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ASTM D5596-03

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Microscopic Evaluation of the Dispersion of Carbon Black in Polyolefin Geosynthetics

Standard Test Method for Microscopic Evaluation of the Dispersion of Carbon Black in Polyolefin Geosynthetics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Carbon black is added to many polymers to provide long-term resistance to ultraviolet-induced degradation. To achieve this, carbon black should be dispersed uniformly throughout the as-manufactured geosynthetic material. This test method is used to evaluate the uniformity of carbon black dispersion.
This test method is suitable only for those geosynthetics that can be sampled using a rotary or sledge microtome. The geometry, stiffness (hardness), or elasticity of some geosynthetic products precludes their being sampled with a micro-tome. The cross-sectional area of the geosynthetic must be composed of a continuous solid polyolefin material to be sampled using a microtome.
Extruded and oriented geogrids will require that microtome specimens be cut from the nonoriented bars of uniaxial products and the non-oriented nodes of biaxial products.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers equipment, specimen preparation techniques, and procedures for evaluating the dispersion of carbon black in polyolefin geosynthetics containing less than 5 % carbon black by weight.
1.2 This test method allows for a qualitative evaluation of carbon black agglomerates and other inclusions in polyolefin geosynthetics. This evaluation is based on carbon black dispersion size calculated area within microscopic fields of view.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.Note 1—This test method is for the evaluation of carbon black dispersion. This test method does not support or evaluate the distribution of carbon black.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Feb-2003
ICS
59.080.70 - Geotextiles
Technical Committee
D35 - Geosynthetics
Drafting Committee
D35.02 - Endurance Properties
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D5596-94 - Standard Test Method for Microscopic Evaluation of the Dispersion of Carbon Black in Polyolefin Geosynthetics
Effective Date
10-Feb-2003
Replaced By
ASTM D5596-03(2009) - Standard Test Method for Microscopic Evaluation of the Dispersion of Carbon Black in Polyolefin Geosynthetics
Effective Date
01-Jun-2009
Referred By
ASTM F3534/F3534M-22 - Standard Specification for MRS-Rated Metric- and Inch-Sized Crosslinked Polyethylene (PEX) Pressure Pipe for Gas Distribution Applications
Effective Date
10-Feb-2003
Referred By
ASTM F2905/F2905M-22 - Standard Specification for Crosslinked Polyethylene (PEX) Line Pipe For Oil and Gas Producing Applications
Effective Date
10-Feb-2003
Referred By
ASTM F3597-23 - Standard Specification for MRS-Rated Metric- and Inch-sized Crosslinked Polyethylene (PEX) Pressure Pipe for Oil and Gas Producing Applications
Effective Date
10-Feb-2003
Referred By
ASTM F1473-23 - Standard Test Method for Notch Tensile Test to Measure the Resistance to Slow Crack Growth of Polyethylene Pipes and Resins
Effective Date
10-Feb-2003
Referred By
ASTM F3288/F3288M-20 - Standard Specification for MRS-Rated Metric- and Inch-sized Crosslinked Polyethylene (PEX) Pressure Pipe
Effective Date
10-Feb-2003
Referred By
ASTM F2968/F2968M-21 - Standard Specification for Crosslinked Polyethylene (PEX) Pipe for Gas Distribution Applications
Effective Date
10-Feb-2003

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ASTM D5596-03 - Standard Test Method for Microscopic Evaluation of the Dispersion of Carbon Black in Polyolefin GeosyntheticsASTM D5596-03 - Standard Test Method for Microscopic Evaluation of the Dispersion of Carbon Black in Polyolefin Geosynthetics
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ASTM D5596-03 - Standard Test Method for Microscopic Evaluation of the Dispersion of Carbon Black in Polyolefin Geosynthetics
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D 5596 – 03
Standard Test Method For
Microscopic Evaluation of the Dispersion of Carbon Black
1
in Polyolefin Geosynthetics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5596; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
1.1 This test method covers equipment, specimen prepara- 3.1 Definitions:
tiontechniques,andproceduresforevaluatingthedispersionof 3.1.1 carbon black, n—a material consisting essentially of
carbon black in polyolefin geosynthetics containing less than elemental carbon black in the form of near spherical colloidal
5% carbon black by weight. particles and coalesced particle aggregates of colloidal size,
1.2 This test method allows for a qualitative evaluation of obtained by partial combustion or thermal decomposition of
carbon black agglomerates and other inclusions in polyolefin hydrocarbons. (D 3053)
geosynthetics. This evaluation is based on carbon black dis- 3.1.2 carbon black agglomerate, n—a cluster of physically
persion size calculated area within microscopic fields of view. bound and entangled aggregates. (D 3053)
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the 3.1.3 geosynthetic, n—a planar product manufactured from
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information polymeric material used with soil, rock, earth, or other geo-
only. technical engineering-related material as an integral part of a
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the man-made project, structure, or system. (D 4439)
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 3.1.4 micrograph, n—agraphicreproductionofanobjectas
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- seen through the microscope or equivalent optical instrument,
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- at magnifications greater than ten diameters (micrograph).
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. (E7)
3.1.5 microtome, n (that is, sliding microtome)—an appara-
NOTE 1—This test method is for the evaluation of carbon black
tus capable of cutting thin slices (less than 20 µm in thickness)
dispersion. This test method does not support or evaluate the distribution
of various geosynthetic samples.
of carbon black.
3.1.6 polyolefin, n—a polymer prepared by the polymeriza-
2. Referenced Documents
tion of an olefin(s) as the sole monomer(s). (D 883)
3.1.7 dispersion, n—a polyolefin product formulated with
2.1 ASTM Standards:
2
carbon black.
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
3
3.1.8 distribution, n—a property of a carbon black formu-
D3053 Terminology Relating to Carbon Black
4
lated polyolefin product that refers to the existence of streaks,
D4439 Terminology for Geotextiles
5
light or dark, within a microsectioned sample.
E7 Terminology Relating to Metallography
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts: ASTM
4. Summary of Test Method
6
D35—Carbon Dispersion Reference Chart
4.1 This test method consists of two parts: (1) microtome
specimen preparation and (2) microscopic evaluation.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on
4.1.1 Microtome Specimen Preparation—A sample is
Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.02 on Endur-
clamped in the sample holder, which can be raised or lowered
ance Properties.
Current edition approved Feb. 10, 2003. Published April 2003. Originally precisely in increments of approximately 1 µm.Arigid knife is
approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 1994 as D5596–94.
slid manually across the sample so that the specimens range in
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01.
thickness from 8 to 20 µm.
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 09.01.
4
4.1.2 Microtomespecimenexamination:Thesethinsections
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.09.
5
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01.
are evaluated microscopically calculating the largest agglom-
6
Available from ASTM international Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.
erate or inclusion in each random field of view (Rf). The
ADJD5596.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D5596–03
associatedcarbondispersionchart(ADJD5596)canbeusedto 6.4 Microscope Accessories—Acalibrated reticle (eyepiece
assist to determining shape and area micrometer) positioned in one of the eyepieces between the
eyepiece-lens and the objective is required.
5. Significance and Use 6.5 Light Source—An external white light source with
variable intensity is required.
5.1 Carbon black is added to many polymers to prov
...

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5.1 This test method is recommended for the evaluation of the performance of water-saturated soil-geotextile systems under unidirectional flow conditions. The results obtained may be used as an indication of the compatibility of the soil-geotextile system with respect to both particle retention and flow capacity.  
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1.1 This test method covers performance tests applicable for determining the compatibility of geotextiles with various types of water-saturated soils under unidirectional flow conditions.  
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1.2.2 For soils with a plasticity index of 5 or more, it is recommended to use Test Method D5567 (‘HCR,’ Hydraulic Conductivity Ratio) instead of this test method.  
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1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D7747/D7747M-11(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining Integrity of Seams Produced Using Thermo-Fusion Methods for Reinforced Geomembranes by the Strip Tensile Method

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4.1 The use of reinforced geomembranes as barrier materials has created a need for a standard test method to evaluate the quality of seams produced by thermo-fusion methods. This test method is used for quality control purposes and is intended to provide quality control and quality assurance personnel with data to evaluate seam quality.  
4.2 This standard arose from the need for a destructive test method for evaluating seams of reinforced geomembranes. Standards written for destructive testing of nonreinforced geomembranes do not include all break codes (Fig. 1) applicable to reinforced geomembranes.
FIG. 1 Break Codes for Dual Hot Wedge and Hot Air Seams of Reinforced Geomembranes Tested for Seam Strength in Shear and Peel Modes  
4.3 When reinforcement occurs in directions other than machine and cross-machine, scrim are cut at specimen edges, generally lowering results. To partially compensate for this, testing can be performed according to Test Method D7749 or the 2 in. wide strip specimen specified in this method can be utilized. Testing of 1 in. and 2 in. specimens is Method A and Method B, respectively.  
4.4 The shear test outlined in this method correlates to strength of parent material measured according to Test Method D7003/D7003M only if reinforcement is parallel to TD. For other materials, seam strength and parent material strength can be compared through Test Methods D7749 and D7004/D7004M. Values obtained with the strip methods shall not be compared to values obtained with grab methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes destructive quality control tests used to determine the integrity of thermo-fusion seams made with reinforced geomembranes. Test procedures are described for seam tests for peel and shear properties using strip specimens.  
1.2 The types of thermal field and factory seaming techniques used to construct geomembrane seams include the following:  
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1.3 The types of materials covered by this test method include, but are not limited to, reinforced geomembranes made from the following polymers:  
1.3.1 Very low-density polyethylene (VLDPE).  
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1.3.5 Chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSPE).  
1.3.6 Ethylene interpolymer alloy (EIA).  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish ap...

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ASTM
ASTM D6992-16(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Accelerated Tensile Creep and Creep-Rupture of Geosynthetic Materials Based on Time-Temperature Superposition Using the Stepped Isothermal Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Use of the Stepped Isothermal Method decreases the time required for creep to occur and the obtaining of the associated data.  
5.2 The statements set forth in 1.6 are very important in the context of significance and use, as well as scope of the standard.  
5.3 Creep test data are used to calculate the creep modulus of materials as a function of time. These data are then used to predict the long-term creep deformation expected of geosynthetics used in reinforcement applications.
Note 1: Currently, SIM testing has focused mainly on woven and knitted geogrids and woven geotextiles made from polyester, aramid, polyaramid, poly-vinyl alcohol (PVA), and polypropylene yarns and narrow strips. Additional correlation studies on other materials are needed.  
5.4 Creep-rupture test data are used to develop a regression line relating creep stress to rupture time. These results predict the long-term rupture strength expected for geosynthetics in reinforcement applications.  
5.5 Tensile testing is used to establish the ultimate tensile strength (TULT) of a material and to determine elastic stress, strain, and variations thereof for SIM tests.  
5.6 Ramp and Hold (R+H) testing is done to establish the range of creep strains experienced in the brief period of very rapid response following the peak of the load ramp.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers accelerated testing for tensile creep, and tensile creep-rupture properties using the Stepped Isothermal Method (SIM).  
1.2 The test method is focused on geosynthetic reinforcement materials such as yarns, ribs of geogrids, or narrow geotextile specimens.  
1.3 The SIM tests are laterally unconfined tests based on time-temperature superposition procedures.  
1.4 Tensile tests are to be completed before SIM tests and the results are used to determine the stress levels for subsequent SIM tests defined in terms of the percentage of Ultimate Tensile Strength (TULT). Additionally, the tensile test can be designed to provide estimates of the initial elastic strain distributions appropriate for the SIM results.  
1.5 Ramp and Hold (R+H) tests may be completed in conjunction with SIM tests. They are designed to provide additional estimates of the initial elastic and initial rapid creep strain levels appropriate for the SIM results.  
1.6 This method can be used to establish the sustained load creep and creep-rupture characteristics of a geosynthetic. Results of this method are to be used to augment results of Test Method D5262 and may not be used as the sole basis for determination of long-term creep and creep-rupture behavior of geosynthetic material.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    9 pages
    English language
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ASTM
ASTM D7106/D7106M-05(2023)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Selection of Test Methods for Ethylene Propylene Diene Terpolymer (EPDM) Geomembranes

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This standard provides guidance to obtain data that is the most representative of the material’s characteristics and performance. To properly evaluate EPDM, tests should be performed in accordance with specific test methods and procedures.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers and provides recommendations for the selection of appropriate test methods for Ethylene Propylene Diene Terpolymer (EPDM) geomembranes used in geotechnical and geoenvironmental applications.  
1.2 This guide includes test methods for three different types of EPDM geomembranes including: scrim-reinforced membranes, composite membranes, and smooth, nonreinforced membranes.  
1.3 The test methods are divided into three categories including manufacturing quality control, optional performance tests, and seam testing.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Guide
    3 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off