ASTM C1240-00e1
(Specification)Standard Specification for Use of Silica Fume for Use as a Mineral Admixture in Hydraulic-Cement Concrete, Mortar, and Grout
Standard Specification for Use of Silica Fume for Use as a Mineral Admixture in Hydraulic-Cement Concrete, Mortar, and Grout
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers silica fume for use in concrete and other systems containing hydraulic cement.
1.2 In the cases of slurried or densified silica fume, perform the tests on the raw silica fume from which these products have been made.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods portions, Sections 10 through 19, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Read the material safety data sheets for materials used.
1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory information. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables) shall not be considered as requirements of this standard.
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e1
Designation: C 1240 – 00
Standard Specification for
Use of Silica Fume as a Mineral Admixture in Hydraulic-
Cement Concrete, Mortar, and Grout
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1240; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
e NOTE—Manufacturer addresses in Note 3 were editorially updated July 2000.
1. Scope C 183 Practice for Sampling and the Amount of Testing of
Hydraulic Cement
1.1 This specification covers silica fume for use in concrete
C 185 Test Method for Air Content of Hydraulic Cement
and other systems containing hydraulic cement.
Mortar
1.2 In the cases of slurried or densified silica fume, perform
C 219 Terminology Relating to Hydraulic Cement
the tests on the raw silica fume from which these products have
C 311 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Fly Ash or
been made.
Natural Pozzolans for Use as a Mineral Admixture in
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
Portland-Cement Concrete
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
C 430 Test Method for Fineness of Hydraulic Cement by
only.
the 45-μm (No. 325) Sieve
1.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the
C 441 Test Method for Effectiveness of Mineral Admixtures
test methods portions, Sections 10-19, of this specification:
or Ground Blast-Furnace Slag in Preventing Excessive
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety
Expansion of Concrete Due to the Alkali-Silica Reaction
concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
C 670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and
for Test Methods for Construction Materials
health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
C 1005 Specification for Reference Masses and Devices for
limitations prior to use. Read the material safety data sheets for
Determining Mass for Use in the Physical Testing of
materials used.
Hydraulic Cements
1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes
C 1012 Test Method for Length Change of Hydraulic-
that provide explanatory information. These notes and foot-
Cement Mortars Exposed to a Sulfate Solution
notes (excluding those in tables) shall not be considered as
C 1069 Test Method for Specific Surface Area of Alumina
requirements of this standard.
or Quartz by Nitrogen Adsorption
2. Referenced Documents
3. Terminology
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1 Definitions:
C 109/C 109M Test Method for Compressive Strength of
3.1.1 silica fume—very fine pozzolonic material, composed
Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or 50-mm Cube
mostly of amorphous silica produced by electric arc furnaces as
Specimens)
a byproduct of the production of elemental silicon or ferro-
C 114 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Hydraulic
silicon alloys (also known as condensed silica fume and
Cement
microsilica).
C 125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete
3.1.2 Other terms in this specification are defined in Termi-
Aggregates
nologies C 125 and C 219.
C 157 Test Method for Length Change of Hardened
Hydraulic-Cement Mortar and Concrete
4. Ordering Information
4.1 The purchaser shall specify any optional chemical or
physical requirements.
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C–9 on
Concrete and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
5. Chemical Composition
C09.24 on Ground Slag and Pozzolonic Admixtures.
Current edition approved Feb. 10, 2000. Published March 2000. Originally
5.1 Silica fume shall conform to the requirements for
published as C 1240 – 93. Last previous edition C 1240 – 99.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.01.
3 4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.02.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
C 1240
TABLE 2 Physical Requirements
chemical composition prescribed in Table 1.
Oversize:
A
6. Physical Requirements
Percent retained on 45-μm (No. 325), max, % 10
Percent retained on 45-μm (No. 325), max variation from 5
6.1 Silica fume shall conform to the physical requirements
B
average, percentage points
C
prescribed in Table 2. Optional physical requirements are given
Accelerated pozzolonic activity index:
With portland cement at 7 days, min percent of control 85
in Table 3.
Specific surface, min, m /g 15
A
7. Sampling
Exercise care to avoid retaining agglomerations of extremely fine material.
B
The average shall consist of the ten preceding tests or all of the preceding
7.1 When the purchaser desires that the silica fume be
tests if the number is less than ten.
C
sampled and tested to verify compliance with this specification, Accelerated pozzolonic activity index is not to be considered a measure of the
compressive strength of concrete containing the silica fume. This is a measure of
perform the sampling and testing in accordance with Practice
the reactivity of a given silica fume with a given cement and may vary with the
C 183, modified as described in 7.3.
source of both the silica fume and the cement.
NOTE 1—Exercise caution in the interpretation of Practice C 183, since
A
there is a difference between the continuous manufacture of hydraulic TABLE 3 Optional Physical Requirements
cement and the generation and collection of silica fume. To a great extent,
Uniformity requirements:
storage is dictated by the design of the silica-fume collection system. The
When air-entraining concrete is specified, the quantity of air- 20
design of silica-fume collection systems may not have provided for entraining agent required to produce air content of 18.0 vol %
of mortar shall not vary from the average established by the ten
sampling points and practices.
preceding tests or by all preceding tests if less than ten, by
7.2 Practice C 183, as modified, is not designed for manu-
more than, %
B
Reactivity with cement alkalies:
facturing quality control and is not required for manufacturer’s
Reduction of mortar expansion at 14 days, min, % 80
certification. C
Sulfate resistance expansion,
7.3 The following modification of Practice C 183 is neces-
(moderate resistance) 6 months, max, % 0.10
(high resistance) 6 months, max, % 0.05
sary to render it applicable to silica fume.
(very high resistance) 1 year, max, % 0.05
7.3.1 Replace the words “hydraulic cement” and “cement”
A
Will be made only at the request of the purchaser.
with the words “silica fume” every time that they appear in the
B
The indicated tests for reactivity with cement alkalies shall not be requested
text.
unless the material is to be used with an aggregate that is regarded as
deleteriously reactive with alkalies in hydraulic cement. The test for reduction of
7.3.2 All samples, whether grab or composite, shall have a
mortar expansion may be made using any high-alkali cement in accordance with
mass of at least 1 kg (2 lb).
Test Methods C 311, if the cement to be used in the work is not known or is not
7.3.3 When compliance verification tests of silica fume are available at the time of the test. The test for mortar expansion should be performed
by each of the high-alkali cements to be used in the work.
required to be made at a laboratory other than that of the
C
Only one limit shall be specified.
silica-fume manufacturer or marketer, coordinate the silica-
fume sampling schedule, sample transportation time, and
sample testing schedule among the purchaser, manufacturer, composite samples representing no more than 400 Mg (440
and testing laboratory so that the test results will be available tons) each. Prepare each composite sample by combining
when the decision to accept or reject the silica fume must be portions from the samples representing each 100 Mg (110
made. tons), so that each 100 Mg is represented equally.
7.3.4 The section entitled “Sampling” is modified as fol- 8.2 Test Specific Surface Samples every 3000 Mg (3300
lows: tons) or 3 months, whichever gives the highest frequency.
7.3.4.1 Take two grab samples or two composite samples
9. Preparation of Sample
for the first 100 Mg (110 tons) of silica fume. Take a grab
sample or a composite sample for each subsequent 100 Mg
9.1 Prepare composite samples for tests, as required in
(110 tons) of silica fume, but not less than two samples shall be Section 8, by arranging all test samples in groups, with each
taken in any sampling program.
group representing the number of megagrams required by the
7.3.4.2 From Bulk Storage at Points of Discharge— test or tests for which the composite sample is intended. From
Withdraw silica fume from the discharge openings in a steady
each of the samples in a group, take equal portions, sufficient
stream until sampling is completed. In sampling bulk storage at in amount to form a composite sample large enough to permit
points of discharge, while the silica fume is flowing through the
making the required physical or chemical determinations.
openings, take samples at such intervals so that, at a minimum, 9.2 Prior to testing, mix grab samples and composite
the sampling requirements of 7.3.4.1 are met. samples thoroughly. A clean and dry laboratory concrete drum
7.3.5 The section entitled “Amount of Testing” is modified mixer provides adequate mixing for this purpose. Take care to
by deleting the first paragraph, “General.” limit the volume of silica fume in the drum mixer to the range
of 10 to 50 % of the drum’s total capacity. If necessary, secure
8. Frequency of Tests
a sheet of polyethylene film on the drum with an elastic
8.1 Make all chemical determinations and physical tests on
tiedown to keep the material in the drum. Limit the mixing
action to 5 6 1 min.
TABLE 1 Chemical Requirements
9.2.1 When a small sample size precludes the use of a
SiO , min, % 85.0
concrete mixer, use a heavy plastic bag, of a capacity at least
Moisture content, max, % 3.0
five times larger than the sample volume, to mix the sample
Loss on ignition, max, % 6.0
thoroughly. After placing the sample in the bag, close the bag
C 1240
by tying the bag opening tightly, and mix the material by
W = mass of 500-mL volumetric flask plus approximately
a
rolling the bag around for 5 6 1 min.
30 g of silica fume, g,
9.3 Take material for specific tests from a thoroughly mixed
W = mass of 500-mL volumetric flask plus silica fume
s
sample by using a sampling device (sampling tube, scoop, etc.)
plus water to the mark, g,
of appropriate size to make a test specimen. Make this test
W = mass of 500-mL volumetric flask plus water to the
t
specimen from at least six random subsamples. mark, g, and
D =(W − W )/500-mL, Mg/m .
w t f
TEST METHODS—CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
12.5 Report the average of two density determinations.
13. Oversize, Amount Retained When Wet-Sieved on a
10. Silicon Dioxide
45-μm (No. 325) Sieve
10.1 Reference Method—Use the reference method in Test
13.1 Use Test Method C 430.
Methods C 114 for cements with insoluble residue greater than
1%.
NOTE 2—Oversize is used to determine the amount of contaminating
material retained on the 45-μm sieve. See Appendix X2.
11. Moisture Content, Loss on Ignition, and Available
14. Specific Surface
Alkalies
14.1 Determine the specific surface by the BET, nitrogen
11.1 Follow the applicable provisions of Test Methods
adsorbtion method, in accordance with Test Method C 1069.
C311.
NOTE 3—Manufacturers and examples of nitrogen adsorbtion instru-
TEST METHODS—PHYSICAL TESTS mentation include Horiba Instruments, Inc., Irvine, CA, 5A-9600; Mi-
cromeritics Instrument Corporation, Norcross Georgia, FlowSorb-II 2300;
Quantachrome Corporation, Boynton Beach, FL, Quantasorb Jr.; and
12. Density
JUWE Laborgerate Service GmbH, Korschenbroich, Germany, Stroehlein
12.1 Equipment:
AREAmeter II.
12.1.1 Two 500-mL Volumetric Flasks, Class A.
15. Air Entrainment of Mortar
12.1.2 Balance, with an accuracy of at least 0.01 g.
12.1.3 Constant Temperature Bath, capable of being regu-
15.1 Follow the applicable provisions of Test Methods
lated within 60.5°C (1.0°F).
C 311, except use the following test mixture and equation for
12.2 Deionized Water.
W :
c
12.3 Procedure:
Test Mixture
Portland cement, g 300
12.3.1 Determine the density of the material as received,
Silica fume, g 30
unless otherwise specified, as follows. If density determination
20–30 Standard Ottawa sand, g 1170
on an ignited sample is required, first ignite the sample as
Water, mL, sufficient to give a flow of 80 to 95 % Y
described in the test for loss on ignition in the applicable Neutralized Vinsol resin solution, mL, sufficient to produce an Z
air content of 18 6 3%
section given in Test Methods C 114.
300 1 1170 1 30 1 ~300 3 P 3 0.01!
12.3.2 Determine the mass (W ), of a 500-mL volumetric
f
W 5
c
300/3.15 1 1170/2.65 1 ~30/D! 1 @~300 3 P 3 0.01!/1#
flask, to an accuracy of 0.01 g. Add 30 g of silica fume.
(2)
Determine the mass of the flask and the contents (W )tothe
a
Then calculate:
nearest 0.01 g. Add water to the flask to fill it one-half full, and
shake it to ensure thorough wetting of the material. Fill to the
Air content, volume % 5 100@1 2 ~W /W !#W 5 W/400 (3)
a c a
mark with water. Remove air bubbles by shaking the flask at
where:
15-min intervals until the liquid is free of air or by applying a
W = actual mass per unit of volume of mortar as deter-
a
vacuum to the flask. After all of the air bubbles are removed,
mined by Test Method C 185, g/mL,
place the flask in a constant temperature bath at 23 6 0.5°C
W = mass of the specified 400 mL of mortar (see Test
until the flask and its contents reach a constant temperature.
Method C 185), g,
Remove the flask from the water bath; immediately add or
W = theoretical mass per unit volume, calculated on an
c
remove water, at the same temperature, to the flask to get the
air-free basis and using the values for density and
meniscus on the mark. Wipe dry the exterior of the flask and
quantities of the materials in the mixture, g/mL,
determine the mass of the flask and its contents (W ).
s
P = percent of mixing water plus Vinsol resin solution
12.3.3 Empty, clean, and determine the mass of the 500-mL
based on mass of cement, and
volumetric flask, used above, filled to the mark with water (W ) 3
t
D = density of silica fume used in the mixture, Mg/m .
stabilized at 23 6 0.5°C.
15.2 Determine the flow in accordance with the applicable
12.4 Calculation:
provisions of Test Method C 109/C 109M.
~W 2 W !
a f
D 5 (1)
16. Accelerated Pozzolonic Activity Index with Portland
sf
500 mL 2 @~W 2 W !/D #
...
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