ASTM D4272-09
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Total Energy Impact of Plastic Films By Dart Drop
Standard Test Method for Total Energy Impact of Plastic Films By Dart Drop
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Evaluation of the impact toughness of film is important in predicting the performance of a material in applications such as packaging, construction, and other uses. The test simulates the action encountered in applications where moderate-velocity blunt impacts occur in relatively small areas of film.
The values obtained by this test method are highly dependent on the method and conditions of film fabrication as well as the type and grade of resin.
Test methods employing different missile velocities, impinging surface diameters, or effective specimen diameters will most likely produce different results. Data obtained by this test method cannot necessarily be compared directly with those obtained by other test methods.
The impact resistance of a film, while partly dependent on thickness, does not have a simple correlation with sample thickness. Hence, impact values expressed in joules (ft·lbf) normalized over a range of thickness will not necessarily be linear with thickness. Data from this test method are comparable only for specimens that vary by no more than ±15 % from the nominal or average thickness of the specimens tested.
The test results obtained by this test method are greatly influenced by the quality of film under test. The influence of variability of data obtained by this procedure will, therefore, depend strongly on the sample quality, uniformity of film thickness, the presence of die marks, contaminants, etc.
Several impact test methods are used for film. It is sometimes desirable to know the relationships among test results derived by different test methods. A study was conducted in which four films made from two resins (polypropylene and linear low-density polyethylene), with two film thicknesses for each resin, were impacted using Test Methods D 1709 (Test Method A), Test Method D 3420 (Procedures A and B), and Test Method D 4272. The test results are shown in Appendix X2. Differences in results between Test Methods D 1709 and D 4272 are exp...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the determination of the total energy impact of plastic films by measuring the kinetic energy lost by a free-falling dart that passes through the film.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1—Film has been arbitrarily defined as sheeting having nominal thickness not greater than 0.25 μm (0.010 in.).
Note 2—This test method and ISO 7765–2 address the same subject matter, but differ in technical content (and results cannot be directly compared between the two test methods). The ISO test method calls for a direct readout of energy by using a load cell as part of the impactor head, while Test Method D 4272 calls for a constant weight impactor, then measuring the time of travel through a given distance to get energy values.
FIG. 1 Elements of an Instrumented Dart Drop System
General Information
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Designation: D4272 − 09
StandardTest Method for
1
Total Energy Impact of Plastic Films By Dart Drop
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4272; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
1.1 This test method describes the determination of the total
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2.2 ISO Standard:
energy impact of plastic films by measuring the kinetic energy
ISO 7765–2 Plastics Film and Sheeting—Determination of
lost by a free-falling dart that passes through the film.
Impact Resistance by the Free Falling Dart Method—Part
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
2: Instrumented Puncture Test
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
only.
3. Terminology
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1 Terminology—For definitions, see Terminology D883.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.2.1 free-fall time—the measured time required for the dart
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
to travel through the sensing area with no film specimen in the
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
clamp.
NOTE 1—Film has been arbitrarily defined as sheeting having nominal
3.2.2 missile weight—the weight of the dart plus the total
thickness not greater than 0.25 µm (0.010 in.).
value of incremental weights attached, including the locking
NOTE 2—This test method and ISO 7765–2 address the same subject
collar.
matter, but differ in technical content (and results cannot be directly
compared between the two test methods). The ISO test method calls for a
3.2.3 test-fall time—the measured time for the dart to travel
direct readout of energy by using a load cell as part of the impactor head,
through the sensing area with a film specimen in the clamp.
while Test Method D4272 calls for a constant weight impactor, then
measuringthetimeoftravelthroughagivendistancetogetenergyvalues.
4. Summary of Test Method
2. Referenced Documents
4.1 The velocity of a freely falling dart of specified shape
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2.1 ASTM Standards:
that has passed through a sheet of plastic film is determined by
D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
means of a photoelectric speed trap. The kinetic energy
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
corresponding to this velocity is calculated and compared with
D1709 Test Methods for Impact Resistance of Plastic Film
the kinetic energy of the same dart measured without a plastic
by the Free-Falling Dart Method
film in place. The loss in kinetic energy of the dart due to
D3420 Test Method for Pendulum Impact Resistance of
rupturing of the film is used as an index of impact resistance.
Plastic Film
5. Significance and Use
D5947 Test Methods for Physical Dimensions of Solid
Plastics Specimens
5.1 Evaluation of the impact toughness of film is important
D6988 GuideforDeterminationofThicknessofPlasticFilm
inpredictingtheperformanceofamaterialinapplicationssuch
Test Specimens
as packaging, construction, and other uses. The test simulates
E171 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Flexible Barrier
theactionencounteredinapplicationswheremoderate-velocity
Packaging
blunt impacts occur in relatively small areas of film.
5.2 The values obtained by this test method are highly
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This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D20 on Plastics
dependent on the method and conditions of film fabrication as
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.19 on Film, Sheeting, and
well as the type and grade of resin.
Molded Products.
Current edition approved May 1, 2009. Published June 2009. Originally
5.3 Test methods employing different missile velocities,
approved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D4272 - 08a. DOI:
impinging surface diameters, or effective specimen diameters
10.1520/D4272-09.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
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Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
the ASTM website. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D4272–08a Designation:D4272–09
Standard Test Method for
1
Total Energy Impact of Plastic Films By Dart Drop
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4272; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method describes the determination of the total energy impact of plastic films by measuring the kinetic energy lost
by a free-falling dart that passes through the film.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
NOTE1—This test method and ISO7765–2 1—Film has been arbitrarily defined as sheeting having nominal thickness not greater than 0.25 µm (0.010
in.).
NOTE 2—This test method and ISO 7765–2 address the same subject matter, but differ in technical content (and results cannot be directly compared
between the two test methods). The ISO test method calls for a direct readout of energy by using a load cell as part of the impactor head, while Test
Method D 4272 calls for a constant weight impactor, then measuring the time of travel through a given distance to get energy values.
2. Referenced Documents
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2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
D 883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
D 1709 Test Methods for Impact Resistance of Plastic Film by the Free-Falling Dart Method
D 3420 Test Method for Pendulum Impact Resistance of Plastic Film
D 5947 Test Methods for Physical Dimensions of Solid Plastics Specimens
D 6988 Guide for Determination of Thickness of Plastic Film Test Specimens
E 171 Specification for Atmospheres for Conditioning and Testing Flexible Barrier Materials
E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
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2.2 ISO Standard:
ISO 7765–2 Plastics Film and Sheeting—Determination of Impact Resistance by the Free Falling Dart Method—Part 2:
Instrumented Puncture Test
3. Terminology
3.1 Terminology—For definitions, see Terminology D 883.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: Terminology for Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 free-fall time—the measured time required for the dart to travel through the sensing area with no film specimen in the
clamp.
3.2.2 missile weight—the weight of the dart plus the total value of incremental weights attached, including the locking collar.
3.2.3 test-fall time—the measured time for the dart to travel through the sensing area with a film specimen in the clamp.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 The velocity of a freely falling dart of specified shape that has passed through a sheet of plastic film is determined by means
of a photoelectric speed trap. The kinetic energy corresponding to this velocity is calculated and compared with the kinetic energy
of the same dart measured without a plastic film in place. The loss in kinetic energy of the dart due to rupturing of the film is used
as an index of impact resistance.
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This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.19 on Film and Sheeting .
Current edition approved Nov.May 1, 2008.2009. Published November 2008.June 2009. Originally approved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as
D 4272 - 08a.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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D4272–09
FIG. 1 Elements of an Instrumented Dart Drop System
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Evaluation of the impact toughness of film is important in predicting the perf
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