ASTM D2857-95

Standard Practice for Dilute Solution Viscosity of Polymers

SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the determination of the dilute solution viscosity of polymers. There are several ASTM standards (Test Methods D789, D1243, D1601, and D4603, and Practice D3591) that describe dilute solution viscosity procedures for specific polymers, such as nylon, poly(vinyl chloride), polyethylene, and poly(ethylene terephthalate). This practice is written to augment these standards when problems arise with which the specific procedure is not concerned, or when no standard is available for the polymer under investigation.  
1.2 This practice is applicable to all polymers that dissolve completely without chemical reaction or degradation to form solutions that are stable with time at a temperature between ambient and 150°C. Results are usually expressed as relative viscosity (viscosity ratio), inherent viscosity (logarithmic viscosity number), or intrinsic viscosity (limiting viscosity number) (see 3.1).  
1.3 For polyamides, relative viscosity values by this procedure are not equivalent to those determined by Test Methods D789.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1—This standard and ISO 1628, "Plastics-Determination of Viscosity Number and Limiting Viscosity Number," are technically equivalent.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 14-Feb-1995
• Technical Committee: D20 - Plastics
• Drafting Committee: D20.70 - Analytical Methods

Relations

• Replaced By: ASTM D2857-95(2001) - Standard Practice for Dilute Solution Viscosity of Polymers
• Effective Date: 15-Feb-1995
• Referred By: ASTM F2579-18 - Standard Specification for Amorphous Poly(lactide) and Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) Resins for Surgical Implants
• Effective Date: 15-Feb-1995
• Referred By: ASTM F2902-16e1 - Standard Guide for Assessment of Absorbable Polymeric Implants
• Effective Date: 15-Feb-1995
• Referred By: ASTM F561-19 - Standard Practice for Retrieval and Analysis of Medical Devices, and Associated Tissues and Fluids
• Effective Date: 15-Feb-1995
• Referred By: ASTM D5225-22 - Standard Test Method for Measuring Solution Viscosity of Polymers with a Differential Viscometer
• Effective Date: 15-Feb-1995
• Referred By: ASTM F1925-22 - Standard Specification for Semi-Crystalline Poly(lactide) Polymer and Copolymer Resins for Surgical Implants
• Effective Date: 15-Feb-1995
• Referred By: ASTM F624-09(2015)e1 - Standard Guide for Evaluation of Thermoplastic Polyurethane Solids and Solutions for Biomedical Applications
• Effective Date: 15-Feb-1995
• Referred By: ASTM D5336-22 - Standard Classification System and Basis for Specification for Polyphthalamide (PPA) Injection Molding Materials
• Effective Date: 15-Feb-1995
• Referred By: ASTM F2150-19 - Standard Guide for Characterization and Testing of Biomaterial Scaffolds Used in Regenerative Medicine and Tissue-Engineered Medical Products
• Effective Date: 15-Feb-1995
• Referred By: ASTM D1243-22 - Standard Test Method for Dilute Solution Viscosity of Vinyl Chloride Polymers
• Effective Date: 15-Feb-1995
• Referred By: ASTM F1635-16 - Standard Test Method for <emph type="bdit">in vitro</emph> Degradation Testing of Hydrolytically Degradable Polymer Resins and Fabricated Forms for Surgical Implants
• Effective Date: 15-Feb-1995
• Referred By: ASTM F942-18(2023)e1 - Standard Guide for Selection of Test Methods for Interlayer Materials for Aerospace Transparent Enclosures
• Effective Date: 15-Feb-1995
• Referred By: ASTM D5296-19 - Standard Test Method for Molecular Weight Averages and Molecular Weight Distribution of Polystyrene by High Performance Size-Exclusion Chromatography
• Effective Date: 15-Feb-1995
• Referred By: ASTM F3384-21 - Standard Specification for Polydioxanone Polymer Resins for Surgical Implants
• Effective Date: 15-Feb-1995
• Referred By: ASTM F2313-18 - Standard Specification for Poly(glycolide) and Poly(glycolide-co-lactide) Resins for Surgical Implants with Mole Fractions Greater Than or Equal to 70&#x2009;% Glycolide
• Effective Date: 15-Feb-1995

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: D 2857 – 95 An American National Standard
Standard Practice for
1
Dilute Solution Viscosity of Polymers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2857; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope ity, Melting Point, and Moisture Content of Polyamide
3
(PA)
1.1 This practice covers the determination of the dilute
3
D 883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
solution viscosity of polymers. There are several ASTM
D 1243 Test Method for Dilute Solution Viscosity of Vinyl
standards (Test Methods D 789, D 1243, D 1601, and D 4603,
3
Chloride Polymers
and Practice D 3591) that describe dilute solution viscosity
D 1600 Terminology for Abbreviated Terms Relating to
procedures for specific polymers, such as nylon, poly(vinyl
3
Plastics
chloride), polyethylene, and poly(ethylene terephthalate). This
D 1601 Test Method for Dilute Solution Viscosity of Eth-
practice is written to augment these standards when problems
3
ylene Polymers
arise with which the specific procedure is not concerned, or
D 3591 Practice for Determining Logarithmic Viscosity
when no standard is available for the polymer under investi-
Number of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) in Formulated
gation.
4
Compounds
1.2 This practice is applicable to all polymers that dissolve
D 4603 Test Method for Determining Inherent Viscosity of
completely without chemical reaction or degradation to form
5
Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) (PET)
solutions that are stable with time at a temperature between
5
D 5226 Practice for Dissolving Polymer Materials
ambient and 150°C. Results are usually expressed as relative
6
E 1 Specification for ASTM Thermometers
viscosity (viscosity ratio), inherent viscosity (logarithmic vis-
2.2 ISO Standard:
cosity number), or intrinsic viscosity (limiting viscosity num-
1628/1 Guidelines for the Standardization of Methods for
ber) (see 3.1).
the Determination of Viscosity Number and Limiting
1.3 For polyamides, relative viscosity values by this proce-
7
Viscosity Number of Polymers in Dilute Solution
dure are not equivalent to those determined by Test Methods
2.3 National Institute of Standards and Technology Docu-
D 789.
ment:
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
8
Circular No. C602 Testing of Glass Volumetric Apparatus
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3. Terminology
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1 Definitions—Terms and definitions in Terminology
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
D 883 and abbreviations in Terminology D 1600 are applicable
9
NOTE 1—This standard and ISO 1628, “Plastics—Determination of
to this practice. The following definitions are applicable to this
Viscosity Number and Limiting Viscosity Number,” are technically
practice.
equivalent.
3.1.1 inherent viscosity, h , n—the ratio of the natural
inh
logarithm of the relative viscosity to the mass concentration of
2. Referenced Documents
the polymer, c: h 5 (ln h )/c.
inh r
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Also known as the logarithmic viscos-
D 445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
ity number, h . See also 3.1.3.
ln
and Opaque Liquids (and the Calculation of Dynamic
3.1.2 intrinsic viscosity, [h], n—the limiting value of the
2
Viscosity)
reduced viscosity or the inherent viscosity at infinite dilution
D 446 Specifications and Operating Instructions for Glass
2
Capillary Kinematic Viscometers
D 789 Test Methods for Determination of Relative Viscos-
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01.
4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.02.
5
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.03.
6
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.03.
7
1
Available from American National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd St., 13th
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-20 on Plastics
Floor, New York, NY 10036.
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.70 on Analytical Methods.
8
Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology, U.S. Depart-
Current edition approved Feb. 15, 1995. Published April 1995. Originally
ment of Commerce, Washington, DC 20234.
published as D 2857 – 70. Last previous edition D 2857 – 93.
9
2
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Compendium of Macro-
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.
molecular Nomenclature, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, England, 1991.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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