwithinandbetween
and “durability” (defined as the ability to withstand deteriora- laboratories, and the precision of these test methods is uncer-
tion or wearing out in use, including the effects of abrasion) are tain.
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D3886−99 (2011)
5.9 Test Method D3886 is not recommended for acceptance 6.1.1 Surface Abrasion Head—The specimen is mounted in
testing of commercial shipment because of the poor between- a circular clamp over a rubber diaphragm by means of a
laboratory precision. clamping ring and a tightening collar. The circular opening of
5.9.1 In cases of a dispute arising from differences in the clamping ring is 94.0 6 1.3 mm (3.70 6 0.05 in.) in
reported test results when using this test method for acceptance diameter and that of the collar 95.3 mm (3.75 in.) or more.The
testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the sup- height from the surface of the clamped-in specimen to the
plier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is upper edge of the tightening collar shall not exceed 9.5 mm ( ⁄8
a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statis- in.). The clamping area of the body of the clamp and the ring
tical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. should have gripping surfaces to prevent slipping of the
As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimen and leakage of air pressure during the test. Means
specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which shouldbeprovidedforsupplyingairpressuretothebodyofthe
are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test clamp so that the pressure under the diaphragm can be
specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers controlled between 0 and 41 kPa (0 and 6 psi) with an accuracy
to each laboratory for testing.The average results from the two of 65 % of range.
laboratories should be compared using appropriate statistical
6.1.2 Diaphragm—The rubber diaphragm should be 1.40 6
analysis for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level
0.25 mm (0.055 6 0.010 in.) in thickness. A metallic contact
chosen by the two parties before the testing begins. If a bias is
pin 3.2 mm ( ⁄8 in.) in diameter is sealed into the center of the
found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the
diaphragm flush with the diaphragm surface. Provision should
purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test
be made for a flexible electrical connection from this contact
results in the light of the known bias.
pin to the ground of the machine. The strain distribution on the
diaphragm must be uniform so that when inflated without the
6. Apparatus
specimen, it assumes the shape of a section of a sphere.
Pressure can be controlled from 0 to 41 kPa (0 to 6 psi).
6.1 Inflated Diaphragm Abrasion Tester , shown in Fig. 1
and Fig. 2 with the following essential parts:
6.1.3 Driving Mechanism—The design of the driving
mechanism is such that the circular clamp makes a reciprocal
motion of 115 6 15 double strokes per minute of 25-mm
(1-in.)strokelength.Provisionshallbemadeforrotationofthe
Apparatus is available commercially.
FIG. 2 One Type of Commercial Inflated Diaphragm Abrasion Tester
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D3886−99 (2011)
clamp in addition to the reciprocating motion so that one sive weighings made at intervals of not less than 2 h does not
revolution can be completed in 100 6 10 double strokes. exceed 0.1 % of the mass of the specimen.
6.1.4 Balance Head and Abradant Plate— The abradant is
mounted upon a plate, which is rigidly supported by a 9. Procedure
double-lever assembly to provide for free movement in a
9.1 Test the specimen in the standard atmosphere for testing
direction perpendicular to the plane of the reciprocating
textiles, which is 70 6 2°F (21 6 1°C) and 65 6 2 % relative
specimen clamp. The abradant plate assembly should be well
humidity.
balanced to maintain a vertical pressure equivalent to a mass of
9.2 Place the specimen over the rubber diaphragm in a
0 to 2.2 kg (0 to 5 lb) by means of dead weights. Provision
smooth condition, clamp the specimen in place without dis-
should be made to mount different abradants such as abrasive
torting it.
paper, fabrics, etc., on this plate, and to stretch them into an
even position. An electrically insulated contact pin, adjustable
9.3 Place the abrasive paper or other abradant on the
tothethicknessoftheabradantismountedintothisplateonthe
abradant plate under sufficient tension to be held smooth and in
length axis at one of the turning points of the center of the
such a position that the contact pin, reaching through a hole in
clamp.
the abradant, is even with the surface of the abradant. No. 0
6.1.5 Some testers can also be equipped with a continuous
emery polishing paper is the standard abradant. The method
changing abradant head which is optional.
may be modified to use other abradants but this information
should be included in the final report.
NOTE 2—The machine manufacturer does not provide adequate instruc-
tions for the use of the continuous changing abradant head. Work is being
NOTE 4—If the continuous changing abradant head is used, it should be
done with the manufacturer to write a set of instructions.
noted that, although the weight of the head is counter-balanced, the
balance changes during use as the paper passes from the back roll to the
6.1.6 Machine Stopping Mechanism—Contact between the
front roll unless the continuous changing abradant head is used.
adjustable pin on the lower side of the abradant plate and the
NOTE 5—Unless the continuous changing abradant head is used, it is
contact pin inserted into the center of the diaphragm closes a
recommended that the abradant paper be changed at some regular
low-voltage circuit and stops the machine.
frequency,suchasevery100to300cycles.Asthisfrequencyisdependent
upon the type of fabric being tested, the task group is working on devising
6.1.7 Indicators—Means should be provided for indicating
a more extensive system.
the diaphragm pressure, and the number of abrasion cycles (1
cycle = 1 double stroke).
9.4 Set the air pressure under the diaphragm and force on
6.1.8 Fig. 2 shows a commercially available machine that
the abradant plate. The air pressure should be 28 kPa (4 psi)
conforms to the requirements of this method. and the load on the abradant should be 454 g (1 lb). Be sure
that the air pressure control and contact between inflated
7. Sampling specimen and loaded abradant is in a state of equilibrium
before abrasion is started. To ensure consistent inflation of the
7.1 LotSample—Asalotsampleforacceptancetesting,take
diaphragm, inflate to a higher air pressure (25 %) and then
at random the
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