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ASTM E2231-14

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting of Pipe and Duct Insulation Materials to Assess Surface Burning Characteristics

Standard Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting of Pipe and Duct Insulation Materials to Assess Surface Burning Characteristics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Pipe and duct insulation systems are often evaluated with Test Method E84 to comply with building or mechanical code requirements. This practice describes, in detail, specimen preparation and mounting procedures for single-component pipe or duct insulation systems and for multi-component pipe or duct insulation systems.  
5.2 The material, system, composite, or assembly tested shall be representative of the completed insulation system used in actual field installations, in terms of the components, including their respective thicknesses.  
5.3 Pipe and duct insulation systems consist of a variety of materials and constructions.  
5.4 Some testing laboratories have developed a number of protocols for testing pipe or duct insulation systems which utilize one generic type of materials, all of them with an insulation core and a jacket. Those protocols are the origin of this practice, which makes them generic, to reduce material bias in the standard; they have resulted in the procedures presented in 6.1. The procedures presented in 6.2 – 6.5 address other types of pipe or duct insulation systems.  
5.5 This practice addresses specimen preparation and mounting of systems of the types described in 5.5.1 – 5.5.3 and testing of supplementary materials as described in 5.6.  
5.5.1 Multi-component systems containing an insulation core and a jacket, with or without adhesive between insulation core and jacket, not intended to be bonded to a pipe or duct substrate. Specimen preparation and mounting for such systems is described in 6.1 if they are self-supporting and in 6.2 if they are not self-supporting.  
5.5.2 Single component systems, not intended to be bonded to a pipe or duct substrate. Specimen preparation and mounting for such systems is described in 6.3 if they are self-supporting and in 6.4 if they are not self-supporting.  
5.5.3 Systems intended to be bonded to a pipe or duct substrate. Specimen preparation and mounting for such systems is described in 6.5...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes procedures for specimen preparation and mounting when testing pipe and duct insulation materials to assess flame spread and smoke development as surface burning characteristics using Test Method E84.  
1.2 If the pipe or duct insulation materials to be tested are reflective insulation materials (see 3.2.10 and 3.2.11), the materials shall be tested using the procedures for specimen preparation and mounting described in Practice E2599 and not the procedures described in 6.1 through 6.6.  
1.3 Testing is conducted with Test Method E84.  
1.4 This practice does not provide pass/fail criteria that can be used as a regulatory tool.  
1.5 Use the values stated in inch-pound units as the standard, in referee decisions. The values in the SI system of units are given in parentheses, for information only; see IEEE/ASTM SI-10 for further details.  
1.6 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.  
1.7 Fire testing of products and materials is inherently hazardous, and adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests. Fire testing involves hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard gives instructions on specimen preparation and mounting, but the fire-test-response method is given in Test Method E84. See also Section 8.  
1.8 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered requirements of the standard.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.10 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-Mar-2014
ICS
13.220.50 - Fire-resistance of building materials and elements
Technical Committee
E05 - Fire Standards
Drafting Committee
E05.22 - Surface Burning
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E2231-09 - Standard Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting of Pipe and Duct Insulation Materials to Assess Surface Burning Characteristics
Effective Date
15-Mar-2014
Replaced By
ASTM E2231-15 - Standard Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting of Pipe and Duct Insulation Materials to Assess Surface Burning Characteristics
Effective Date
01-Apr-2015
Referred By
ASTM C1290-16(2021) - Standard Specification for Flexible Fibrous Glass Blanket Insulation Used to Externally Insulate HVAC Ducts
Effective Date
15-Mar-2014
Referred By
ASTM C1685-15(2021) - Standard Specification for Pneumatically Applied High-Temperature Fiber Thermal Insulation for Industrial Applications
Effective Date
15-Mar-2014
Referred By
ASTM E84-23b - Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials
Effective Date
15-Mar-2014
Referred By
ASTM C1594-23 - Standard Specification for Polyimide Rigid Cellular Thermal Insulation
Effective Date
15-Mar-2014
Referred By
ASTM C1410-17(2023) - Standard Specification for Cellular Melamine Thermal and Sound-Absorbing Insulation
Effective Date
15-Mar-2014
Referred By
ASTM C1427-21 - Standard Specification for Extruded Preformed Flexible Cellular Polyolefin Thermal Insulation in Sheet and Tubular Form
Effective Date
15-Mar-2014
Referred By
ASTM E2599-22 - Standard Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting of Reflective Insulation, Radiant Barrier and Vinyl Stretch Ceiling Materials for Building Applications to Assess Surface Burning Characteristics
Effective Date
15-Mar-2014
Referred By
ASTM C1728-23 - Standard Specification for Flexible Aerogel Insulation
Effective Date
15-Mar-2014
Referred By
ASTM C1482-23 - Standard Specification for Polyimide Flexible Cellular Thermal and Sound Absorbing Insulation
Effective Date
15-Mar-2014
Referred By
ASTM C1534-22 - Standard Specification for Flexible Polymeric Foam Sheet Insulation Used as a Thermal and Sound Absorbing Liner for Duct Systems
Effective Date
15-Mar-2014
Referred By
ASTM C1071-19 - Standard Specification for Fibrous Glass Duct Lining Insulation (Thermal and Sound Absorbing Material)
Effective Date
15-Mar-2014
Referred By
ASTM C534/C534M-23 - Standard Specification for Preformed Flexible Elastomeric Cellular Thermal Insulation in Sheet and Tubular Form
Effective Date
15-Mar-2014
Referred By
ASTM E176-21ae1 - Standard Terminology of Fire Standards
Effective Date
15-Mar-2014

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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E2231 − 14 AnAmerican National Standard
Standard Practice for
Specimen Preparation and Mounting of Pipe and Duct
Insulation Materials to Assess Surface Burning
1
Characteristics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2231; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1.1 This practice describes procedures for specimen prepa-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
ration and mounting when testing pipe and duct insulation
1.10 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantita-
materials to assess flame spread and smoke development as
tive measures.
surface burning characteristics using Test Method E84.
1.2 If the pipe or duct insulation materials to be tested are
2. Referenced Documents
reflective insulation materials (see 3.2.10 and 3.2.11), the
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
materials shall be tested using the procedures for specimen
A390 Specification for Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Steel
preparation and mounting described in Practice E2599 and not
Poultry Fence Fabric (Hexagonal and Straight Line)
the procedures described in 6.1 through 6.6.
C168 Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation
1.3 Testing is conducted with Test Method E84.
C1186 Specification for Flat Fiber-Cement Sheets
C1224 Specification for Reflective Insulation for Building
1.4 This practice does not provide pass/fail criteria that can
Applications
be used as a regulatory tool.
C1396/C1396M Specification for Gypsum Board
1.5 Use the values stated in inch-pound units as the
E84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of
standard, in referee decisions. The values in the SI system of
Building Materials
units are given in parentheses, for information only; see
E136 Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a Vertical
IEEE/ASTM SI-10 for further details.
Tube Furnace at 750°C
1.6 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative
E176 Terminology of Fire Standards
measures.
E2599 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting of
Reflective Insulation, Radiant Barrier and Vinyl Stretch
1.7 Fire testing of products and materials is inherently
Ceiling Materials for Building Applications to Assess
hazardous, and adequate safeguards for personnel and property
Surface Burning Characteristics
shall be employed in conducting these tests. Fire testing
IEEE/ASTM SI-10 International System of Units (SI) The
involves hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This
Modernized Metric System
standard gives instructions on specimen preparation and
2.2 UL Standards:
mounting, but the fire-test-response method is given in Test
UL181 Standard for Safety for Factory-MadeAir Ducts and
Method E84. See also Section 8.
3
Connectors
1.8 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes
which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes
3. Terminology
(excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this prac-
requirements of the standard.
tice refer to the terminology contained in Terminology E176.
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1 2
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on Fire For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Standards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.22 on Surface contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Burning. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved March 15, 2014. Published April 2014. Originally the ASTM website.
3
approved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as E2231-09. DOI: Available from Underwriters Laboratories (UL), Corporate Progress, 333
10.1520/E2231-14. Pfingsten Rd., Northbrook, IL 60062.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E2231 − 14
3.2.1 composite, n—as related to a pipe or duct insulation, system, as well as adhesives used to bond the insulation to the
see duct insulation system or pipe insulation system. pipe substrate and that do not cover the pipe continuously for
an extended length.
3.2.2 duct, n—as related to heating ventilating, air condi-
tioning or exhaust systems, a passageway made of sheet metal 3.2.10 reflective insulati
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E2231 − 09 E2231 − 14 An American National Standard
Standard Practice for
Specimen Preparation and Mounting of Pipe and Duct
Insulation Materials to Assess Surface Burning
1
Characteristics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2231; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice describes procedures for specimen preparation and mounting when testing pipe and duct insulation materials
to assess flame spread and smoke development as surface burning characteristics using Test Method E84.
1.2 If the pipe or duct insulation materials to be tested are reflective insulation materials (see 3.2.10 and 3.2.11), the materials
shall be tested using the procedures for specimen preparation and mounting described in Practice E2599 and not the procedures
described in 6.1 through 6.6.
1.3 Testing is conducted with Test Method E84.
1.4 This practice does not provide pass/fail criteria that can be used as a regulatory tool.
1.5 Use the values stated in inch-pound units as the standard, in referee decisions. The values in the SI system of units are given
in parentheses, for information only; see IEEE/ASTM SI-10 for further details.
1.6 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.
1.7 Fire testing of products and materials is inherently hazardous, and adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be
employed in conducting these tests. Fire testing involves hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard gives
instructions on specimen preparation and mounting, but the fire-test-response method is given in Test Method E84. See also Section
8.
1.8 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes
(excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered requirements of the standard.
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
1.10 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
A390 Specification for Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Steel Poultry Fence Fabric (Hexagonal and Straight Line)
C168 Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation
C1186 Specification for Flat Fiber-Cement Sheets
C1224 Specification for Reflective Insulation for Building Applications
C1396/C1396M Specification for Gypsum Board
E84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials
E136 Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a Vertical Tube Furnace at 750°C
E176 Terminology of Fire Standards
E2599 Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting of Reflective Insulation, Radiant Barrier and Vinyl Stretch Ceiling
Materials for Building Applications to Assess Surface Burning Characteristics
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on Fire Standards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.22 on Surface Burning.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2009March 15, 2014. Published October 2009April 2014. Originally approved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 20072009 as
E2231-07a.-09. DOI: 10.1520/E2231-09.10.1520/E2231-14.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E2231 − 14
IEEE/ASTM SI-10 International System of Units (SI) The Modernized Metric System
2.2 UL Standards:
3
UL 181 Standard for Safety for Factory-Made Air Ducts and Connectors
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this practice refer to the terminology contained in Terminology E176.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 composite, n—as related to a pipe or duct insulation, see duct insulation system or pipe insulation system.
3.2.2 duct, n—as related to heating ventilating, air conditioning or
...

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ASTM E2749-23(Practice)
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Standard Test Method for Determining the Combustion Behavior of Layered Assemblies using a Cone Calorimeter

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Flammable liquid products can be generated by either pyrolysis or melting of polymers. Materials that generate flammable liquid products include thermoplastic polymers (for example, polyolefins) and thermosetting polymers (for example, polyurea and flexible polyurethane), which degrade to yield, in part, liquid pyrolyzates when pyrolyzing. Such liquid material can accumulate underneath a burning item and eventually ignite to form a pool fire, generally leading to a sharp increase in heat release rate and increase in fire hazard.  
5.2 Fire barriers are able to hinder the formation of a pool fire by delaying the generation and the release of flammable liquid products.  
5.3 This test method is intended to simulate the combustion of a central (that is, away from the edges) cross-section of a single material or a multi-layered product with ignition occurring on the top surface of the specimen.  
5.4 The test method is designed to assess whether liquid products are released during the test and the time at which they are released.  
5.5 The test method is designed to assess whether dripping occurs during the test and the time at which it occurs.  
5.6 The test method is designed to assess whether bottom ignition occurs during the test and the time at which it occurs.  
5.7 The test method is designed to assess whether pool ignition occurs during the test and the time at which it occurs.  
5.8 The test method is designed to assess whether burn-through occurs during the test and the time at which it occurs.  
5.9 The test measures heat release rate, mass loss rate and the resulting smoke obscuration as a result of exposing the specimen to a radiant heat source.  
5.10 The test method assesses whether the components of the specimen under examination demonstrates any of the following behaviors: breaking open, charring, appearance of superficial cracks without complete separation of the parts, melting, or shrinkage.  
5.11 The test method does not assess flame s...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a means to measure the response of materials, products or layered assemblies when exposed to controlled levels of radiant heating, with or without an external ignitor.  
1.2 This test method provides an alternative test configuration to Test Method E1354 to measure the ignitability, heat release rate (including peak heat release rate and total heat released), mass loss rate, effective heat of combustion and visible smoke development.  
1.3 Compared to Test Method E1354, this test method adds the ability to measure the time at which the following phenomena occur: (1) appearance of liquid products (generated by either melting or pyrolysis of the specimen) underneath the sample, dripping and generation of a liquid pool underneath the specimen, (2) flaming over the bottom surface of the specimen and liquid pool, and; (3) burn-through.  
1.4 This test method is not intended to measure the response of products comprised of noncombustible cores.  
1.5 The top side of the specimens shall be exposed to an initial test heat flux of 0 kW/m2 to 75 kW/m2. External ignition, if any, shall be by electric spark.  
1.6 This test method has been developed for use to evaluate the fire test response characteristics of materials, products or layered assemblies. It is potentially useful for mathematical modeling, material or product design purposes, and research and development.  
1.7 This test method is used to measure and describe the response of assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of an end-use product under actual fire conditions.  
1.8 This test method is used to measure the effect of fire barriers on the burning behavior of materials, products or layered assemblies to a range of radiant heat intensities but does not account for all factors that affect the performance of fire barriers at ...

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ASTM
ASTM E2750-23(Guide)
Standard Guide for Extension of Data from Penetration Firestop System Tests Conducted in Accordance with ASTM E814

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The methods and procedures set forth in this guide relate to the extension of the fire test results to firestop systems that have not been tested.  
4.2 Users of this guide must have knowledge and understanding of the provisions of Test Methods E119 and Test Method E814 including those pertaining to conditions of acceptance.  
4.3 In order to apply some of the principles described in this guide, reference to the original fire test report will be necessary.  
4.4 In Test Method E814, the specimens are subjected to specific laboratory fire test exposure conditions. Differences between the tested assembly and the as-built assembly impact the fire-test-response characteristics. Substitution of different test conditions also impacts the fire-test-response characteristics.  
4.5 The extension of data is valid only for the fire test exposure described in Test Method E814.  
4.6 This guide shall not be used to extrapolate the fire resistance rating to a higher value.  
4.7 Limitations:  
4.7.1 The extension of fire resistance data is to be used only for changes to the tested specimen that fall within normal and reasonable limits of accepted construction practices.  
4.7.2 Conclusions derived from using this guide are valid only if the identified change is the only change in the construction or properties of the components.  
4.7.3 Evaluation of changes to the fire-resistive assembly in which the firestop is installed is governed by the Extension of Data principles in Practice E2032.  
4.8 The statements in this guide are based on a single change to a system.
Note 2: It is possible that multiple changes have a different cumulative effect than that of individual changes evaluated separately. The principles contained herein may provide useful information for the application of sound engineering principles to evaluate the effect of multiple differences between tested and installed firestops.  
4.9 Extensions of data using this document shall be done by individ...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the extension of results obtained from fire tests performed in accordance with Test Method E814 to applications that have not been tested. Test Method E814 evaluates the duration for which test specimens will contain a fire, retain their integrity, or both during a predetermined fire test exposure. Firestops are intended for use in fire-resistive walls and floors that are evaluated in conformance with Test Methods E119.
Note 1: Data obtained from firestops tested in accordance with Test Methods E119 with positive pressure can also be used.  
1.2 This guide is based on principles involving the extension of test data using simple considerations. The acceptance of these principles and their application is based substantially on an analogous worst-case proposition.  
1.3 These principles are only applicable to temperature conditions represented by the standard time-temperature curve described in Test Method E814, for systems falling within the scope of Test Method E814. This test method is a fire-test-response standard.  
1.4 The types of building constructions which are part of this guide are as follows: floors, walls, partitions, floor/ceiling and roof/ceiling assemblies.  
1.5 This guide applies to:  
1.5.1 a single penetrating item, or  
1.5.2 multiple penetrating items.  
1.6 This guide does not apply to joints systems tested to Test Methods E119, E1966, E2307, and E2837.  
1.7 Penetrating items can be one of the following: metallic pipe, non-metallic pipe, metallic tubing, non-metallic tubing, metallic conduit, non-metallic conduit, flexible metal conduit, cables, cable trays, bus ducts, insulated pipes, insulated tubing, insulated conduit, insulated and non-insulated ducts, and structural members.    
Metallic pipe, tubing or conduit  
6.7  
Insulated pipe, tubing or conduit  
6.8  
Non-metallic pipe, tubing or conduit  
6.9 and 6.10  
Flexible metal conduit  
6.11.1.4 and 6....

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ASTM
ASTM E603-23(Guide)
Standard Guide for Room Fire Experiments

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide provides assistance for planning room fire tests. The object of each experiment is to evaluate the role of a material, product, or system in the fire growth within one or more compartments.  
5.2 The relationship between laboratory fire test methods and actual room fires can be investigated by the use of full-scale and reduced-scale experiments. This guide is aimed at establishing a basis for conducting full-scale experiments for the study of room fire growth.  
5.3 Room fire tests can be placed into four main categories: reconstruction, simulation, research and standardization.  
5.3.1 Reconstruction room fire tests are full scale replicates of a fire scene with the geometry, materials, contents, and ignition source intended to duplicate a particular scenario. The usual purpose of such a test is to evaluate what happened or what might happen in such a scenario.  
5.3.2 Simulation room fire tests are comparable to reconstruction fire tests, except that not all of the parameters are duplicated. A simulated fire test is one in which one or more components of a fire scenario are altered, usually in order to facilitate conducting the test. The compartment design must carefully address geometry and materials of construction to ensure that they do not significantly alter the fire response. Reconstruction and simulation fire tests often have a distinctive objective, such as time to flashover, that is related to the nature of the original fire scene.  
5.3.3 Research room fire tests are conducted in order to elucidate the effects of one or more of the following: geometry, materials, placement of items, ventilation, or other parameters. The measured effects (such as room temperature, heat flux, heat release rate, time to flashover, post flashover conditions) are chosen to provide the most useful information.  
5.3.4 Standardization room fire tests include scenarios that have been adopted by a standardization body. In this case, the compartment, ignition...
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1.1 This guide addresses means of conducting full-scale fire experiments that evaluate the fire-test-response characteristics of materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.2 It is intended as a guide for the design of the experiment and for the use and interpretation of its results. The guide is also useful for establishing laboratory conditions that simulate a given set of fire conditions to the greatest extent possible.  
1.3 This guide allows users to obtain fire-test-response characteristics of materials, products, or assemblies, which are useful data for describing or appraising their fire performance under actual fire conditions.  
1.3.1 The results of experiments conducted in accordance with this guide are also useful elements for making regulatory decisions regarding fire safety requirements. The use for regulatory purposes of data obtained from experiments conducted using this guide requires that certain conditions and criteria be specified by the regulating authority.  
1.4 The rationale for conducting room fire experiments in accordance with this guide is shown in 1.5 – 1.8.  
1.5 Room fire experiments are a means of generating input data for computer fire models and for providing output data with which to compare modeling results.  
1.6 One of the major reasons for conducting room fire experiments is as an experimental means of assessing the potential fire hazard associated with the use of a material or product in a particular application. This should be borne in mind when designing nonstandard experiments.  
1.7 A rationale for conducting room fire experiments is the case when smaller-scale fire tests inadequately represent end-use applications.  
1.8 A further rationale for conducting room fire experiments is to verify the results obtained with smaller scale tests, to understand the scaling parameters for such tests.  
1.9 Room fire tests can be placed into four main cate...

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ASTM
ASTM E2690-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Specimen Preparation and Mounting of Caulks and Sealants to Assess Surface Burning Characteristics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Building products made with caulks and sealants are often used for applications for which Test Method E84 is used for compliance with building code, life safety code or mechanical code requirements. This practice describes, in detail, specimen mounting procedures for those caulks and sealants which are not able to be supported by their own structural characteristics during the test.  
5.2 Codes are often silent with regard to testing caulks and sealants for the assessment of flame spread index and smoke developed index as surface burning characteristics. This practice describes specimen preparation and mounting procedures for such materials and products.  
5.3 The material shall be representative of the materials used in actual field installations.  
5.4 The limitations for this procedure are those associated with Test Method E84.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes procedures for specimen preparation and mounting when testing caulks and sealants to assess flame spread and smoke development as surface burning characteristics using Test Method E84.  
1.1.1 Caulks and sealants up to 8 in. (203.2 mm) in width shall follow the requirements of 7.1.  
1.1.2 Caulks and sealants in excess of 8 in. (203.2 mm) in width shall follow the requirements of 7.2.
1.1.2.1 Caulks and sealants in excess of 8 in. (203.2 mm) in width can be considered coatings.  
1.2 This practice applies to caulks and sealants intended for various uses within buildings. The caulks and sealants addressed in this practice are not able to be supported by their own structural characteristics during the test.  
1.2.1 This practice does not apply to adhesives that are used to adhere or bind together surfaces. Annex A12 of Test Method E84 provides a procedure for testing adhesives.  
1.3 Testing is conducted in accordance with Test Method E84.  
1.4 This practice does not provide pass/fail criteria that can be used as a regulatory tool.  
1.5 This practice does not apply to materials for which the test specimen does not remain in place before and during the test until maximum flame propagation has occurred.  
1.6 This practice is not for system evaluation. It is for the comparison of the materials only.  
1.7 The results obtained by using this mounting procedure are confined to the materials themselves as tested and are not comparable to those obtained with materials that are tested in a full tunnel width application.  
1.8 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.  
1.9 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
1.10 This standard gives instructions on specimen preparation and mounting, but the fire-test-response method is given in Test Method E84. See also Section 9.  
1.11 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes shall not be considered requirements of the standard.  
1.12 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.13 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.14 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1623-22a(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Fire and Thermal Parameters of Materials, Products, and Systems Using an Intermediate Scale Calorimeter (ICAL)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used primarily to determine the heat release rate of materials, products, and assemblies. Other parameters are the effective heat of combustion, mass loss rate, the time to ignition, smoke and gas production, emissivity, and surface temperature. Examples of test specimens are assemblies of materials or products that are tested in their end-use thickness. Therefore, the test method is suitable for assessing the heat release rate of a wall assembly.  
5.2 Representative joints and other characteristics of an assembly shall be included in a specimen when these details are part of normal design.  
5.3 This test method is applicable to end-use products not having an ideally planar external surface. The heat flux shall be adjusted to be that which is desired at the average distance of the surface from the radiant panel.  
5.4 In this procedure, the specimens are subjected to one or more specific sets of laboratory test conditions. If different test conditions are substituted or the end-use conditions are changed, it is not always possible by or from this test to predict changes in the fire-test-response characteristics measured. Therefore, the results are valid only for the fire test exposure conditions described in this procedure.  
5.5 Test Limitations:  
5.5.1 The test results have limited validity if: (a) the specimen melts sufficiently to overflow the drip tray, or (b) explosive spalling occurs.  
5.5.2 Exercise caution in interpreting results of specimens that sag, deform, or delaminate during a test. Report observations of such behavior.
SCOPE
1.1 This fire-test-response standard assesses the response of materials, products, and assemblies to controlled levels of radiant heat exposure with or without an external ignitor.  
1.2 The fire-test-response characteristics determined by this test method include the ignitability, heat release rates, mass loss rates, visible smoke development, and gas release of materials, products, and assemblies under well ventilated conditions.  
1.3 This test method is also suitable for determining many of the parameters or values needed as input for computer fire models. Examples of these values include effective heat of combustion, surface temperature, ignition temperature, and emissivity.  
1.4 This test method is also intended to provide information about other fire parameters such as thermal conductivity, specific heat, radiative and convective heat transfer coefficients, flame radiation factor, air entrainment rates, flame temperatures, minimum surface temperatures for upward and downward flame spread, heat of gasification, nondimensional heat of gasification (1)2 and the Φ flame spread parameter (see Test Method E1321). While some studies have indicated that this test method is suitable for determining these fire parameters, insufficient testing and research have been done to justify inclusion of the corresponding testing and calculating procedures.  
1.5 The heat release rate is determined by the principle of oxygen consumption calorimetry, via measurement of the oxygen consumption as determined by the oxygen concentration and flow rate in the exhaust product stream (exhaust duct). The procedure is specified in 11.1. Smoke development is quantified by measuring the obscuration of light by the combustion product stream (exhaust duct).  
1.6 Specimens are exposed to a constant heat flux in the range of 0 to 50 kW/m2  in a vertical orientation. Hot wires are used to ignite the combustible vapors from the specimen during the ignition and heat release tests. The assessment of the parameters associated with flame spread requires the use of line burners instead of hot wire ignitors.  
1.6.1 Heat release measurements at low heat flux levels (2) require special considerations as described in Section A1.1.6.  
1.7 This test method has been developed for evaluations, design, or research and development of materials, products, or...

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ASTM
ASTM E2652-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Assessing Combustibility of Materials Using a Tube Furnace with a Cone-shaped Airflow Stabilizer, at 750 °C

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 While actual building fire exposure conditions are not duplicated, this test method will assist in indicating those materials which do not act to aid combustion or add appreciable heat to an ambient fire.  
5.2 This test method does not apply to laminated or coated materials.  
5.3 This test method is technically equivalent to ISO 1182.  
5.4 When appropriate pass/fail criteria are applied, materials that are reported as passing this test by complying with those criteria (such as the ones in Appendix X2) are typically classified as noncombustible materials.
SCOPE
1.1 This fire-test-response test method covers the determination under specified laboratory conditions of the combustibility of building materials. Under certain conditions, with the appropriate pass/fail criteria, the results from this test are used to classify materials as noncombustible materials.  
1.2 Limitations of this fire-test response test method are shown below.  
1.2.1 This test method does not apply to laminated or coated materials.  
1.2.2 This test method is not suitable or satisfactory for materials that soften, flow, melt, intumesce or otherwise separate from the measuring thermocouple.  
1.2.3 This test method does not provide a measure of an intrinsic property.  
1.2.4 This test method does not provide a quantitative measure of heat generation or combustibility; it simply serves as a test method with selected (end point) measures of combustibility.  
1.2.5 This test method does not measure the self-heating tendencies of materials.  
1.2.6 In this test method materials are not being tested in the nature and form used in building aplications. The test specimen consists of a small, specified volume that is either (1) cut from a thick sheet; (2) assembled from multiple thicknesses of thin sheets; or (3) placed in a container if composed of grarnular powder or loose fiber materials.  
1.2.7 Results from this test method apply to the specific test apparatus and test conditions and are likely to vary when changes are made to one or more of the following: (1) the size, shape, and arrangement of the specimen; (2)  the distribution of organice content; (3) the exposure temperature; (4) the air supply; (5) the location of thermocouples.  
1.3 This test method references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory information. These notes and footnotes, excluding those in tables and figures, shall not be considered as requirements of this test method.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This test method is technically equivalent to ISO 1182:2010 (see also Annex A2 and 6.4.5).
Note 1: While developed as technically equivalent to ISO 1182:2010, a change implemented in ISO 1182:2020 added a second furnace thermocouple to that standard, while this test method continues to use one furnace thermocouple.  
1.6 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire-hazard or fire-risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.7 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Orga...

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