ASTM C447-03(2010)
(Practice)Standard Practice for Estimating the Maximum Use Temperature of Thermal Insulations
Standard Practice for Estimating the Maximum Use Temperature of Thermal Insulations
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice is intended for use as a guide in evaluating the behavior of insulations at elevated temperatures, and in judging suitability for use under the conditions of an intended application. It is not intended for acceptance or certification testing on a lot basis.
No single test for estimating maximum use temperature can be used that will apply to all types of insulations, nor can any single maximum use temperature be applied to any insulation that will be applicable under all possible conditions of use. Maximum use temperature may depend on thickness, temperature gradient, heating rate, and other factors. When the various test methods listed herein are employed, the test results serve as guides and, as such, must be applied with good engineering judgment in arriving at an acceptable temperature limit for the products and applications being considered.
The criteria used to establish acceptable performance is provided in the material specification or as agreed upon between the purchaser and seller.
In most cases, the properties covered by the applicable material standards (for example, thermal transmission, strength, etc.) are the properties important to the end use of the product. Major changes in those properties resulting from in-service conditions can cause failure or substandard performance of the installed system.
Unless removal and reuse of the insulation is an important consideration, properties that relate primarily to handling and installation shall be eliminated from the evaluation.
Note 1—Installation assemblies: some systems create conditions that will affect the performance from the data obtained in the test procedures of this practice.
The listing of a test procedure in this practice does not imply that the performance of that particular procedure is required. Only those tests which are relevant to the requirements of the application involved, or which are agreed upon between the purchaser and the seller are preformed.
Most of the...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers estimation of the maximum use temperature of thermal insulation including loose fill, blanket, block, board, and preformed pipe insulation. It is based upon selected performance criteria, and characterization of product properties during and after use conditions.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: C447 − 03(Reapproved 2010)
Standard Practice for
Estimating the Maximum Use Temperature of Thermal
Insulations
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C447; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope C335Test Method for Steady-State HeatTransfer Properties
of Pipe Insulation
1.1 This practice covers estimation of the maximum use
C411Test Method for Hot-Surface Performance of High-
temperature of thermal insulation including loose fill, blanket,
Temperature Thermal Insulation
block, board, and preformed pipe insulation. It is based upon
C421Test Method for Tumbling Friability of Preformed
selected performance criteria, and characterization of product
Block-Type and Preformed Pipe-Covering-Type Thermal
properties during and after use conditions.
Insulation
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
C446TestMethodforBreakingLoadandCalculatedModu-
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
lus of Rupture of Preformed Insulation for Pipes (With-
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
drawn 2002)
and are not considered standard.
C518Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the Properties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter Apparatus
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
D1621Test Method for Compressive Properties of Rigid
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- Cellular Plastics
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
D1622Test Method for Apparent Density of Rigid Cellular
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Plastics
2. Referenced Documents 3. Terminology
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1 Definitions C168 shall apply to the terms used in this
C165TestMethodforMeasuringCompressivePropertiesof practice.
Thermal Insulations
C167Test Methods forThickness and Density of Blanket or 4. Summary of Practice
Batt Thermal Insulations
4.1 Dimensions,weightandotherpertinentpropertiesofthe
C168Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation
insulation are measured before, during, and after exposure to a
C177Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measure-
hot surface.
ments and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of
4.2 Propertiesduringandafterexposure,and,insomecases,
the Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus
the degree of change in properties are reported for use in
C203Test Methods for Breaking Load and Flexural Proper-
establishingthemaximumservicetemperatureoftheinsulation
ties of Block-Type Thermal Insulation
material.
C302Test Method for Density and Dimensions of Pre-
formed Pipe-Covering-Type Thermal Insulation
5. Significance and Use
C303Test Method for Dimensions and Density of Pre-
5.1 Thispracticeisintendedforuseasaguideinevaluating
formed Block and Board–Type Thermal Insulation
the behavior of insulations at elevated temperatures, and in
judging suitability for use under the conditions of an intended
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C16 on Thermal
application. It is not intended for acceptance or certification
InsulationandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeC16.31onChemicaland
testing on a lot basis.
Physical Properties.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2010. Published January 2011. Originally
5.2 No single test for estimating maximum use temperature
approved in 1959. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as C447–03. DOI:
can be used that will apply to all types of insulations, nor can
10.1520/C0447-03R10.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C447 − 03 (2010)
any single maximum use temperature be applied to any 5.9 Some properties of thermal insulations containing
insulation that will be applicable under all possible conditions trapped gases other than air change with time, and at different
of use. Maximum use temperature may depend on thickness, rates, depending upon the age, thickness, facing and boundary
temperature gradient, heating rate, and other factors.When the conditions. Elevated temperature exposure accelerates these
varioustestmethodslistedhereinareemployed,thetestresults
changes.Changesinpropertiesofthesematerialsmaycontinue
serve as guides and, as such, must be applied with good over a very long period of time, however, and it is beyond the
engineering judgment in arriving at an acceptable temperature
scope of this recommended practice to establish a minimum
limit for the products and applications being considered. time period for evaluation of these long-term changes.
5.3 The criteria used to establish acceptable performance is
6. Test Conditions
provided in the material specification or as agreed upon
between the purchaser and seller.
6.1 If required, testing shall begin at the hot face tempera-
5.4 In most cases, the properties covered by the applicable ture of the desired application or that claimed as the maximum
material standards (for example, thermal transmission,
use temperature. When there has been significant deterioration
strength, etc.) are the properties important to the end use of the of the properties tested during or after exposure at the
product. Major changes in those properties resulting from
maximum hot face temperature, additional specimens will be
in-service conditions can cause failure or substandard perfor- exposed at lower temperatures (third or quarter points of the
mance of the installed system.
temperature range from ambient to maximum) to establish the
critical temperature. Additional tests shall be made until
5.5 Unless removal and reuse of the insulation is an impor-
enough data have been obtained to establish acceptable perfor-
tant consideration, properties that relate primarily to handling
mance.
and installation shall be eliminated from the evaluation.
6.2 The criteria necessary to establish acceptable perfor-
NOTE 1—Installation assemblies: some systems create conditions that
will affect the performance from the data obtained in the test procedures mance by any of the methods described shall be as provided in
of this practice.
the material specification or as agreed upon between the
5.6 The listing of a test procedure in this practice does not purchaser and seller. For example, a minimum value of
compressive strength or a maximum percent dimensional
imply that the performance of that particular procedure is
required. Only those tests which are relevant to the require- change might be specified as the criterion for estimating the
maximum use temperature.
ments of the application involved, or which are agreed upon
between the purchaser and the seller are preformed.
6.3 With anisotropic materials that are produced initially in
5.7 Most of the changes that occur in the functionally
large cross-sections and mechanically fabricated in subsequent
important characteristics of all types of thermal insulation
operationstoproduceboardsorpreformedpipeinsulation,itis
during service result from changes in the matrix or binder
advisable to examine properties of interest in all three axes.
system first, followed by changes in the bulk filler materials
6.4 Since soaking heat exposure seldom occurs under “as
where such fillers have been used.
installed” conditions, and such exposure will produce results
5.7.1 In general, these changes are temperature-dependent
that may be misleading, samples shall be conditioned using
and the major portion of the change takes place fairly quickly
hot-face-/cold-face methods rather than soaking heat. Soaking
once the critical temperature has been reached.
heat exposure should be limited to preliminary evaluation and
5.7.2 Typically, organic thermoplastic materials or binders
quality control test
...
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