ASTM C1774-13(2019)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Thermal Performance Testing of Cryogenic Insulation Systems
Standard Guide for Thermal Performance Testing of Cryogenic Insulation Systems
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A key aspect in understanding the thermal performance of cryogenic insulation systems is to perform tests under representative and reproducible conditions, simulating the way that the materials are actually put together and used in service. Therefore, a large temperature differential across the insulation and a residual gas environment at some specific pressure are usually required. Added to these requirements are the complexities of thickness measurement at test condition after thermal contraction, verification of surface contact and/or mechanical loading after cooldown, and measurement of high vacuum levels within the material. Accounting for the surface contact resistance can be a particular challenge, especially for rigid materials (32). The imposition of a large differential temperature in generally low density, high surface area materials means that the composition and states of the interstitial species can have drastic changes through the thickness of the system. Even for a single component system such as a sheet of predominately closed-cell foam, the composition of the system will often include air, moisture, and blowing agents at different concentrations and physical states and morphologies throughout the material. The system, as tested under a given set of WBT, CBT, and CVP conditions, includes all of these components (not only the foam material). The CVP can be imposed by design or can vary in response to the change in boundary temperatures as well as the surface effects of the insulation materials. In order for free molecular gas conduction to occur, the mean free path of the gas molecules must be larger than the spacing between the two heat transfer surfaces. The ratio of the mean free path to the distance between surfaces is the Knudsen number (see C740 for further discussion). A Knudsen number greater than 1.0 is termed the molecular flow condition while a Knudsen less than 0.01 is considered a continuum or viscous flow condition. Testing of cryog...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides information for the laboratory measurement of the steady-state thermal transmission properties and heat flux of thermal insulation systems under cryogenic conditions. Thermal insulation systems may be composed of one or more materials that may be homogeneous or non-homogeneous; flat, cylindrical, or spherical; at boundary conditions from near absolute zero or 4 K up to 400 K; and in environments from high vacuum to an ambient pressure of air or residual gas. The testing approaches presented as part of this guide are distinct from, and yet complementary to, other ASTM thermal test methods including C177, C518, and C335. A key aspect of this guide is the notion of an insulation system, not an insulation material. Under the practical use environment of most cryogenic applications even a single-material system can still be a complex insulation system (1-3).2 To determine the inherent thermal properties of insulation materials, the standard test methods as cited in this guide should be consulted.
1.2 The function of most cryogenic thermal insulation systems used in these applications is to maintain large temperature differences thereby providing high levels of thermal insulating performance. The combination of warm and cold boundary temperatures can be any two temperatures in the range of near 0 K to 400 K. Cold boundary temperatures typically range from 4 K to 100 K, but can be much higher such as 300 K. Warm boundary temperatures typically range from 250 K to 400 K, but can be much lower such as 40 K. Large temperature differences up to 300 K are typical. Testing for thermal performance at large temperature differences with one boundary at cryogenic temperature is typical and representative of most applications. Thermal performance as a function of temperature can also be evaluated or calculated in accordance with Practices C1058 or C1045 when sufficient information on the temperature profile and ...
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: C1774 − 13 (Reapproved 2019)
Standard Guide for
Thermal Performance Testing of Cryogenic Insulation
Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1774; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope accordance with Practices C1058 or C1045 when sufficient
information on the temperature profile and physical modeling
1.1 This guide provides information for the laboratory
are available.
measurement of the steady-state thermal transmission proper-
1.3 The range of residual gas pressures for this Guide is
ties and heat flux of thermal insulation systems under cryo-
-7 +3 -5
from 10 torr to 10 torr (1.33 Pa to 133 kPa) with different
genic conditions. Thermal insulation systems may be com-
purge gases as required. Corresponding to the applications in
posed of one or more materials that may be homogeneous or
cryogenic systems, three sub-ranges of vacuum are also de-
non-homogeneous; flat, cylindrical, or spherical; at boundary
-6 -3 -4
fined: High Vacuum (HV) from <10 torr to 10 torr (1.333
conditions from near absolute zero or4Kupto400K;andin
Pa to 0.133 Pa) [free molecular regime], Soft Vacuum (SV)
environments from high vacuum to an ambient pressure of air
-2
from 10 torr to 10 torr (from 1.33 Pa to 1,333 Pa) [transition
orresidualgas.Thetestingapproachespresentedaspartofthis
regime],NoVacuum(NV)from100torrto1000torr(13.3kPa
guide are distinct from, and yet complementary to, other
to 133 kPa) [continuum regime].
ASTMthermaltestmethodsincludingC177,C518,andC335.
Akeyaspectofthisguideisthenotionofaninsulationsystem,
1.4 Thermal performance can vary by four orders of mag-
notaninsulationmaterial.Underthepracticaluseenvironment
nitudeovertheentirevacuumpressurerange.Effectivethermal
of most cryogenic applications even a single-material system
conductivities can range from 0.010 mW/m-K to 100 mW/
can still be a complex insulation system (1-3). To determine
m-K. The primary governing factor in thermal performance is
the inherent thermal properties of insulation materials, the
the pressure of the test environment. High vacuum insulation
standard test methods as cited in this guide should be con-
systems are often in the range from 0.05 mW/m-K to 2
sulted.
mW/m-Kwhilenon-vacuumsystemsaretypicallyintherange
from 10 mW/m-K to 30 mW/m-K. Soft vacuum systems are
1.2 The function of most cryogenic thermal insulation
generally between these two extremes (4). Of particular de-
systems used in these applications is to maintain large tem-
mand is the very low thermal conductivity (very high thermal
perature differences thereby providing high levels of thermal
resistance) range in sub-ambient temperature environments.
insulating performance. The combination of warm and cold
For example, careful delineation of test results in the range of
boundary temperatures can be any two temperatures in the
0.01mW/m-Kto1mW/m-K(fromR-value14,400toR-value
range of near0Kto400K. Cold boundary temperatures
144)isrequiredasamatterofnormalengineeringapplications
typically range from4Kto100K,butcanbe much higher
for many cryogenic insulation systems (5-7). The application
such as 300 K. Warm boundary temperatures typically range
of effective thermal conductivity values to multilayer insula-
from 250 K to 400 K, but can be much lower such as 40 K.
tion (MLI) systems and other combinations of diverse
Large temperature differences up to 300 K are typical. Testing
materials, because they are highly anisotropic and specialized,
for thermal performance at large temperature differences with
mustbedonewithduecautionandfullprovisionofsupporting
one boundary at cryogenic temperature is typical and repre-
technical information (8). The use of heat flux (W/m ) is, in
sentative of most applications. Thermal performance as a
general,moresuitableforreportingthethermalperformanceof
function of temperature can also be evaluated or calculated in
MLI systems (9-11).
1.5 This guide covers different approaches for thermal
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C16 on Thermal performance measurement in sub-ambient temperature envi-
Insulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.30 on Thermal
ronments.Thetestapparatuses(apparatus)aredividedintotwo
Measurement.
categories: boiloff calorimetry and electrical power. Both
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2019. Published October 2019. Originally
absolute and comparative apparatuses are included.
approved in 2013. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as C1774–13. DOI:
10.1520/C1774-13R19.
1.6 This guide sets forth the general design requirements
Theboldfacenumbersinparenthesesrefertothelistofreferencesattheendof
this standard. necessarytoconstructandoperateasatisfactorytestapparatus.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C1774 − 13 (2019)
Awide variety of apparatus constructions, test conditions, and 1.12 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
operating conditions are covered. Detailed designs are not standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
given but must be developed within the constraints of the only. Either SI or Imperial units may be used in the report,
general requirements. Examples of different cryogenic test unless otherwise specified.
apparatuses are found in the literature (12). These apparatuses
1.13 Safety precautions including normal handling and
includeboilofftypes (13-17)aswellaselectricaltypes (18-21).
usagepracticesforthecryogenofuse.Priortooperationofthe
apparatus with any potentially hazardous cryogen or fluid, a
1.7 These testing approaches are applicable to the measure-
completereviewofthedesign,construction,andinstallationof
ment of a wide variety of specimens, ranging from opaque
allsystemsshallbeconducted.Safetypracticesandprocedures
solids to porous or transparent materials, and a wide range of
regarding handling of hazardous fluids have been extensively
environmental conditions including measurements conducted
developed and proven through many years of use. For systems
at extremes of temperature and with various gases and over a
containing hydrogen, particular attention shall be given to
range of pressures. Of particular importance is the ability to
ensure the following precautions are addressed: (1) adequate
testhighlyanisotropicmaterialsandsystemssuchasmultilayer
ventilation in the test area, (2) prevention of leaks, (3)
insulation (MLI) systems (22-25). Other test methods are
elimination of ignition sources, (4) fail safe design, and (5)
limited in this regard and do not cover the testing of MLI and
redundancy provisions for fluid fill and vent lines. This
otherlayeredsystemsundertheextremecryogenicandvacuum
standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,
conditions that are typical for these systems.
if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user
1.8 In order to ensure the level of precision and accuracy
of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and
expected, users applying this standard must possess a working
environmental practices and determine the applicability of
knowledge of the requirements of thermal measurements and
regulatory limitations prior to use.
testing practice and of the practical application of heat transfer
1.14 Major sections within this standard are arranged as
theory relating to thermal insulation materials and systems.
follows:
Detailed operating procedures, including design schematics
Section
and electrical drawings, should be available for each apparatus
Scope 1
to ensure that tests are in accordance with this Guide. In
Referenced Documents 2
Terminology 3
addition, automated data collecting and handling systems
Summary of Test Methods 4
connected to the apparatus must be verified as to their
Significance and Use 5
accuracy. Verification can be done by calibration and compar-
Apparatus 6
Test Specimens and Preparation 7
ing data sets, which have known results associated with them,
Procedure 8
using computer models.
Calculation of Results 9
Report 10
1.9 It is impractical to establish all details of design and
Keywords 11
construction of thermal insulation test equipment and to
Annexes
provide procedures covering all contingencies associated with
Cylindrical Boiloff Calorimeter (Absolute) Annex A1
Cylindrical Boiloff Calorimeter (Comparative) Annex A2
the measurement of heat flow, extremely delicate thermal
Flat Plate Boiloff Calorimeter (Absolute) Annex A3
balances, high vacuum, temperature measurements, and gen-
Flat Plate Boiloff Calorimeter (Comparative) Annex A4
eraltestingpractices.Theusermayalsofinditnecessary,when Electrical Power Cryostat Apparatus (Cryogen) Annex A5
Electrical Power Cryostat Apparatus (Cryocooler) Annex A6
repairing or modifying the apparatus, to become a designer or
Appendix
builder, or both, on whom the demands for fundamental
Rationale Appendix X1
understanding and careful experimental technique are even References
greater.Thetestmethodologiesgivenhereareforpracticaluse
1.15 This international standard was developed in accor-
and adaptation as well as to enable future development of
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
improved equipment or procedures.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
1.10 Thisguidedoesnotspecifyalldetailsnecessaryforthe
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
operation of the apparatus. Decisions on sampling, specimen
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
selection, preconditioning, specimen mounting and
positioning,thechoiceoftestconditions,andtheevaluationof
2. Referenced Documents
test data shall follow applicableASTM Test Methods, Guides,
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Practices or Product Specifications or governmental regula-
C167Test Methods forThickness and Density of Blanket or
tions. If no applicable standard exists, sound engineering
Batt Thermal Insulations
judgmentthatreflectsacceptedheattransferprinciplesmustbe
C168Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation
used and documented.
C177Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measure-
1.11 Thisguideallowsawiderangeofapparatusdesignand
ments and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of
design accuracy to be used in order to satisfy the requirements
of specific measurement problems. Compliance with a further
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
specified test method should include a report with a discussion
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
of the significant error factors involved as well the uncertainty
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
of each reported variable. the ASTM website.
C1774 − 13 (2019)
the Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus particularly those at large temperature differentials that are
C335TestMethodforSteady-StateHeatTransferProperties common to most cryogenic insulation systems, are generally
of Pipe Insulation expected to be significant and non-linear in nature. For details
C518Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission on testing or analysis in the thermal characterization of a
Properties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter Apparatus specific material, C1045, Section 6, Determination of the
C520Test Methods for Density of Granular Loose Fill Thermal Conductivity Relationship for a Temperature Range,
Insulations should be consulted.
C534Specification for Preformed Flexible Elastomeric Cel-
3.2 Definitions:
lular Thermal Insulation in Sheet and Tubular Form
3.2.1 cryogenic insulation systems—encompass a wide
C549Specification for Perlite Loose Fill Insulation
range of material combinations and thermal performance
C552Specification for Cellular Glass Thermal Insulation
levels. Examples of the effective thermal conductivity of
C578Specification for Rigid, Cellular Polystyrene Thermal
different systems and the widely varying thermal performance
Insulation
ranges are shown in Fig. 1.
C591Specification for Unfaced Preformed Rigid Cellular
3.2.2 insulation test specimen—an insulation test specimen
Polyisocyanurate Thermal Insulation
is composed of one or more materials, homogeneous or
C680Practice for Estimate of the Heat Gain or Loss and the
non-homogeneous, for which thermal transmission properties
Surface Temperatures of Insulated Flat, Cylindrical, and
through the thickness of the system are to be measured under
Spherical Systems by Use of Computer Programs
sub-ambient conditions.
C740Guide for Evacuated Reflective Insulation In Cryo-
genic Service 3.2.2.1 Discussion—An insulation test specimen may con-
C870Practice for Conditioning of Thermal Insulating Ma- sistofasinglematerial,onetypeofmaterialinseveraldiscrete
terials elements, or a number of different materials working in a
specialized design configuration. In reality, a test specimen is
C1029Specification for Spray-Applied Rigid Cellular Poly-
urethane Thermal Insulation always a system, either a single material (with or without
inclusion of a gas) or a combination of materials in different
C1045Practice for CalculatingThermalTransmission Prop-
erties Under Steady-State Conditions forms. Forms of insulation test specimens may be bulk-fill,
powder, blanket, layered, clam-shell, panels, monoliths, or
C1058Practice for Selecting Temperatures for Evaluating
and Reporting Thermal Properties of Thermal Insulation othertypeconfigurations.Examplesofmaterialsincludefoams
(closed cell or open cell), fibrous insulation products, aerogels
C1482Specification for Polyimide Flexible Cellular Ther-
mal and Sound Absorbing Insulation (blankets or bulk-fill or packaged), multilayer insulation
systems, clam shells of foams of cellular glass, composite
C1484Specification for Vacuum Insulation Panels
C1594Specification for Polyimide Rigid Cellular Thermal panels, polymeric composites, or any number of bulk-fill
materials such as perlite powder and glass bubbles.
Insulation
C1667TestMethodforUsingHeatFlowMeterApparatusto
3.2.3 multilayer insulation (MLI)—insulation systems com-
Measure the Center-of-PanelThermalTransmission Prop-
posed of multiple radiation shields physically separated to
erties of Vacuum Insulation Panels
reduce conductive heat transfer. The radiation shields are thin
C1728Specificatio
...
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: C1774 − 13 (Reapproved 2019)
Standard Guide for
Thermal Performance Testing of Cryogenic Insulation
Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1774; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope accordance with Practices C1058 or C1045 when sufficient
information on the temperature profile and physical modeling
1.1 This guide provides information for the laboratory
are available.
measurement of the steady-state thermal transmission proper-
1.3 The range of residual gas pressures for this Guide is
ties and heat flux of thermal insulation systems under cryo-
-7 +3 -5
from 10 torr to 10 torr (1.33 Pa to 133 kPa) with different
genic conditions. Thermal insulation systems may be com-
purge gases as required. Corresponding to the applications in
posed of one or more materials that may be homogeneous or
cryogenic systems, three sub-ranges of vacuum are also de-
non-homogeneous; flat, cylindrical, or spherical; at boundary
-6 -3 -4
fined: High Vacuum (HV) from <10 torr to 10 torr (1.333
conditions from near absolute zero or 4 K up to 400 K; and in
Pa to 0.133 Pa) [free molecular regime], Soft Vacuum (SV)
environments from high vacuum to an ambient pressure of air
-2
from 10 torr to 10 torr (from 1.33 Pa to 1,333 Pa) [transition
or residual gas. The testing approaches presented as part of this
regime], No Vacuum (NV) from 100 torr to 1000 torr (13.3 kPa
guide are distinct from, and yet complementary to, other
to 133 kPa) [continuum regime].
ASTM thermal test methods including C177, C518, and C335.
A key aspect of this guide is the notion of an insulation system,
1.4 Thermal performance can vary by four orders of mag-
not an insulation material. Under the practical use environment
nitude over the entire vacuum pressure range. Effective thermal
of most cryogenic applications even a single-material system
conductivities can range from 0.010 mW/m-K to 100 mW/
can still be a complex insulation system (1-3). To determine
m-K. The primary governing factor in thermal performance is
the inherent thermal properties of insulation materials, the
the pressure of the test environment. High vacuum insulation
standard test methods as cited in this guide should be con-
systems are often in the range from 0.05 mW/m-K to 2
sulted.
mW/m-K while non-vacuum systems are typically in the range
from 10 mW/m-K to 30 mW/m-K. Soft vacuum systems are
1.2 The function of most cryogenic thermal insulation
generally between these two extremes (4). Of particular de-
systems used in these applications is to maintain large tem-
mand is the very low thermal conductivity (very high thermal
perature differences thereby providing high levels of thermal
resistance) range in sub-ambient temperature environments.
insulating performance. The combination of warm and cold
For example, careful delineation of test results in the range of
boundary temperatures can be any two temperatures in the
0.01 mW/m-K to 1 mW/m-K (from R-value 14,400 to R-value
range of near 0 K to 400 K. Cold boundary temperatures
144) is required as a matter of normal engineering applications
typically range from 4 K to 100 K, but can be much higher
for many cryogenic insulation systems (5-7). The application
such as 300 K. Warm boundary temperatures typically range
of effective thermal conductivity values to multilayer insula-
from 250 K to 400 K, but can be much lower such as 40 K.
tion (MLI) systems and other combinations of diverse
Large temperature differences up to 300 K are typical. Testing
materials, because they are highly anisotropic and specialized,
for thermal performance at large temperature differences with
must be done with due caution and full provision of supporting
one boundary at cryogenic temperature is typical and repre-
technical information (8). The use of heat flux (W/m ) is, in
sentative of most applications. Thermal performance as a
general, more suitable for reporting the thermal performance of
function of temperature can also be evaluated or calculated in
MLI systems (9-11).
1.5 This guide covers different approaches for thermal
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C16 on Thermal performance measurement in sub-ambient temperature envi-
Insulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.30 on Thermal
ronments. The test apparatuses (apparatus) are divided into two
Measurement.
categories: boiloff calorimetry and electrical power. Both
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2019. Published October 2019. Originally
absolute and comparative apparatuses are included.
approved in 2013. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as C1774 – 13. DOI:
10.1520/C1774-13R19.
2 1.6 This guide sets forth the general design requirements
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of
this standard. necessary to construct and operate a satisfactory test apparatus.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C1774 − 13 (2019)
A wide variety of apparatus constructions, test conditions, and 1.12 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
operating conditions are covered. Detailed designs are not standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
given but must be developed within the constraints of the only. Either SI or Imperial units may be used in the report,
general requirements. Examples of different cryogenic test unless otherwise specified.
apparatuses are found in the literature (12). These apparatuses
1.13 Safety precautions including normal handling and
include boiloff types (13-17) as well as electrical types (18-21).
usage practices for the cryogen of use. Prior to operation of the
apparatus with any potentially hazardous cryogen or fluid, a
1.7 These testing approaches are applicable to the measure-
complete review of the design, construction, and installation of
ment of a wide variety of specimens, ranging from opaque
all systems shall be conducted. Safety practices and procedures
solids to porous or transparent materials, and a wide range of
regarding handling of hazardous fluids have been extensively
environmental conditions including measurements conducted
developed and proven through many years of use. For systems
at extremes of temperature and with various gases and over a
containing hydrogen, particular attention shall be given to
range of pressures. Of particular importance is the ability to
ensure the following precautions are addressed: (1) adequate
test highly anisotropic materials and systems such as multilayer
ventilation in the test area, (2) prevention of leaks, (3)
insulation (MLI) systems (22-25). Other test methods are
elimination of ignition sources, (4) fail safe design, and (5)
limited in this regard and do not cover the testing of MLI and
redundancy provisions for fluid fill and vent lines. This
other layered systems under the extreme cryogenic and vacuum
standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,
conditions that are typical for these systems.
if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user
1.8 In order to ensure the level of precision and accuracy
of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and
expected, users applying this standard must possess a working
environmental practices and determine the applicability of
knowledge of the requirements of thermal measurements and
regulatory limitations prior to use.
testing practice and of the practical application of heat transfer
1.14 Major sections within this standard are arranged as
theory relating to thermal insulation materials and systems.
follows:
Detailed operating procedures, including design schematics
Section
and electrical drawings, should be available for each apparatus
Scope 1
to ensure that tests are in accordance with this Guide. In
Referenced Documents 2
Terminology 3
addition, automated data collecting and handling systems
Summary of Test Methods 4
connected to the apparatus must be verified as to their
Significance and Use 5
accuracy. Verification can be done by calibration and compar-
Apparatus 6
ing data sets, which have known results associated with them, Test Specimens and Preparation 7
Procedure 8
using computer models.
Calculation of Results 9
Report 10
1.9 It is impractical to establish all details of design and
Keywords 11
construction of thermal insulation test equipment and to
Annexes
provide procedures covering all contingencies associated with Cylindrical Boiloff Calorimeter (Absolute) Annex A1
Cylindrical Boiloff Calorimeter (Comparative) Annex A2
the measurement of heat flow, extremely delicate thermal
Flat Plate Boiloff Calorimeter (Absolute) Annex A3
balances, high vacuum, temperature measurements, and gen-
Flat Plate Boiloff Calorimeter (Comparative) Annex A4
eral testing practices. The user may also find it necessary, when Electrical Power Cryostat Apparatus (Cryogen) Annex A5
Electrical Power Cryostat Apparatus (Cryocooler) Annex A6
repairing or modifying the apparatus, to become a designer or
Appendix
builder, or both, on whom the demands for fundamental
Rationale Appendix X1
understanding and careful experimental technique are even
References
greater. The test methodologies given here are for practical use
1.15 This international standard was developed in accor-
and adaptation as well as to enable future development of
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
improved equipment or procedures.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
1.10 This guide does not specify all details necessary for the
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
operation of the apparatus. Decisions on sampling, specimen
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
selection, preconditioning, specimen mounting and
positioning, the choice of test conditions, and the evaluation of
2. Referenced Documents
test data shall follow applicable ASTM Test Methods, Guides,
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Practices or Product Specifications or governmental regula-
C167 Test Methods for Thickness and Density of Blanket or
tions. If no applicable standard exists, sound engineering
Batt Thermal Insulations
judgment that reflects accepted heat transfer principles must be
C168 Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation
used and documented.
C177 Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measure-
1.11 This guide allows a wide range of apparatus design and
ments and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of
design accuracy to be used in order to satisfy the requirements
of specific measurement problems. Compliance with a further
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
specified test method should include a report with a discussion
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
of the significant error factors involved as well the uncertainty
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
of each reported variable. the ASTM website.
C1774 − 13 (2019)
the Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus particularly those at large temperature differentials that are
C335 Test Method for Steady-State Heat Transfer Properties common to most cryogenic insulation systems, are generally
of Pipe Insulation expected to be significant and non-linear in nature. For details
C518 Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission on testing or analysis in the thermal characterization of a
Properties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter Apparatus specific material, C1045, Section 6, Determination of the
C520 Test Methods for Density of Granular Loose Fill Thermal Conductivity Relationship for a Temperature Range,
Insulations should be consulted.
C534 Specification for Preformed Flexible Elastomeric Cel-
3.2 Definitions:
lular Thermal Insulation in Sheet and Tubular Form
3.2.1 cryogenic insulation systems—encompass a wide
C549 Specification for Perlite Loose Fill Insulation
range of material combinations and thermal performance
C552 Specification for Cellular Glass Thermal Insulation
levels. Examples of the effective thermal conductivity of
C578 Specification for Rigid, Cellular Polystyrene Thermal
different systems and the widely varying thermal performance
Insulation
ranges are shown in Fig. 1.
C591 Specification for Unfaced Preformed Rigid Cellular
3.2.2 insulation test specimen—an insulation test specimen
Polyisocyanurate Thermal Insulation
is composed of one or more materials, homogeneous or
C680 Practice for Estimate of the Heat Gain or Loss and the
non-homogeneous, for which thermal transmission properties
Surface Temperatures of Insulated Flat, Cylindrical, and
through the thickness of the system are to be measured under
Spherical Systems by Use of Computer Programs
sub-ambient conditions.
C740 Guide for Evacuated Reflective Insulation In Cryo-
genic Service 3.2.2.1 Discussion—An insulation test specimen may con-
C870 Practice for Conditioning of Thermal Insulating Ma- sist of a single material, one type of material in several discrete
elements, or a number of different materials working in a
terials
C1029 Specification for Spray-Applied Rigid Cellular Poly- specialized design configuration. In reality, a test specimen is
always a system, either a single material (with or without
urethane Thermal Insulation
C1045 Practice for Calculating Thermal Transmission Prop- inclusion of a gas) or a combination of materials in different
forms. Forms of insulation test specimens may be bulk-fill,
erties Under Steady-State Conditions
C1058 Practice for Selecting Temperatures for Evaluating powder, blanket, layered, clam-shell, panels, monoliths, or
other type configurations. Examples of materials include foams
and Reporting Thermal Properties of Thermal Insulation
C1482 Specification for Polyimide Flexible Cellular Ther- (closed cell or open cell), fibrous insulation products, aerogels
(blankets or bulk-fill or packaged), multilayer insulation
mal and Sound Absorbing Insulation
C1484 Specification for Vacuum Insulation Panels systems, clam shells of foams of cellular glass, composite
panels, polymeric composites, or any number of bulk-fill
C1594 Specification for Polyimide Rigid Cellular Thermal
Insulation materials such as perlite powder and glass bubbles.
C1667 Test Method for Using Heat Flow Meter Apparatus to
3.2.3 multilayer insulation (MLI)—insulation systems com-
Measure the Center-of-Pane
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C1774 − 13 C1774 − 13 (Reapproved 2019)
Standard Guide for
Thermal Performance Testing of Cryogenic Insulation
Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1774; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide provides information for the laboratory measurement of the steady-state thermal transmission properties and heat
flux of thermal insulation systems under cryogenic conditions. Thermal insulation systems may be composed of one or more
materials that may be homogeneous or non-homogeneous; flat, cylindrical, or spherical; at boundary conditions from near absolute
zero or 4 K up to 400 K; and in environments from high vacuum to an ambient pressure of air or residual gas. The testing
approaches presented as part of this guide are distinct from, and yet complementary to, other ASTM thermal test methods including
C177, C518, and C335. A key aspect of this guide is the notion of an insulation system, not an insulation material. Under the
practical use environment of most cryogenic applications even a single-material system can still be a complex insulation system
(1-3). To determine the inherent thermal properties of insulation materials, the standard test methods as cited in this guide should
be consulted.
1.2 The function of most cryogenic thermal insulation systems used in these applications is to maintain large temperature
differences thereby providing high levels of thermal insulating performance. The combination of warm and cold boundary
temperatures can be any two temperatures in the range of near 0 K to 400 K. Cold boundary temperatures typically range from
4 K to 100 K, but can be much higher such as 300 K. Warm boundary temperatures typically range from 250 K to 400 K, but can
be much lower such as 40 K. Large temperature differences up to 300 K are typical. Testing for thermal performance at large
temperature differences with one boundary at cryogenic temperature is typical and representative of most applications. Thermal
performance as a function of temperature can also be evaluated or calculated in accordance with Practices C1058 or C1045 when
sufficient information on the temperature profile and physical modeling are available.
-7 +3 -5
1.3 The range of residual gas pressures for this Guide is from 10 torr to 10 torr (1.33 Pa to 133 kPa) with different purge
gases as required. Corresponding to the applications in cryogenic systems, three sub-ranges of vacuum are also defined: High
-6 -3 -4 -2
Vacuum (HV) from <10 torr to 10 torr (1.333 Pa to 0.133 Pa) [free molecular regime], Soft Vacuum (SV) from 10 torr to
10 torr (from 1.33 Pa to 1,333 Pa) [transition regime], No Vacuum (NV) from 100 torr to 1000 torr (13.3 kPa to 133 kPa)
[continuum regime].
1.4 Thermal performance can vary by four orders of magnitude over the entire vacuum pressure range. Effective thermal
conductivities can range from 0.010 mW/m-K to 100 mW/m-K. The primary governing factor in thermal performance is the
pressure of the test environment. High vacuum insulation systems are often in the range from 0.05 mW/m-K to 2 mW/m-K while
non-vacuum systems are typically in the range from 10 mW/m-K to 30 mW/m-K. Soft vacuum systems are generally between
these two extremes (4). Of particular demand is the very low thermal conductivity (very high thermal resistance) range in
sub-ambient temperature environments. For example, careful delineation of test results in the range of 0.01 mW/m-K to 1 mW/m-K
(from R-value 14,400 to R-value 144) is required as a matter of normal engineering applications for many cryogenic insulation
systems (5-7). The application of effective thermal conductivity values to multilayer insulation (MLI) systems and other
combinations of diverse materials, because they are highly anisotropic and specialized, must be done with due caution and full
provision of supporting technical information (8). The use of heat flux (W/m ) is, in general, more suitable for reporting the thermal
performance of MLI systems (9-11).
1.5 This guide covers different approaches for thermal performance measurement in sub-ambient temperature environments.
The test apparatuses (apparatus) are divided into two categories: boiloff calorimetry and electrical power. Both absolute and
comparative apparatuses are included.
This test method guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C16 on Thermal Insulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.30 on Thermal
Measurement.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2013Sept. 1, 2019. Published February 2014October 2019. Originally approved in 2013. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as
C1774 – 13. DOI: 10.1520/C1774-13.10.1520/C1774-13R19.
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C1774 − 13 (2019)
1.6 This guide sets forth the general design requirements necessary to construct and operate a satisfactory test apparatus. A wide
variety of apparatus constructions, test conditions, and operating conditions are covered. Detailed designs are not given but must
be developed within the constraints of the general requirements. Examples of different cryogenic test apparatuses are found in the
literature (12). These apparatuses include boiloff types (13-17) as well as electrical types (18-21).
1.7 These testing approaches are applicable to the measurement of a wide variety of specimens, ranging from opaque solids to
porous or transparent materials, and a wide range of environmental conditions including measurements conducted at extremes of
temperature and with various gases and over a range of pressures. Of particular importance is the ability to test highly anisotropic
materials and systems such as multilayer insulation (MLI) systems (22-25). Other test methods are limited in this regard and do
not cover the testing of MLI and other layered systems under the extreme cryogenic and vacuum conditions that are typical for
these systems.
1.8 In order to ensure the level of precision and accuracy expected, users applying this standard must possess a working
knowledge of the requirements of thermal measurements and testing practice and of the practical application of heat transfer theory
relating to thermal insulation materials and systems. Detailed operating procedures, including design schematics and electrical
drawings, should be available for each apparatus to ensure that tests are in accordance with this Guide. In addition, automated data
collecting and handling systems connected to the apparatus must be verified as to their accuracy. Verification can be done by
calibration and comparing data sets, which have known results associated with them, using computer models.
1.9 It is impractical to establish all details of design and construction of thermal insulation test equipment and to provide
procedures covering all contingencies associated with the measurement of heat flow, extremely delicate thermal balances, high
vacuum, temperature measurements, and general testing practices. The user may also find it necessary, when repairing or
modifying the apparatus, to become a designer or builder, or both, on whom the demands for fundamental understanding and
careful experimental technique are even greater. The test methodologies given here are for practical use and adaptation as well as
to enable future development of improved equipment or procedures.
1.10 This guide does not specify all details necessary for the operation of the apparatus. Decisions on sampling, specimen
selection, preconditioning, specimen mounting and positioning, the choice of test conditions, and the evaluation of test data shall
follow applicable ASTM Test Methods, Guides, Practices or Product Specifications or governmental regulations. If no applicable
standard exists, sound engineering judgment that reflects accepted heat transfer principles must be used and documented.
1.11 This guide allows a wide range of apparatus design and design accuracy to be used in order to satisfy the requirements of
specific measurement problems. Compliance with a further specified test method should include a report with a discussion of the
significant error factors involved as well the uncertainty of each reported variable.
1.12 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
Either SI or Imperial units may be used in the report, unless otherwise specified.
1.13 Safety precautions including normal handling and usage practices for the cryogen of use. Prior to operation of the apparatus
with any potentially hazardous cryogen or fluid, a complete review of the design, construction, and installation of all systems shall
be conducted. Safety practices and procedures regarding handling of hazardous fluids have been extensively developed and proven
through many years of use. For systems containing hydrogen, particular attention shall be given to ensure the following precautions
are addressed: (1) adequate ventilation in the test area, (2) prevention of leaks, (3) elimination of ignition sources, (4) fail safe
design, and (5) redundancy provisions for fluid fill and vent lines. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety
concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety,
health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.14 Major sections within this standard are arranged as follows:
Section
Scope 1
Referenced Documents 2
Terminology 3
Summary of Test Methods 4
Significance and Use 5
Apparatus 6
Test Specimens and Preparation 7
Procedure 8
Calculation of Results 9
Report 10
Keywords 11
Annexes
Cylindrical Boiloff Calorimeter (Absolute) Annex A1
Cylindrical Boiloff Calorimeter (Comparative) Annex A2
Flat Plate Boiloff Calorimeter (Absolute) Annex A3
Flat Plate Boiloff Calorimeter (Comparative) Annex A4
Electrical Power Cryostat Apparatus (Cryogen) Annex A5
Electrical Power Cryostat Apparatus (Cryocooler) Annex A6
Appendix
Rationale Appendix X1
C1774 − 13 (2019)
Section
References
1.15 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C167 Test Methods for Thickness and Density of Blanket or Batt Thermal Insulations
C168 Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation
C177 Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measurements and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the
Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus
C335 Test Method for Steady-State Heat Transfer Properties of Pipe Insulation
C518 Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter Apparatus
C520 Test Methods for Density of Granular Loose Fill Insulations
C534 Specification for Preformed Flexible Elastomeric Cellular Thermal Insulation in Sheet and Tubular Form
C549 Specification for Perlite Loose Fill Insulation
C552 Specification for Cellular Glass Thermal Insulation
C578 Specification for Rigid, Cellular Polystyrene Thermal Insulation
C591 Specification for Unfaced Preformed Rigid Cellular Polyisocyanurate Thermal Insulation
C680 Practice for Estimate of the Heat Gain or Loss and the Surface Temperatures of Insulated Flat, Cylindrical, and Spherical
Systems by Use of Computer Programs
C740 Guide for Evacuated Reflective Insulation In Cryogenic Service
C870 Practice for Conditioning of Thermal Insulating Materials
C1029 Specification for Spray-Applied Rigid Cellular Polyurethane Thermal Insulation
C1045 Practice for Calculating Thermal Transmission Properties Under Steady-State Conditions
C1058 Practice for Selecting Temperatures for Evaluating and Reporting Thermal Properties of Thermal Insulation
C1482 Specification for Polyimide Flexible Cellular Thermal and Sound Absorbing Insulation
C1484 Specification for Vacuum Insulation Panels
C1594 Specification for Polyimide Rigid Cellular Thermal Insulation
C1667 Test Method for Using Heat Flow Meter Apparatus to Measure the Center-of-Panel Thermal Transmission Properties of
Vacuum Insulation Panels
C1728 Specification for Flexible Aerogel Insulation
E230 Specification for Temperature-Electromotive Force (emf) Tables for Standardized Thermocouples
E408 Test Methods for Total Normal Emittance of Surfaces Using Inspection-Meter Techniques
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
2.2 ISO Standard:
ISO 21014 Cryogenic Vessels: Cryogenic Insulation Performance
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—Terminology of standards C168, C680, and C1045 applies to the terms used in this standard unless otherwise
noted. Properties based on specimens tested under the conditions specified may not be representative of the installed performance
if the end use conditions differ substantially from the test conditions. The temperature dependences of the thermal performance
of a given insulation test specimen, particularly those at large temperature differentials that are common to most cryogenic
insulation systems, are generally expected to be significant and non-linear in nature. For details on testing or analysis in the thermal
characterization of a specific material, C1045, Section 6, Determination of the Thermal Conductivity Relationship for a
Temperature Range, should be consulted.
3.2 Definitions:
3.2.1 cryogenic insulation systems—encompass a wide range of material combinations and thermal performance levels.
Examples of the effective thermal conductivity of different systems and the widely varying thermal performance ranges are shown
in Fig. 1.
3.2.2 insulation test specimen—an insulation test specimen is composed of one or more materials, homogeneous or
non-homogeneous, for which thermal transmission properties through the thickness of the system are t
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