ASTM E791-90(2004)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Calculating Refuse-Derived Fuel Analysis Data from As-Determined to Different Bases
Standard Test Method for Calculating Refuse-Derived Fuel Analysis Data from As-Determined to Different Bases
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is available to producers and users of RDF to use in converting laboratory data from one basis to another.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method gives equations to enable analytical data from the application of RDF analyses procedures to be expressed on various different bases in common use. Such bases are: as-received; dry; dry, ash-free; and others (see 2.1.12).
1.2 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:E791–90 (Reapproved 2004)
Standard Test Method for
Calculating Refuse-Derived Fuel Analysis Data from As-
Determined to Different Bases
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 791; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2.1.6 dry ash-free basis—the experimental data calculated
to a theoretical base of no moisture or ash associated with the
1.1 This test method gives equations to enable analytical
sample. Numerical values (air-dry loss, residual moisture
data from the application of RDF analyses procedures to be
values, and ash content) are used for converting the as-
expressed on various different bases in common use. Such
determined data to a moisture and ash-free basis.
bases are: as-received; dry; dry, ash-free; and others (see
2.1.7 dry basis—the experimental data calculated to a
2.1.12).
theoretical base of no moisture associated with the sample.The
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
numerical value (residual moisture value) is used for convert-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
ing the as-determined data to a dry basis.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
2.1.8 fixed carbon—the ash-free carbonous material that
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
remains after volatile matter is driven off during the proximate
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
analysis of a dry sample.
2. Terminology
2.1.9 gross calorific value (gross heat of combustion at
constant volume) Q (gross)—the heat produced by combus-
v
2.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
tion of a unit quantity of solid fuel, at constant volume, in an
2.1.1 ash—inorganic residue remaining after ignition of
oxygen bomb calorimeter under specified conditions such that
combustible substances, determined by definite prescribed
all water in the products remains in liquid form.
methods.Ash may not be identical, in composition or quantity,
with the inorganic substances present in the material before
NOTE 1—The conditions are: initial oxygen pressure of 20 to 40 atm (2
ignition.
to 4 MPa), initial and final temperatures between 68 and 95°F (20 and
35°C).
2.1.2 as-determined basis—experimental data obtained
NOTE 2—The gross calorific value is closely related to the internal
from the analysis sample of RDF. These data represent the
energy of combustion for the same reaction at constant standard tempera-
numerical values obtained for a particular moisture or ash
ture and pressure (Dy comb.). It is of opposite sign and differs by a small
content, or both, in the sample at the time of measurement.
amount due to energy effects resulting from compression, temperature
2.1.3 air drying—a process of partial drying of RDF to
differences, and solution effects that vary with combustion conditions.
bring its moisture content near to equilibrium with the atmo-
Because of the variation of conditions allowed in Note 1, the definition of
sphere in which further reduction, division, and characteriza-
gross calorific value does not lead to a unique value for any given fuel.
However, the specified conditions limit the possible value to a narrow
tion of the sample are to take place. In order to bring about this
range for which approximate limits can be calculated for a given fuel.
equilibrium, the RDF is usually subjected to drying under
controlled temperature conditions ranging from 30 to 40°C.
2.1.10 higher heating value—synonym for gross calorific
2.1.4 air dry loss—the decrease in mass presumed to be
value.
moisture of a sample due to air drying.
2.1.11 proximate analysis—the determination, by pre-
2.1.5 as-received basis—experimental data calculated to the
scribed methods, of moisture, volatile matter, fixed carbon (by
moisture condition of the sample as it arrived in the laboratory
difference), and ash. Unless otherwise specified, the term
and before any laboratory processing or conditioning.The total
proximate analysis does not include determinations of chemi-
moisture value that is calculated from the air dry loss and
cal elements or any determinations other than those named.
residual moisture value is used to convert data from the dry
2.1.12 refuse-derived fuels—solid forms of refuse-derived
basis to the as-received basis (see dry ash-free basis).
fuels from which appropriate analytical samples may be
prepared are defined as follows in ASTM STP 832:
RDF-1—Wastes used as a fuel in as-discarded form with
only bulky wastes removed.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste
Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.03.02 on
Municipal Recovery and Reuse.
Current edition approved June 1, 1990. Published August 1990. Originally Thesaurus on Resource Recovery Terminology, ASTM STP 832, ASTM, 1983,
published as E 791 – 81. Last previous edition E 791 – 87. p. 72.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E791–90 (2004)
RDF-2—Wastes processed to coarse particle size with or 4.1.3 Chloride, water-soluble,
without ferrous separation. 4.1.4 Chlorine, total,
RDF-3—Combustible waste fraction reduced to particle 4.1.5 Calorific value (gross),
sizes, 95 % passing 2 in. square screening. 4.1.6 Fixed carbon,
RDF-4—Combustible waste fraction processed into powder 4.1.7 Nitrogen,
form, 95 % passing 10-mesh screening. 4.1.8 Sulfur, and
RDF-5—Combustible waste fraction densified (compressed) 4.1.9 Volatile matter.
into the form of pellets, slugs, cubettes, or briquettes.
5. Sampling
2.1.13 residual moisture—the moisture content remaining
in an RDF sample after it has been milled down to an analysis
5.1 Sampling techniques are not directly applicable to this
sample. Prior to milling, the RDF sample should have been
test method. However, sampling procedures are identified in
subjected to either a total moisture determination (single
the respective methods of analyses.
stage), or an air drying procedure.
6. Methods for Calculating Data
2.1.14 total moisture—the weight loss resulting from drying
a sample to constant weight in an oven usually maintained
6.1 Converting from the as-determined analysis sample
between 103 and 107°C.
basis to the as-received basis:
2.1.15 ultimate analysis—the determination of the percent-
6.1.1 Moisture:
ages of carbon, hydrogen, sulfur, nitrogen, chlorine, ash, and
oxygen in a dry sample. The percentage of oxygen may be
M 5 [M 3 ~100 2 ADL!/100] 1 ADL (1)
ar ad
obtained by calculating the difference between 100 % and the
6.1.2 Hydrogen and Oxygen—Inasmuch as hydrogen and
other determined elemental analyses.
oxygen values may be reported on the basis of
...
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