ASTM D6001-96(2002)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Direct-Push Water Sampling for Geoenvironmental Investigations
Standard Guide for Direct-Push Water Sampling for Geoenvironmental Investigations
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers a review of methods for sampling ground water at discrete points or in increments by insertion of sampling devices by static force or impact without drilling and removal of cuttings. By directly pushing the sampler, the soil is displaced and helps to form an annular seal above the sampling zone. Direct-push water sampling can be one time, or multiple sampling events. Methods for obtaining water samples for water quality analysis and detection of contaminants are presented.
1.2 Direct-push methods of water sampling are used for ground-water quality studies. Water quality may vary at different depths below the surface depending on geohydrologic conditions. Incremental sampling or sampling at discrete depths is used to determine the distribution of contaminants and to more completely characterize geohydrologic environments. These investigations are frequently required in characterization of hazardous and toxic waste sites.
1.3 Direct-push methods can provide accurate information on the distribution of water quality if provisions are made to ensure that cross-contamination or linkage between water bearing strata are not made. Discrete point sampling with a sealed (protected) screen sampler, combined with on-site analysis of water samples, can provide the most accurate depiction of water quality conditions at the time of sampling. Direct-push water sampling with exposed-screen sampling devices may be useful and are considered as screening tools depending on precautions taken during testing. Exposed screen samplers may require development or purging depending on sampling and quality assurance plans. Results from direct-push investigations can be used to guide placement of permanent ground-water monitoring wells and direct remediation efforts. Multiple sampling events can be performed to depict conditions over time. Use of double tube tooling, where the outer push tube seals the hole, prevents the sampling tools from coming in contact with the formation, except at the sampling point.
1.4 Field test methods described in this guide include installation of temporary well points, and insertion of water samplers using a variety of insertion methods. Insertion methods include: ( 1) soil probing using combinations of impact, percussion, or vibratory driving with or without additions of smooth static force; ( 2) smooth static force from the surface using hydraulic penetrometer or drilling equipment, and incremental drilling combined with direct-push water sampling events. Under typical incremental drilling operations, samplers are advanced with assistance of drilling equipment by smooth hydraulic push, or mechanical impacts from hammers or other vibratory equipment. Methods for borehole abandonment by grouting are also addressed.
1.5 Direct-push water sampling is limited to soils that can be penetrated with available equipment. In strong soils damage may result during insertion of the sampler from rod bending or assembly buckling. Penetration may be limited, or damage to samplers or rods can occur in certain ground conditions, some of which are discussed in 4.6. Information in this procedure is limited to sampling of saturated soils in perched or saturated ground-water conditions.
1.6 This guide does not address installation of permanent water sampling systems such as those presented in Practice D 5092.
1.7 Direct-push water sampling for geoenvironmental exploration will often involve safety planning, administration, and documentation.
1.8 This guide does not purport to address all aspects of exploration and site safety. It is the responsibility of the user of this guide to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations before its use.
1.9 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be ...
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Designation: D 6001 – 96 (Reapproved 2002)
Standard Guide for
Direct-Push Water Sampling for Geoenvironmental
Investigations
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6001; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope push tube seals the hole, prevents the sampling tools from
coming in contact with the formation, except at the sampling
1.1 This guide covers a review of methods for sampling
point.
ground water at discrete points or in increments by insertion of
1.4 Field test methods described in this guide include
sampling devices by static force or impact without drilling and
installation of temporary well points, and insertion of water
removalofcuttings.Bydirectlypushingthesampler,thesoilis
samplers using a variety of insertion methods. Insertion meth-
displacedandhelpstoformanannularsealabovethesampling
ods include: (1) soil probing using combinations of impact,
zone. Direct-push water sampling can be one time, or multiple
percussion, or vibratory driving with or without additions of
sampling events. Methods for obtaining water samples for
smooth static force; (2) smooth static force from the surface
water quality analysis and detection of contaminants are
using hydraulic penetrometer or drilling equipment, and incre-
presented.
mental drilling combined with direct-push water sampling
1.2 Direct-push methods of water sampling are used for
events. Under typical incremental drilling operations, samplers
ground-water quality studies. Water quality may vary at differ-
are advanced with assistance of drilling equipment by smooth
ent depths below the surface depending on geohydrologic
hydraulic push, or mechanical impacts from hammers or other
conditions. Incremental sampling or sampling at discrete
vibratory equipment. Methods for borehole abandonment by
depths is used to determine the distribution of contaminants
grouting are also addressed.
and to more completely characterize geohydrologic environ-
1.5 Direct-push water sampling is limited to soils that can
ments. These investigations are frequently required in charac-
be penetrated with available equipment. In strong soils damage
terization of hazardous and toxic waste sites.
may result during insertion of the sampler from rod bending or
1.3 Direct-push methods can provide accurate information
assembly buckling. Penetration may be limited, or damage to
on the distribution of water quality if provisions are made to
samplers or rods can occur in certain ground conditions, some
ensure that cross-contamination or linkage between water
of which are discussed in 4.6. Information in this procedure is
bearing strata are not made. Discrete point sampling with a
limited to sampling of saturated soils in perched or saturated
sealed (protected) screen sampler, combined with on-site
ground-water conditions.
analysis of water samples, can provide the most accurate
1.6 This guide does not address installation of permanent
depiction of water quality conditions at the time of sampling.
water sampling systems such as those presented in Practice
Direct-push water sampling with exposed-screen sampling
D 5092.
devices may be useful and are considered as screening tools
1.7 Direct-push water sampling for geoenvironmental ex-
depending on precautions taken during testing. Exposed screen
ploration will often involve safety planning, administration,
samplers may require development or purging depending on
and documentation.
samplingandqualityassuranceplans.Resultsfromdirect-push
1.8 This guide does not purport to address all aspects of
investigations can be used to guide placement of permanent
exploration and site safety. It is the responsibility of the user of
ground-water monitoring wells and direct remediation efforts.
this guide to establish appropriate safety and health practices
Multiple sampling events can be performed to depict condi-
and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations before
tions over time. Use of double tube tooling, where the outer
its use.
1.9 This guide offers an organized collection of information
or a series of options and does not recommend a specific
ThisguideisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD18onSoilandRock
course of action. This document cannot replace education or
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Ground Water and
experienceandshouldbeusedinconjunctionwithprofessional
Vadose Zone Investigations.
Current edition approved Aug. 10, 1996. Published January 1997. judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D 6001 – 96 (2002)
circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to repre- D 5875 Guide for the Use of Cable-Tool Drilling and
sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of Sampling Methods for Geoenvironmental Explorations
a given professional service must be judged, nor should this and Installation of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring
document be applied without consideration of a project’s many Devices
unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this
D 5876 Guide for the Use of Direct Rotary Wireline Casing
document means only that the document has been approved
Advancement Drilling Methods for Geoenvironmental
through the ASTM consensus process.
Exploration and the Installation of Subsurface Water-
Quality Monitoring Devices
2. Referenced Documents
2.3 Soil Sampling:
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 1586 Test Method for Penetration Test and Split-Barrel
D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained 2
Sampling of Soils
Fluids
D 1587 PracticeforThin-WalledTubeSamplingofSoilsfor
D 2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils
Geotechnical Purposes
(Visual-Manual Procedure)
D 3550 Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Lined, Split Barrel,
D 3441 Test Method for Mechanical Cone PenetrationTests
Drive Sampling of Soils
of Soil
D 4700 Guide for Soil Sampling from the Vadose Zone
D 4448 Guide for Sampling Ground-Water Monitoring
Wells
3. Terminology
D 4750 Test Method for Determining Subsurface Liquid
Levels in a Borehole or Monitoring Well (Observation
3.1 Terminology used within this guide is in accordance
Well)
with Terminology D 653 with the addition of the following:
D 5088 Practices for Decontamination of Field Equipment
3.2 Definitions in accordance with Practice D 5092.
Used at Nonradioactive Waste Sites
3.3 bailer—a hollow tubular receptacle used to facilitate
D 5092 Practice for Design and Installation of Ground
removal of fluid from a well or borehole.
Water Monitoring Wells in Aquifers
3.4 borehole—a circular open or uncased subsurface hole
D 5229 Practice for Decommissioning Monitoring Wells
created by drilling.
D 5254 Practice for Minimum Set of Data Elements to
3.5 casing—pipe, finished in sections with either threaded
Identify a Ground-Water Site
connections or beveled edges to be field welded, which is
D 5314 Guide for Soil Gas Monitoring in the Vadose Zone
installed temporarily or permanently to counteract caving, to
D 5434 Guide for Field Logging of Subsurface Explora-
advance the borehole, or to isolate the interval being moni-
tions of Soil and Rock
tored, or combination thereof.
D 5474 Guide for Selection of Data Elements for Ground-
3.6 caving; sloughing—the inflow of unconsolidated mate-
Water Investigation
rial into a borehole that occurs when the borehole walls lose
D 5521 Guide for Development of Ground-Water Monitor-
their cohesive strength.
ing Wells in Granular Aquifers
3.7 centralizer—a device that helps in the centering of a
D 5730 Guide for Site Characterization for Environmental
casing or riser within a borehole or another casing.
Purposes With Emphasis on Soil, Rock, the Vadose Zone
3.8 jetting—when applied as a drilling method, water is
and Ground Water
forceddownthroughthedrillrodsorriserpipeandoutthrough
D 5778 Test Method for Performing Electronic Friction
the end openings. The jetting water then transports the gener-
Cone and Piezocone Penetration Tests
ated cuttings to the ground surface in the annulus of the drill
2.2 Drilling Methods:
rodsorcasingandtheborehole.Thetermjettingmayalsorefer
D 5781 GuidefortheUseofDual-WallReverse-Circulation
to a well development technique.
Drilling for Geoenvironmental Exploration and the Instal-
3.9 PTFE tape—joint sealing tape composed of polytet-
lation of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring Devices
rafluorethylene.
D 5782 Guide for the Use of Direct Air-Rotary Drilling for
3.10 well screen—a filtering device used to retain the
Geoenvironmental Exploration and the Installation of
primary or natural filter pack; usually a cylindrical pipe with
Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring Devices
openings of uniform width, orientation, and spacing.
D 5783 Guide for the Use of Direct Rotary Drilling with
3.11 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
Water-Based Drilling Fluid for Geoenvironmental Explo-
3.11.1 assembly length—length of sampler body and riser
ration and the Installation of Subsurface Water-Quality
pipes.
Monitoring Devices
3.11.2 bentonite—the common name for drilling fluid addi-
D 5784 Guide for the Use of Hollow-Stem Augers for
tives and well construction products consisting mostly of
Geoenvironmental Exploration and the Installation of
4 naturally occurring sodium montmorillonite. Some bentonite
Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring Devices
products have chemical additives that may affect water quality
analyses (see 9.3.3).
3.11.3 direct-push sampling—sampling devices that are di-
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.08.
rectly inserted into the soil to be sampled without drilling or
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.04.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.09. borehole excavation.
D 6001 – 96 (2002)
3.11.4 drill hole—a cylindrical hole advanced into the samples of thin aquifers. Use of these sampling techniques will
subsurface by mechanical means; also, known as borehole or result in more detailed site characterization of sites containing
boring. multiple aquifers. By inserting a protected sampling screen in
3.11.5 effective screen length—the length of a screen open direct contact with soil and with watertight risers, initial well
or exposed to water bearing strata. development (Guide D 5521) and purging of wells may not be
3.11.6 effective seal length—the length of soil above the required for the first sampling event. Discrete water sampling,
well screen that is in intimate contact with the riser pipe and combined with knowledge of location and thickness of target
prevents connection of the well screen with ground water from aquifers, may better define conditions in thin multiple aquifers
other zones. than monitoring wells with screened intervals that can intersect
3.11.7 grab sampling—theprocessofcollectingasampleof and allow for intercommunication of multiple aquifers
fluid exposed to atmospheric pressure through the riser pipe (2,4,5,7,8,11).Direct-pushsamplingperformedwithoutknowl-
with bailers or other methods that may include pumping; also edge of the location and thickness of target aquifers can result
know as batch sampling. in sampling of the wrong aquifer or penetration through
3.11.8 incrementaldrillingandsampling—insertionmethod confining beds.
where rotary drilling and sampling events are alternated for
5.2 For sites that allow surface push of the sampling device,
incremental sampling. Incremental drilling is often needed to
discrete water sampling is often performed in conjunction with
penetrate harder or deeper formations.
the cone penetration test (Test Method D 5778) (2–9), which is
3.11.9 in situ testing devices—sensors or samplers, used for
often used for stratigraphic mapping of aquifers, and to
obtaining mechanical or chemical test data, that are typically
delineate high-permeability zones. In such cases, direct-push
pushed,rotated,ordrivenfromthesurfaceorbelowthebottom
water sampling is normally performed close to cone holes. In
of a borehole following completion of an increment of drilling.
complex alluvial environments, thin aquifers may vary in
3.11.10 intermittent sampling devices—usually barrel-type
continuity such that water sampling devices may not intersect
samplers driven or pushed below the bottom of a borehole
the same layer at equivalent depths as companion cone
following completion of an increment of drilling.
penetrometer holes.
3.11.11 percussion driving—insertion method where rapid
5.3 Water sampling chambers may be sealed to maintain in
hammer impacts are performed to insert the sampling device.
situ pressures and to allow for pressure measurements and
The percussion is normally accompanied with application of
permeability testing (4,7,10). Sealing of samples under pres-
static down force.
sure may reduce the possible volatilization of some organic
3.11.12 push depth—the depth below a ground surface
compounds. Field comparisons may be used to evaluate any
datum that the end or tip of the direct-push water sampling
systematic errors in sampling equipments and methods. Com-
device is inserted.
parison studies may include the need for pressurizing samples,
or the use of vacuum to extract fluids more rapidly from low
4. Summary of Guide
hydraulic conductivity soils (8.1.5.3).
4.1 Direct-push water sampling consists of pushing a pro-
5.4 Degradation of water samples during handling and
tected well screen to a known depth, opening the well screen
transport can be reduced if discrete water sampling events with
over a known interval, and sampling water from the interval.A
protected screen samplers are combined with real time field
well point with an exposed screen can also be pushed with
analysis of potential contaminants. In limited studies, research-
understanding of potential cross-contamination effects and
ers have found that the combination of discrete protected
purging requirements considered. A sampler with constant
screen sampling with onsite field analytical testing provide
outside diameter is inserted directly into the soil by hydraulic
accurate data of aquifer water quality conditions at the time of
jacking or hammering until sufficient riser pipe is seated into
testing (2,4). Direct-push water sampling with exposed screen
the soil to ensure a seal. Protected well screens can be exposed
sampling devices, which may require development or purging,
by retraction of riser pipes. While the riser is seated in the soil,
areconsideredass
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