ASTM D6001-96e1
(Guide)Standard Guide for Direct-Push Water Sampling for Geoenvironmental Investigations
Standard Guide for Direct-Push Water Sampling for Geoenvironmental Investigations
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers a review of methods for sampling ground water at discrete points or in increments by insertion of sampling devices by static force or impact without drilling and removal of cuttings. By directly pushing the sampler, the soil is displaced and helps to form an annular seal above the sampling zone. Direct-push water sampling can be one time, or multiple sampling events. Methods for obtaining water samples for water quality analysis and detection of contaminants are presented.
1.2 Direct-push methods of water sampling are used for ground-water quality studies. Water quality may vary at different depths below the surface depending on geohydrologic conditions. Incremental sampling or sampling at discrete depths is used to determine distribution of contaminants and to more completely characterize geohydrologic environments. These investigations are frequently required in characterization of hazardous and toxic waste sites.
1.3 Direct-push methods can provide accurate information on the distribution of water quality if provisions are made to ensure that cross-contamination or linkage between water bearing strata are not made. Discrete point sampling with a sealed (protected) screen sampler, combined with on-site analysis of water samples, can provide the most accurate depiction of water quality conditions at the time of sampling. Direct-push water sampling with exposed-screen sampling devices may be useful and are considered as screening tools depending on precautions taken during testing. Exposed screen samplers may require development or purging depending on sampling and quality assurance plans. Results from direct-push investigations can be used to guide placement of permanent groun-water monitoring wells and direct remediation efforts. Multiple sampling events can be performed to depict conditions over time. Use of double tube tooling, where the outer push tube seals the hole, prevents the sampling tools from coming in contact with the formation, except at the sampling point.
1.4 Field test methods described in this guide include installation of temporary well points, and insertion of water samplers using a variety of insertion methods. Insertion methods include: (1) soil probing using combinations of impact, percussion, or vibratory driving with or without additions of smooth static force; (2) smooth static force from the surface using hydraulic penetrometer or drilling equipment, and incremental drilling combined with direct-push water sampling events. Under typical incremental drilling operations, samplers are advanced with assistance of drilling equipment by smooth hydraulic push, or mechanical impacts from hammers or other vibratory equipment. Methods for borehole abandonment by grouting are also addressed.
1.5 Direct-push water sampling is limited to soils that can be penetrated with available equipment. In strong soils damage may result during insertion of the sampler from rod bending or assembly buckling. Penetration may be limited, or damage to samplers or rods can occur in certain ground conditions, some of which are discussed in 4.6. Information in this procedure is limited to sampling of saturated soils in perched or saturated ground-water conditions.
1.6 This guide does not address installation of permanent water sampling systems such as those presented in Practice D 5092.
1.7 Direct-push water sampling for geoenvironmental exploration will often involve safety planning, administration, and documentation.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.9 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or exp...
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e1
Designation: D 6001 – 96
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428
Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Copyright ASTM
Standard Guide for
Direct-Push Water Sampling for Geoenvironmental
1
Investigations
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6001; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
e NOTE—Paragraph 1.9 was added editorially October 1998.
1. Scope 1.4 Field test methods described in this guide include
installation of temporary well points, and insertion of water
1.1 This guide covers a review of methods for sampling
samplers using a variety of insertion methods. Insertion meth-
ground water at discrete points or in increments by insertion of
ods include: (1) soil probing using combinations of impact,
sampling devices by static force or impact without drilling and
percussion, or vibratory driving with or without additions of
removal of cuttings. By directly pushing the sampler, the soil is
smooth static force; (2) smooth static force from the surface
displaced and helps to form an annular seal above the sampling
using hydraulic penetrometer or drilling equipment, and incre-
zone. Direct-push water sampling can be one time, or multiple
mental drilling combined with direct-push water sampling
sampling events. Methods for obtaining water samples for
events. Under typical incremental drilling operations, samplers
water quality analysis and detection of contaminants are
are advanced with assistance of drilling equipment by smooth
presented.
hydraulic push, or mechanical impacts from hammers or other
1.2 Direct-push methods of water sampling are used for
vibratory equipment. Methods for borehole abandonment by
ground-water quality studies. Water quality may vary at differ-
grouting are also addressed.
ent depths below the surface depending on geohydrologic
1.5 Direct-push water sampling is limited to soils that can
conditions. Incremental sampling or sampling at discrete
be penetrated with available equipment. In strong soils damage
depths is used to determine the distribution of contaminants
may result during insertion of the sampler from rod bending or
and to more completely characterize geohydrologic environ-
assembly buckling. Penetration may be limited, or damage to
ments. These investigations are frequently required in charac-
samplers or rods can occur in certain ground conditions, some
terization of hazardous and toxic waste sites.
of which are discussed in 4.6. Information in this procedure is
1.3 Direct-push methods can provide accurate information
limited to sampling of saturated soils in perched or saturated
on the distribution of water quality if provisions are made to
ground-water conditions.
ensure that cross-contamination or linkage between water
1.6 This guide does not address installation of permanent
bearing strata are not made. Discrete point sampling with a
water sampling systems such as those presented in Practice
sealed (protected) screen sampler, combined with on-site
D 5092.
analysis of water samples, can provide the most accurate
1.7 Direct-push water sampling for geoenvironmental ex-
depiction of water quality conditions at the time of sampling.
ploration will often involve safety planning, administration,
Direct-push water sampling with exposed-screen sampling
and documentation.
devices may be useful and are considered as screening tools
1.8 This guide does not purport to address all aspects of
depending on precautions taken during testing. Exposed screen
exploration and site safety. It is the responsibility of the user of
samplers may require development or purging depending on
this guide to establish appropriate safety and health practices
sampling and quality assurance plans. Results from direct-push
and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations before
investigations can be used to guide placement of permanent
its use.
ground-water monitoring wells and direct remediation efforts.
1.9 This guide offers an organized collection of information
Multiple sampling events can be performed to depict condi-
or a series of options and does not recommend a specific
tions over time. Use of double tube tooling, where the outer
course of action. This document cannot replace education or
push tube seals the hole, prevents the sampling tools from
experience and should be used in conjunction with professional
coming in contact with the formation, except at the sampling
judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all
point.
circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intend
...
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