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ASTM D638-02

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics

Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the tensile properties of unreinforced and reinforced plastics in the form of standard dumbbell-shaped test specimens when tested under defined conditions of pretreatment, temperature, humidity, and testing machine speed.
1.2 This test method can be used for testing materials of any thickness up to 14 mm (0.55 in.). However, for testing specimens in the form of thin sheeting, including film less than 1.0 mm (0.04 in.) in thickness, Test Methods D882 is the preferred test method. Materials with a thickness greater than 14 mm (0.55 in.) must be reduced by machining.
1.3 This test method includes the option of determining Poisson's ratio at room temperature.
Note 1—This test method and ISO 527-1 are technically equivalent.
Note 2—This test method is not intended to cover precise physical procedures. It is recognized that the constant rate of crosshead movement type of test leaves much to be desired from a theoretical standpoint, that wide differences may exist between rate of crosshead movement and rate of strain between gage marks on the specimen, and that the testing speeds specified disguise important effects characteristic of materials in the plastic state. Further, it is realized that variations in the thicknesses of test specimens, which are permitted by these procedures, produce variations in the surface-volume ratios of such specimens, and that these variations may influence the test results. Hence, where directly comparable results are desired, all samples should be of equal thickness. Special additional tests should be used where more precise physical data are needed.
Note 3—This test method may be used for testing phenolic molded resin or laminated materials. However, where these materials are used as electrical insulation, such materials should be tested in accordance with Test Methods D229 and Test Method 651.
Note 4—For tensile properties of resin-matrix composites reinforced with oriented continuous or discontinuous high modulus >20-GPa (>3.0 106-psi) fibers, tests shall be made in accordance with Test Method D3039/D3039M.
1.4 Test data obtained by this test method are relevant and appropriate for use in engineering design.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Apr-2002
ICS
83.080.01 - Plastics in general
Technical Committee
D20 - Plastics
Drafting Committee
D20.10 - Mechanical Properties
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D638-01 - Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics
Effective Date
10-Apr-2002
Replaced By
ASTM D638-02a - Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics
Effective Date
10-Nov-2002
Referred By
ASTM D5138-23 - Standard Classification System and Basis for Specification for Liquid Crystal Polymers Molding and Extrusion Materials (LCP)
Effective Date
10-Apr-2002
Referred By
ASTM F3430-20 - Standard Specification for Closed-Cell Cellular Polypropylene (PP) Corrugated Wall Stormwater Collection Chambers
Effective Date
10-Apr-2002
Referred By
ASTM F3378/F3378M-22 - Standard Specification for Crosslinkable Polyethylene (CX-PE) Pipe
Effective Date
10-Apr-2002
Referred By
ASTM F1743-22 - Standard Practice for Rehabilitation of Existing Pipelines and Conduits by Pulled-in-Place Installation of Cured-in-Place Thermosetting Resin Pipe (CIPP)
Effective Date
10-Apr-2002
Referred By
ASTM D4066-13(2019) - Standard Classification System for Nylon Injection and Extrusion Materials (PA)
Effective Date
10-Apr-2002
Referred By
ASTM D3308-12(2022) - Standard Specification for PTFE Resin Skived Tape
Effective Date
10-Apr-2002
Referred By
ASTM D4349-22 - Classification System and Basis for Specification for Polyphenylene Ether (PPE) Materials
Effective Date
10-Apr-2002
Referred By
ASTM F1867-22 - Standard Practice for Installation of Folded/Formed Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Pipe Type A for Existing Sewer and Conduit Rehabilitation
Effective Date
10-Apr-2002
Referred By
ASTM D787-18 - Standard Specification for Ethyl Cellulose Molding and Extrusion Compounds
Effective Date
10-Apr-2002
Referred By
ASTM D707-15(2023) - Standard Classification System and Basis for Specification for Cellulose Acetate Butyrate Molding and Extrusion Compounds (CAB)
Effective Date
10-Apr-2002
Referred By
ASTM F3373-21 - Standard Specification for Polyethylene (PE) Electrofusion Fittings for Outside Diameter Controlled Crosslinked Polyethylene (PEX) Pipe
Effective Date
10-Apr-2002
Referred By
ASTM D7292-18 - Standard Specification for Extruded, Compression-Molded, and Injection-Molded Basic Shapes of Polyamide-Imide (PAI)
Effective Date
10-Apr-2002
Referred By
ASTM F1871-20 - Standard Specification for Folded/Formed Poly (Vinyl Chloride) Pipe Type A for Existing Sewer and Conduit Rehabilitation
Effective Date
10-Apr-2002

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ASTM D638-02 - Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of PlasticsASTM D638-02 - Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics
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ASTM D638-02 - Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: D 638 – 02
Standard Test Method for
1
Tensile Properties of Plastics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 638; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope * 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the tensile
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
properties of unreinforced and reinforced plastics in the form
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
of standard dumbbell-shaped test specimens when tested under
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
defined conditions of pretreatment, temperature, humidity, and
testing machine speed.
2. Referenced Documents
1.2 This test method can be used for testing materials of any
2.1 ASTM Standards:
thickness up to 14 mm (0.55 in.). However, for testing
D 229 Test Methods for Rigid Sheet and Plate Materials
specimens in the form of thin sheeting, including film less than
2
Used for Electrical Insulation
1.0 mm (0.04 in.) in thickness, Test Methods D 882 is the
D 412 Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermo-
preferred test method. Materials with a thickness greater than
3
plastic Elastomers—Tension
14 mm (0.55 in.) must be reduced by machining.
4
D 618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
1.3 This test method includes the option of determining
D 651 Test Method for Tensile Strength of Molded Electri-
Poisson’s ratio at room temperature.
5
cal Insulating Materials
NOTE 1—This test method and ISO 527-1 are technically equivalent.
D 882 Test Methods for Tensile Properties of Thin Plastic
NOTE 2—This test method is not intended to cover precise physical
4
Sheeting
procedures. It is recognized that the constant rate of crosshead movement
4
D 883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
type of test leaves much to be desired from a theoretical standpoint, that
D 1822 Test Method for Tensile-Impact Energy to Break
wide differences may exist between rate of crosshead movement and rate
4
Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials
of strain between gage marks on the specimen, and that the testing speeds
specified disguise important effects characteristic of materials in the
D 3039/D 3039M Test Method for Tensile Properties of
6
plastic state. Further, it is realized that variations in the thicknesses of test
Polymer Matrix Composite Materials
specimens, which are permitted by these procedures, produce variations in
D 4000 Classification System for Specifying Plastic Mate-
the surface-volume ratios of such specimens, and that these variations may
7
rials
influence the test results. Hence, where directly comparable results are
D 4066 Classification System for Nylon Injection and Ex-
desired, all samples should be of equal thickness. Special additional tests
7
trusion Materials
should be used where more precise physical data are needed.
NOTE 3—This test method may be used for testing phenolic molded D 5947 Test Methods for Physical Dimensions of Solid
8
resin or laminated materials. However, where these materials are used as
Plastic Specimens
9
electrical insulation, such materials should be tested in accordance with
E 4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
Test Methods D 229 and Test Method D 651.
E 83 Practice for Verification and Classification of Exten-
NOTE 4—For tensile properties of resin-matrix composites reinforced
9
someter
with oriented continuous or discontinuous high modulus >20-GPa
6
E 132 Test Method for Poisson’s Ratio at Room Tempera-
(>3.0 3 10 -psi) fibers, tests shall be made in accordance with Test
9
ture
Method D 3039/D 3039M.
E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
1.4 Test data obtained by this test method are relevant and
appropriate for use in engineering design.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
2
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 10.01.
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 09.01.
only.
4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01.
5
Discontinued; see 1994 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 10.01.
6
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.03.
1 7
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.02.
8
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.10 on Mechanical Properties. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.03.
9
Current edition approved April 10, 2002.
...

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4.1 The test methods are intended to be rapid empirical tests which have been found to be useful in the relative comparison of materials having the same nominal thickness.
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1.1 These test methods cover the determination of volatile loss from a plastic material under defined conditions of time and temperature, using activated carbon as the immersion medium.  
1.2 Two test methods are covered as follows:  
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ASTM D883-23(Terminology)
Standard Terminology Relating to Plastics

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1.1 This terminology covers definitions of technical terms used in the plastics industry. Terms that are generally understood or adequately defined in other readily available sources are not included.  
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5.1 This test method provides a simple means of characterizing the thermomechanical behavior of plastic compositions using very small amounts of material. The data obtained is used for quality control, research and development as well as the establishment of optimum processing conditions.  
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5.1 This test method provides a simple means of characterizing the thermomechanical behavior of plastic compositions using very small amounts of material. The data obtained can be used for quality control and/or research and development purposes. For some classes of materials, such as thermosets, it can also be used to establish optimum processing conditions.  
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Standard Test Method for Plastics: Dynamic Mechanical Properties: In Tension

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5.1 This test method provides a simple means of characterizing the thermomechanical behavior of plastic materials using very small amounts of material. The data obtained is used for quality control, research and development, as well as the establishment of optimum processing conditions.  
5.2 Dynamic mechanical testing provides a sensitive method for determining thermomechanical characteristics by measuring the elastic and loss moduli as a function of frequency, temperature, or time. Plots of moduli and tan delta of a material versus these variables can be used to provide graphical representation indicative of functional properties, effectiveness of cure (thermosetting resin system), and damping behavior under specified conditions.  
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5.3.1 Modulus as a function of temperature,  
5.3.2 Modulus as a function of frequency,  
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5.3.7 The effects of annealing on modulus and glass transition temperature,  
5.3.8 The effect of aspect ratio on the modulus of fiber reinforcements, and  
5.3.9 The effect of fillers, additives on modulus and glass transition temperature.  
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1.1 This test method outlines the use of dynamic mechanical instrumentation for gathering and reporting the viscoelastic properties of thermoplastic and thermosetting resins and composite systems in the form of rectangular specimens molded directly or cut from sheets, plates, or molded shapes. The tensile data generated is used to identify the thermomechanical properties of a plastic material or composition using a variety of dynamic mechanical instruments.  
1.2 This test method is intended to provide a means for determining viscoelastic properties of a wide variety of plastic materials using nonresonant forced-vibration techniques, in accordance with Practice D4065. Plots of the elastic (storage) modulus; loss (viscous) modulus; complex modulus and tan delta as a function of frequency, time, or temperature are indicative of significant transitions in the thermomechanical performance of the polymeric material system.  
1.3 This test method is valid for a wide range of frequencies, typically from 0.01 Hz to 100 Hz.  
1.4 Due to possible instrumentation compliance, the data generated are intended to indicate relative and not necessarily absolute property values.  
1.5 Test data obtained by this test method are relevant and appropriate for use in engineering design.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Standard Test Method for Measuring the Minimum Oxygen Concentration to Support Candle-Like Combustion of Plastics (Oxygen Index)

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5.1 This test method provides for the measuring of the minimum concentration of oxygen in a flowing mixture of oxygen and nitrogen that will just support flaming combustion of plastics. Correlation with burning characteristics under actual use conditions is not implied.  
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1.2 This test method provides three testing procedures. Procedure A involves top surface ignition, Procedure B involves propagating ignition, and Procedure C is a short procedure involving the comparison with a specified minimum value of the oxygen index.  
1.3 Test specimens used for this test method are prepared into one of six types of specimens (see Table 1).    
1.4 This test method provides for testing materials that are structurally self-supporting in the form of vertical bars or sheet up to 10.5-mm thick. Such materials are solid, laminated or cellular materials characterized by an apparent density greater than 15 kg/m3.  
1.5 This test method also provides for testing flexible sheet or film materials, while supported vertically.  
1.6 This test method is also suitable, in some cases, for cellular materials having an apparent density of less than 15 kg/m3.
Note 1: Although this test method has been found applicable for testing some other materials, the precision of the test method has not been determined for these materials, or for specimen geometries and test conditions outside those recommended herein.  
1.7 This test method measures and describes the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazards statement are given in Section 10.  
1.10 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.
Note 2: This test method and ISO 4589-2 are technically equivalent when using the gas measurement and control device described in 6.3.1, with direct oxygen concentration measurement.  
1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D695-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Compressive Properties of Rigid Plastics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Compression tests provide information about the compressive properties of plastics when employed under conditions approximating those under which the tests are made.  
4.2 Compressive properties include modulus of elasticity, yield stress, deformation beyond yield point, and compressive strength (unless the material merely flattens but does not fracture). Materials possessing a low order of ductility may not exhibit a yield point. In the case of a material that fails in compression by a shattering fracture, the compressive strength has a very definite value. In the case of a material that does not fail in compression by a shattering fracture, the compressive strength is an arbitrary one depending upon the degree of distortion that is regarded as indicating complete failure of the material. Many plastic materials will continue to deform in compression until a flat disk is produced, the compressive stress (nominal) rising steadily in the process, without any well-defined fracture occurring. Compressive strength can have no real meaning in such cases.  
4.3 Compression tests provide a standard method of obtaining data for research and development, quality control, acceptance or rejection under specifications, and special purposes. The tests cannot be considered significant for engineering design in applications differing widely from the load-time scale of the standard test. Such applications require additional tests such as impact, creep, and fatigue.  
4.4 Before proceeding with this test method, reference should be made to the ASTM specification for the material being tested. Any test specimen preparation, conditioning, dimensions, and testing parameters covered in the materials specification shall take precedence over those mentioned in this test method. If there is no material specification, then the default conditions apply. Table 1 in Classification D4000 lists the ASTM materials standards that currently exist.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the mechanical properties of unreinforced and reinforced rigid plastics, including high-modulus composites, when loaded in compression at relatively low uniform rates of straining or loading. Test specimens of standard shape are employed. This procedure is applicable for a composite modulus up to and including 41,370 MPa (6,000,000 psi).  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
Note 1: For compressive properties of resin-matrix composites reinforced with oriented continuous, discontinuous, or cross-ply reinforcements, tests may be made in accordance with Test Method D3410/D3410M or D6641/D6641M.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific precautionary statement is given in 13.1.
Note 2: This standard is equivalent to ISO 604.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D1929-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining Ignition Temperature of Plastics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Tests made under conditions herein prescribed can be of considerable value in comparing the relative ignition characteristics of different materials. Values obtained represent the lowest ambient air temperature that will cause ignition of the material under the conditions of this test. Test values are expected to rank materials according to ignition susceptibility under actual use conditions.  
4.2 This test is not intended to be the sole criterion for fire hazard. In addition to ignition temperatures, fire hazards include other factors such as burning rate or flame spread, intensity of burning, fuel contribution, products of combustion, and others.
SCOPE
1.1 This fire test response test method2 covers a laboratory determination of the flash ignition temperature and spontaneous ignition temperature of plastics using a hot-air furnace.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 Caution—During the course of combustion, gases or vapors, or both, are evolved that have the potential to be hazardous to personnel.  
1.4 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire-hazard or fire-risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.5 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 1.3 and 1.4.
Note 1: This test method and ISO 871-2022 (Option 1) are similar in all technical details.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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