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ASTM E2428-08

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Calibration of Torque-Measuring Instruments for Verifying the Torque Indication of Torque Testing Machines

Standard Practice for Calibration of Torque-Measuring Instruments for Verifying the Torque Indication of Torque Testing Machines

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Testing machines that apply and indicate torque are in general use in many industries. Practice WK6364 has been written to provide a practice for the torque verification of these machines. A necessary element in Practice WK6364 is the use of devices whose torque characteristics are known to be traceable to national standards. Practice E 2428 describes how these devices are to be calibrated. The procedures are useful to users of torque testing machines, manufacturers and providers of torque measuring instruments, calibration laboratories that provide calibration services and documents, and service organizations using devices to verify torque testing machines.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is to specify procedure for the calibration of elastic torque-measuring instruments.
Note 1—Verification by deadweight and a lever arm is an acceptable method of verifying the torque indication of a torque testing machine. Tolerances for weights used are tabulated in Practice WK6364; methods for calibration of the weights are given in NIST Technical Note 577, Methods of Calibrating Weights for Piston Gages.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.3 This practice is intended for the calibration of static or quasi-static torque measuring instruments. The practice is not applicable for high speed torque calibrations or measurements.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-Feb-2008
ICS
19.100 - Non-destructive testing
Technical Committee
E28 - Mechanical Testing
Drafting Committee
E28.01 - Calibration of Mechanical Testing Machines and Apparatus
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM E2428-14 - Standard Practice for Calibration of Torque-Measuring Instruments for Verifying the Torque Indication of Torque Testing Machines
Effective Date
15-Oct-2014
Referred By
ASTM E2624-17 - Standard Practice for Torque Calibration of Testing Machines
Effective Date
15-Feb-2008

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ASTM E2428-08 - Standard Practice for Calibration of Torque-Measuring Instruments for Verifying the Torque Indication of Torque Testing MachinesASTM E2428-08 - Standard Practice for Calibration of Torque-Measuring Instruments for Verifying the Torque Indication of Torque Testing Machines
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ASTM E2428-08 - Standard Practice for Calibration of Torque-Measuring Instruments for Verifying the Torque Indication of Torque Testing Machines
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E2428 − 08
StandardPractice for
Calibration of Torque-Measuring Instruments for Verifying
1
the Torque Indication of Torque Testing Machines
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2428; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2.2 American National Standard:
4
B46.1Surface Texture
1.1 This practice is to specify procedure for the calibration
of elastic torque-measuring instruments.
ELASTIC TORQUE-MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
NOTE 1—Verification by deadweight and a lever arm is an acceptable
method of verifying the torque indication of a torque testing machine.
3. Terminology
Tolerances for weights used are tabulated in Practice E2624; methods for
3.1 Definitions:
calibrationoftheweightsaregiveninNISTTechnicalNote577,Methods
2
of Calibrating Weights for Piston Gages.
3.1.1 elastic torque-measuring device—a device or system
consisting of an elastic member combined with a device for
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
indicating the measured values (or a quantity proportional to
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
the measured value) of deformation of the member under an
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
applied torque.
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
3.1.2 primarytorquestandards—adeadweightforceapplied
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
throughaleverarmorwheel,withacalibratedlengthorradius
with the standard.
of a known uncertainty, that is traceable to national standards.
1.3 This practice is intended for the calibration of static or
3.1.3 secondary torque standard—an instrument or
quasi-static torque measuring instruments. The practice is not
mechanism, that has been calibrated by a comparison with a
applicable for high speed torque calibrations or measurements.
primary torque standard(s).
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.4 torque—a vector product of force and length, ex-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
pressed in terms of N-m, lbf-in., etc.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.2.1 calibration equation—a mathematical relationship be-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
tween output of the unit under test and the applied standard
torque, sometimes referred to as the calibration curve.
2. Referenced Documents
3 3.2.2 continuous-reading device—a class of instruments
2.1 ASTM Standards:
whose characteristics permit interpolation of torque values
E29Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
between calibrated torque values.
Determine Conformance with Specifications
3.2.2.1 Discussion—Such instruments usually have torque-
E2624Practice for Torque Calibration of Testing Machines
to-deflection relationships that can be fitted to polynomial
and Devices
equations. Departures from the fitted curve are reflected in the
uncertainty (see 8.4).
3.2.3 deflection—the difference between the readings of an
1
ThispracticeisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE28onMechanical
instrument under applied torque and the reading with no
Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.01 on Calibration of
Mechanical Testing Machines and Apparatus.
applied torque. The definition of deflection applies to output
Current edition approved Feb. 15, 2008. Published March 2008. DOI: 10.1520/
readings in electrical units as well as readings in units of
E2428-08.
torque.
2
Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100
Bureau Dr., Stop 1070, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-1070, http://www.nist.gov.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
4
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
the ASTM website. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E2428 − 08
3.2.4 torque range—a range of torque values within which
D = density of the weight in the same units as d, and
the uncertainty is less than the limits of error specified for the
9.80665 = the factor converting SI units of force into the
instrument application.
customary units of force. For SI units,
...

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ASTM E2428-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Calibration and Verification of Elastic Torque Measurement Standards

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4.1 Testing machines that apply and indicate torque are in general use in many industries. Practice E2624 has been written to provide a practice for the torque calibration and verification of these testing machines. A necessary element in Practice E2624 is the use of elastic torque measurement standards whose torque characteristics are known to be metrologically traceable to the International System of Units (SI). Practice E2428 describes how these elastic torque measurement standards are to be calibrated. The procedures are useful to users of testing machines, manufacturers and providers of elastic torque measurement standards, calibration laboratories that provide calibration services and documents of metrological traceability, service organizations using elastic torque measurement standards to calibrate and verify testing machines, and testing laboratories performing general structural test measurements.
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4.1 This practice provides a means of verifying the alignment of an X-ray diffraction instrument so as to quantify and minimize systematic experimental error in residual stress measurements. This practice is suitable for application to conventional X-ray diffraction instruments or to X-ray diffraction residual stress measurement instruments of either the diverging or parallel beam types3,4  
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1.3 This practice is applicable to all X-ray diffraction instruments that measure diffracted X-rays from the crystal structure of a polycrystalline specimen. It is applicable to the acceptable multiple exposure techniques of residual stress measurement as defined in Test Method E2860. Through measurement of a high-angle back-reflection set of planes, these techniques are used to derive the interatomic spacing (d-spacing) and the crystallographic strain, and then calculate residual stress in which the θ, 2θ, and ψ rotation axes can be made to coincide (see Fig. 1).
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ASTM D6855-17(2023)(Test Method)
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5.1 Turbidity is undesirable in drinking water, plant effluent waters, water for food and beverage processing, and for a large number of other water-dependent manufacturing processes. Removal is often accomplished by coagulation, settling, and filtration. Measurement of turbidity provides a rapid means of process control for when, how, and to what extent the water must be treated to meet specifications.  
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5.3 When reporting the measured result, appropriate units should also be reported. The units are reflective of the technology used to generate the result, and if necessary, provide more adequate comparison to historical data sets.  
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3.1 The terms found in this standard are intended to be used uniformly and consistently in all nondestructive testing standards. The purpose of this standard is to promote a clear understanding and interpretation of the NDT standards in which they are used.
SCOPE
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Note 1: The following sentences clarify this policy and illustrate its use:
(a) Nondestructive testing methods are used extensively for the examination or inspection of materials and components.
(b) The E07 Committee on Nondestructive Testing has prepared many documents to promote uniform usage of the nondestructive testing methods that are applied to examine or inspect materials and components.  
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(d) Magnetic Particle Testing (MT), Liquid Penetrant Testing (PT), and Visual Testing (VT) are often used to examine the surface of a component.
(e) The Bubble Leak Testing (BLT) method is sometimes used to leak test a pressure containing component to detect leaks.
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1.4 As shown on the chart below, when a nondestructive examination or inspection produces an indication, the indication is subject to interpretation as false, nonrelevant, or relevant. If it has been interpreted as relevant, the necessary subsequent evaluation will result in the decision to accept or reject the material. With the exception of accept and reject, which retain the meaning found in most dictionaries, all the words used in the chart are defined in Section A.    
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6.1 This guide provides procedures for the application of contact straight-beam examination for the detection and quantitative evaluation of discontinuities in materials.  
6.2 Although not all requirements of this guide can be applied universally to all examinations, situations, and materials, it does provide basis for establishing contractual criteria between the users, and may be used as a general guide for preparing detailed specifications for a particular application.  
6.3 This guide is directed towards the evaluation of discontinuities detectable with the beam normal to the entry surface. If discontinuities or other orientations are of concern, alternate scanning techniques are required.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers procedures for the contact ultrasonic examination of bulk materials or parts by transmitting pulsed ultrasonic waves into the material and observing the indications of reflected waves. This guide covers only examinations in which one search unit is used as both transmitter and receiver (pulse-echo). This guide includes general requirements and procedures that may be used for detecting discontinuities, locating depth and distance from a point of reference and for making a relative or approximate evaluation of the size of discontinuities as compared to a reference standard.  
1.2 This guide complements Practice E114 by providing more detailed procedures for the selection and standardization of the examination system and for evaluation of the indications obtained.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This guide does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this guide to establish the appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Standard Practice for Liquid Penetrant Testing for General Industry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Liquid penetrant testing methods indicate the presence, location, and to a limited extent, the nature and magnitude of the detected discontinuities. Each of the various penetrant methods has been designed for specific uses such as critical service items, volume of parts, portability, or localized areas of examination. The method selected will depend accordingly on the design and service requirements of the parts or materials being tested.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice2 covers procedures for penetrant examination of materials. Penetrant testing is a nondestructive testing method for detecting discontinuities that are open to the surface such as cracks, seams, laps, cold shuts, shrinkage, laminations, through leaks, or lack of fusion and is applicable to in-process, final, and maintenance examinations. It can be effectively used in the examination of nonporous, metallic materials, ferrous and nonferrous metals, and of nonmetallic materials such as nonporous glazed or fully densified ceramics, as well as certain nonporous plastics, and glass.  
1.2 This practice also provides a reference:  
1.2.1 By which a liquid penetrant examination process recommended or required by individual organizations can be reviewed to ascertain its applicability and completeness.  
1.2.2 For use in the preparation of process specifications and procedures dealing with the liquid penetrant testing of parts and materials. Agreement by the customer requesting penetrant testing is strongly recommended. All areas of this practice may be open to agreement between the cognizant engineering organization and the supplier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering organization.  
1.2.3 For use in the organization of facilities and personnel concerned with liquid penetrant testing.  
1.3 This practice does not indicate or suggest criteria for evaluation of the indications obtained by penetrant testing. It should be pointed out, however, that after indications have been found, they must be interpreted or classified and then evaluated. For this purpose there must be a separate code, standard, or a specific agreement to define the type, size, location, and direction of indications considered acceptable, and those considered unacceptable.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E2862-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Probability of Detection Analysis for Hit/Miss Data

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The POD analysis method described herein is based on a well-known and well established statistical regression method. It shall be used to quantify the demonstrated POD for a specific set of examination parameters and known range of discontinuity sizes under the following conditions.  
5.1.1 The initial response from a nondestructive evaluation inspection system is ultimately binary in nature (that is, hit or miss).  
5.1.2 Discontinuity size is the predictor variable and can be accurately quantified.  
5.1.3 A relationship between discontinuity size and POD exists and is best described by a generalized linear model with the appropriate link function for binary outcomes.  
5.2 This practice does not limit the use of a generalized linear model with more than one predictor variable or other types of statistical models if justified as more appropriate for the hit/miss data.  
5.3 If the initial response from a nondestructive evaluation inspection system is measurable and can be classified as a continuous variable (for example, data collected from an Eddy Current inspection system), then Practice E3023 may be more appropriate.  
5.4 Prior to performing the analysis it is assumed that the discontinuity of interest is clearly defined; the number and distribution of induced discontinuity sizes in the POD specimen set is known and well-documented; discontinuities in the POD specimen set are unobstructed; and the POD examination administration procedure (including data collection method) is well-designed, well-defined, under control, and unbiased. The analysis results are only valid if convergence is achieved and the model adequately represents the data.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedure for performing a statistical analysis on nondestructive testing hit/miss data to determine the demonstrated probability of detection (POD) for a specific set of examination parameters. Topics covered include the standard hit/miss POD curve formulation, validation techniques, and correct interpretation of results.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E3370-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Matrix Array Ultrasonic Testing of Composites, Sandwich Core Constructions, and Metals

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The procedures described in this practice have proven utility in the inspecting (1) monolithic polymer matrix composites (laminates) for bulk defects, (2) metals for corrosion during the service life of the part of interest, (3) thickness checks, (4) adhesive bonding of metals, composites, and sandwich core constructions, (5) coatings, and (6) composite filament windings. Both unpressurized, and with suitable precautions, pressurized materials and components are inspected.  
5.2 This practice provides guidelines for the application of longitudinal wave examination to the detection and quantitative evaluation of damage, discontinuities, and thickness variations in materials.  
5.3 This practice is intended primarily for the testing of parts to acceptance criteria most typically specified in a purchase order or other contractual document, and for testing of parts in-service to detect and evaluate damage.  
5.4 MAUT search units provide near-surface resolution and detection of small discontinuities comparable to phased array transducers. They may or may not be capable of beam steering. The advantage of MAUT for straight-beam longitudinal wave inspections is the ability to provide real-time C-scan data, which facilitates data interpretation and shortens inspection time. Depending on inspection needs, data can be displayed as A-, B- or C-scans, or three-dimensional renderings. Toggling between pulse-echo and through transmission ultrasonic (TTU) modes without having to use another system or changing transducers is also possible.  
5.5 The MAUT technique has proven utility in the inspection of multi-ply carbon-fiber reinforced laminates used in primary aircraft structures.11  
5.6 For ultrasonic testing of laminate composites and sandwich core materials using conventional UT equipment consult Practice E2580. Consult Practice E114 for ultrasonic testing of materials by the pulse-echo method using straightbeam longitudinal waves introduced by a piezoelectric elemen...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for matrix array ultrasonic testing (MAUT) of monolithic composites, composite sandwich constructions, and metallic test articles. These procedures can be used throughout the life cycle of a part during product and process design optimization, on line process control, post-manufacturing inspection, and in-service inspection.  
1.2 In general, ultrasonic testing is a common volumetric method for detection of embedded or subsurface discontinuities. This practice includes general requirements and procedures which may be used for detecting flaws and for making a relative or approximate evaluation of the size of discontinuities and part anomalies. The types of flaws or discontinuities detected include interply delaminations, foreign object debris (FOD), inclusions, disbond/un-bond, fiber debonding, fiber fracture, porosity, voids, impact damage, thickness variation, and corrosion.  
1.3 Typical test articles include monolithic composite layups such as uniaxial, cross ply and angle ply laminates, sandwich constructions, bonded structures, and filament windings, as well as forged, wrought and cast metallic parts. Two techniques can be considered based on accessibility of the inspection surface: namely, pulse echo inspection for one-sided access and through-transmission for two-sided access. As used in this practice, both require the use of a pulsed straight-beam ultrasonic longitudinal wave followed by observing indications of either the reflected (pulse-echo) or received (through transmission) wave.  
1.4 This practice provides two ultrasonic test procedures. Each has its own merits and requirements for inspection and shall be selected as agreed upon in a contractual document.  
1.4.1 Test Procedure A, Pulse Echo (non-contacting and contacting) is at a minimum a single matrix array transducer transmitting and receiving longitudinal waves in the range of 0.5 MHz to 20 MHz (see Fig. 1). Th...

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