ASTM E1186-22
(Practice)Standard Practices for Air Leakage Site Detection in Building Envelopes and Air Barrier Systems
Standard Practices for Air Leakage Site Detection in Building Envelopes and Air Barrier Systems
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Air infiltration into the conditioned space of a building accounts for a significant portion of the thermal space condition load. Air infiltration can affect occupant comfort by producing drafts, cause indoor air quality problems by carrying outdoor pollutants into occupied building space and, in hot humid climates, can deposit moisture in the building envelope resulting in deterioration of building envelope components. In cold climates, exfiltration of conditioned air out of a building can deposit moisture in the building envelope causing deterioration of building envelope components. Differential pressure across the building envelope and the presence of air leakage sites cause air infiltration and exfiltration (1).4
5.2 Where restricting air movement between interior zones of a building is desired to separate dissimilar interior environments or prevent the movement of pollutants, the detection practices presented are useful in detecting air leaks between interior zones of the building.
5.3 Where practices require controlled flow direction, forced pressurization or depressurization shall be used.
Note 2: Forced air leakage is required because air leakage sites are often difficult to locate because air flows may be small under the prevailing weather conditions. Wind conditions can aid in air leakage detection by forcing air to enter a building; however, where air is exiting, the building envelope construction may make observations difficult.
5.4 The techniques for air leakage site detection covered in these practices allow for a wide range of flexibility in the choice of techniques that are best suited for detecting various types of air leakage sites in specific situations.
5.5 The infrared scanning technique for air leakage site detection has the advantage of rapid surveying capability. Entire building exterior surfaces or inside wall surfaces are covered with a single scan or a simple scanning action, provided there are no obscuring thermal effec...
SCOPE
1.1 These practices cover standardized techniques for locating air leakage sites in building envelopes and air barrier systems.
1.2 Individual practices provide advantages for specific applications.
1.3 Some of the practices require a knowledge of infrared scanning, building and test chamber pressurization and depressurization, smoke and fog generation techniques, sound generation and detection, and tracer gas concentration measurement techniques.
1.4 The practices described are of a qualitative nature in determining the air leakage sites rather than determining quantitative leakage rates.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 6.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
- Status
- Published
- Publication Date
- 30-Sep-2022
- Technical Committee
- E06 - Performance of Buildings
- Drafting Committee
- E06.41 - Air Leakage and Ventilation Performance
Relations
- Effective Date
- 01-Jan-2019
- Refers
ASTM E779-10(2018) - Standard Test Method for Determining Air Leakage Rate by Fan Pressurization - Effective Date
- 15-Jul-2018
- Effective Date
- 01-Mar-2015
- Effective Date
- 01-Nov-2014
- Effective Date
- 01-Sep-2011
- Effective Date
- 15-Jan-2010
- Effective Date
- 01-Oct-2006
- Effective Date
- 01-Oct-2006
- Effective Date
- 01-Jun-2006
- Effective Date
- 01-Oct-2003
- Effective Date
- 10-Dec-2000
- Effective Date
- 28-Jul-2000
- Effective Date
- 10-Jun-1999
Overview
ASTM E1186-22: Standard Practices for Air Leakage Site Detection in Building Envelopes and Air Barrier Systems provides guidance on the qualitative identification and location of air leakage sites in various building envelope and air barrier systems. Air infiltration and exfiltration can significantly impact thermal loads, occupant comfort, indoor air quality, and building durability. This standard outlines several techniques for detecting air leakage, addressing both exterior and interior zones of buildings. By following ASTM E1186-22, building professionals and inspectors can select the most appropriate method for air leakage detection in new construction, renovation, or maintenance activities, ultimately supporting efforts to improve energy efficiency and indoor environmental quality.
Key Topics
- Air Leakage and Building Performance: Air infiltration contributes to increased heating and cooling loads, potential moisture intrusion, and pollutant transportation, all of which can compromise building performance and durability.
- Detection Practices: ASTM E1186-22 covers seven main qualitative practices to locate air leakage sites:
- Building pressurization or depressurization with infrared scanning
- Smoke tracers or theatrical fog
- Airflow measuring devices (anemometers)
- Generated sound and sound detection
- Tracer gas detection
- Pressurized test chamber approaches with smoke tracers/theatrical fog
- Depressurized chamber with leak detection liquids
- Selecting Techniques: Each practice offers unique advantages for specific applications. For example, infrared scanning offers rapid review of large surfaces, while smoke and tracer gases offer targeted detection of smaller leaks.
- Safety Considerations: The standard highlights safe application of pressurization equipment, appropriate use of tracer gases and fog, and protective measures for users and building contents.
Applications
ASTM E1186-22 is widely used in various practical scenarios related to building envelope integrity and air barrier system assessment, including:
- Energy Audits and Retrofits: Identifying and remedying air leaks is a key step in energy efficiency projects and deep energy retrofits.
- Building Commissioning: Ensures air barrier effectiveness in new construction, verifying that installed systems minimize uncontrolled air movement.
- Indoor Air Quality (IAQ): Prevents outdoor pollutants from infiltrating into conditioned spaces, supporting healthy indoor environments.
- Moisture Management: Helps prevent moisture-laden air from entering or exiting the building envelope, which could otherwise cause condensation and material deterioration.
- Construction Quality Assurance: Detects leaks during or after construction, allowing timely corrections to meet code and specification requirements.
- Building Zones Separation: Useful for verifying air barrier integrity between different conditioned zones, preventing cross-contamination and maintaining intended pressures.
Related Standards
ASTM E1186-22 is complemented by several other documents and standards in the field of air leakage testing and building performance:
- ASTM E631: Terminology of Building Constructions
- ASTM E741: Test Method for Determining Air Change in a Single Zone by Means of a Tracer Gas Dilution
- ASTM E779: Test Method for Determining Air Leakage Rate by Fan Pressurization
- ISO 6781: Thermal Insulation-Qualitative Detection of Thermal Irregularities in Building Envelopes-Infrared Method
- ANSI-ASHRAE Standard 101: Application of Infrared Sensing Devices to Assessment of Building Heat Loss Characteristics
- ANSI E1.5 / ANSI E1.23: Theatrical fog standards for safe use in occupied spaces
Practical Value
Adopting ASTM E1186-22 in building assessment practices provides measurable benefits:
- Enhances energy efficiency by helping to identify and correct unwanted air pathways.
- Protects building structures by minimizing moisture buildup and subsequent degradation.
- Improves occupant comfort and maintains targeted indoor environments.
- Supports regulatory compliance and helps owners meet green building, energy code, or commissioning requirements.
This standard is an essential reference for building scientists, energy auditors, facility managers, and commissioning agents focused on identifying, mitigating, and verifying air leakage in buildings.
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Frequently Asked Questions
ASTM E1186-22 is a standard published by ASTM International. Its full title is "Standard Practices for Air Leakage Site Detection in Building Envelopes and Air Barrier Systems". This standard covers: SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 5.1 Air infiltration into the conditioned space of a building accounts for a significant portion of the thermal space condition load. Air infiltration can affect occupant comfort by producing drafts, cause indoor air quality problems by carrying outdoor pollutants into occupied building space and, in hot humid climates, can deposit moisture in the building envelope resulting in deterioration of building envelope components. In cold climates, exfiltration of conditioned air out of a building can deposit moisture in the building envelope causing deterioration of building envelope components. Differential pressure across the building envelope and the presence of air leakage sites cause air infiltration and exfiltration (1).4 5.2 Where restricting air movement between interior zones of a building is desired to separate dissimilar interior environments or prevent the movement of pollutants, the detection practices presented are useful in detecting air leaks between interior zones of the building. 5.3 Where practices require controlled flow direction, forced pressurization or depressurization shall be used. Note 2: Forced air leakage is required because air leakage sites are often difficult to locate because air flows may be small under the prevailing weather conditions. Wind conditions can aid in air leakage detection by forcing air to enter a building; however, where air is exiting, the building envelope construction may make observations difficult. 5.4 The techniques for air leakage site detection covered in these practices allow for a wide range of flexibility in the choice of techniques that are best suited for detecting various types of air leakage sites in specific situations. 5.5 The infrared scanning technique for air leakage site detection has the advantage of rapid surveying capability. Entire building exterior surfaces or inside wall surfaces are covered with a single scan or a simple scanning action, provided there are no obscuring thermal effec... SCOPE 1.1 These practices cover standardized techniques for locating air leakage sites in building envelopes and air barrier systems. 1.2 Individual practices provide advantages for specific applications. 1.3 Some of the practices require a knowledge of infrared scanning, building and test chamber pressurization and depressurization, smoke and fog generation techniques, sound generation and detection, and tracer gas concentration measurement techniques. 1.4 The practices described are of a qualitative nature in determining the air leakage sites rather than determining quantitative leakage rates. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 6. 1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 5.1 Air infiltration into the conditioned space of a building accounts for a significant portion of the thermal space condition load. Air infiltration can affect occupant comfort by producing drafts, cause indoor air quality problems by carrying outdoor pollutants into occupied building space and, in hot humid climates, can deposit moisture in the building envelope resulting in deterioration of building envelope components. In cold climates, exfiltration of conditioned air out of a building can deposit moisture in the building envelope causing deterioration of building envelope components. Differential pressure across the building envelope and the presence of air leakage sites cause air infiltration and exfiltration (1).4 5.2 Where restricting air movement between interior zones of a building is desired to separate dissimilar interior environments or prevent the movement of pollutants, the detection practices presented are useful in detecting air leaks between interior zones of the building. 5.3 Where practices require controlled flow direction, forced pressurization or depressurization shall be used. Note 2: Forced air leakage is required because air leakage sites are often difficult to locate because air flows may be small under the prevailing weather conditions. Wind conditions can aid in air leakage detection by forcing air to enter a building; however, where air is exiting, the building envelope construction may make observations difficult. 5.4 The techniques for air leakage site detection covered in these practices allow for a wide range of flexibility in the choice of techniques that are best suited for detecting various types of air leakage sites in specific situations. 5.5 The infrared scanning technique for air leakage site detection has the advantage of rapid surveying capability. Entire building exterior surfaces or inside wall surfaces are covered with a single scan or a simple scanning action, provided there are no obscuring thermal effec... SCOPE 1.1 These practices cover standardized techniques for locating air leakage sites in building envelopes and air barrier systems. 1.2 Individual practices provide advantages for specific applications. 1.3 Some of the practices require a knowledge of infrared scanning, building and test chamber pressurization and depressurization, smoke and fog generation techniques, sound generation and detection, and tracer gas concentration measurement techniques. 1.4 The practices described are of a qualitative nature in determining the air leakage sites rather than determining quantitative leakage rates. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 6. 1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ASTM E1186-22 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 91.120.99 - Other standards related to protection of and in buildings. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
ASTM E1186-22 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to ASTM E779-19, ASTM E779-10(2018), ASTM E631-15, ASTM E631-14, ASTM E741-11, ASTM E779-10, ASTM E741-00(2006), ASTM E741-00(2006)e1, ASTM E631-06, ASTM E779-03, ASTM E741-00, ASTM E631-93a(1998)e1, ASTM E779-99. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
ASTM E1186-22 is available in PDF format for immediate download after purchase. The document can be added to your cart and obtained through the secure checkout process. Digital delivery ensures instant access to the complete standard document.
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E1186 − 22
Standard Practices for
Air Leakage Site Detection in Building Envelopes and Air
Barrier Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1186; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 These practices cover standardized techniques for locat- 2.1 ASTM Standards:
ing air leakage sites in building envelopes and air barrier E631 Terminology of Building Constructions
systems. E741 Test Method for Determining Air Change in a Single
Zone by Means of a Tracer Gas Dilution
1.2 Individual practices provide advantages for specific
E779 Test Method for DeterminingAir Leakage Rate by Fan
applications.
Pressurization
1.3 Some of the practices require a knowledge of infrared
2.2 Entertainment Services and Technology Association
scanning, building and test chamber pressurization and 3
(ESTA) Standards:
depressurization, smoke and fog generation techniques, sound
ANSI E1.5 Entertainment Technology–Theatrical Fog Made
generation and detection, and tracer gas concentration mea-
with Aqueous Solutions of Di- and Trihydric Alcohols
surement techniques.
ANSI E1.23 Entertainment Technology–Design and Execu-
1.4 The practices described are of a qualitative nature in tion of Theatrical Fog Effects
2.3 Other Standards:
determining the air leakage sites rather than determining
quantitative leakage rates. ANSI-ASHRAE Standard 101 Application of Infrared Sens-
ing Devices to the Assessment of Building Heat Loss
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
Characteristics
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
ISO Standard 6781 Thermal Insulation—Qualitative Detec-
standard.
tion of Thermal Irregularities in Building Envelopes—
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Infrared Method
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 3. Terminology
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
3.1 Definitions:
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.1 air barrier system, n—a system in building construc-
For specific hazard statements, see Section 6.
tion that is designed and installed to reduce air leakage either
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
into or through the building envelope.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
3.1.2 air exfiltration, n—air leakage out of the building.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
3.1.3 air infiltration, n—air leakage into the building.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
3.1.4 air leakage rate, n—the volume of air movement per
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
unit time across the building envelope or air barrier system,
1 2
These practices are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Performance of Buildings and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.41 contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
on Air Leakage and Ventilation Performance. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2022. Published October 2022. Originally the ASTM website.
approved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as E1186-17. DOI: Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
10.1520/E1186-22. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E1186 − 22
including flow through joints, cracks, and porous surfaces, or Because the infiltrating air is at a different temperature than the
combinations thereof, in which the driving force for such air interior surfaces of the building envelope, local interior surface
leakage in buildings is either mechanical pressurization or temperature changes take place which can be detected by
evacuation, natural wind pressures, or air temperature differ- infrared scanning equipment. The infrared pattern resulting
ences between the building interior and the outdoors, or from air leakage is different from that associated with varied
combinations thereof. levels of thermal conductance in the envelope, allowing air
leakage sites to be identified. This practice can also be
3.1.5 air leakage site, n—a location on the building enve-
performed by pressurizing the building and scanning the
lope or air barrier system where air can move between the
exterior of the building envelope.
building interior and the outdoors.
NOTE 1—In most geographic locations, an indoor-outdoor temperature
3.1.6 building system, n—the boundary or barrier separating
difference of at least 5 °C is met during some portion of the day over a
theinteriorvolumeofabuildingfromtheoutsideenvironment.
large fraction of the year.
3.1.6.1 Discussion—For the purpose of these practices, the
4.2.2 Smoke Tracer or Theatrical Fog in Conjunction with
interior volume is the deliberately conditioned space within a
Building Pressurization or Depressurization—This practice
building generally not including the attic space, basement
consists of pressurizing or depressurizing the building using a
space, and attached structures, unless such spaces are con-
fan or the mechanical system in the building and moving a
nected to the heating and air conditioning system, such as a
smoke tracer source or theatrical fog over the interior or the
crawl space plenum. The actual building envelope may extend
exterior surface of the building envelope. If the building is
beyond these boundaries because of ducting or other construc-
pressurized and the smoke tracer source or theatrical fog is
tion features.
moved over the interior of the building envelope, air exfiltra-
3.1.7 test specimen, n—the part of the air barrier system on
tion through air leakage sites will draw smoke from the tracer
the building to be tested that consists of materials comprising
source to the site, revealing its location visually.Alternatively,
the primary resistance to airflow, joints between such materials
if the building is depressurized and the smoke tracer source or
and joints between the materials and structural, mechanical, or
theatrical fog is moved over the interior of the building
other penetrations through such materials, and excludes any
envelopesurface,thenairjetsateachairleakagesitewillcause
material which does not form an integral part of the air barrier
the smoke or fog to move rapidly inward. Similarly, the smoke
system.
tracer source or theatrical fog can be employed on the exterior
3.1.8 theatrical fog, n—visible vapor generated by a fog
of the building envelope.
generator, more commonly used in theatrical productions, and
4.2.3 Building Depressurization (or Pressurization) in Con-
as supplied by the manufacturer of the fog generator. (See
junction with Airflow Measurement Devices, or
ANSI E1.5 and ANSI E1.23.)
Anemometers—This practice consists of depressurizing or
3.1.9 tracer gas, n—a gas that is mixed with air and
pressurizingthebuildingusingafanorthebuilding’smechani-
measured in very small concentrations in order to study air
cal systems and moving an anemometer over the interior
movement.
building envelope surface. If the building is depressurized, air
jets will be present within the building at each air leakage site.
3.2 For other definitions, see Terminology E631.
As the anemometer is moved over the building envelope
surface, it will register an air velocity peak at the location of
4. Summary of Practices
the air leakage site. If the building is pressurized, interior air
4.1 This standard presents the following seven practices for
willflowtowardeachairleakagesite.Inthiscase,theresulting
detecting air leakage sites in building envelopes:
measured air velocity peak will be less distinct.
4.1.1 Combined building depressurization (or pressuriza-
4.2.4 Generated Sound in Conjunction with Sound
tion) and infrared scanning,
Detection—Thispracticeconsistsoflocatingasoundgenerator
4.1.2 Building depressurization (or pressurization) and
within the building and moving a sound detection device over
smoke tracers or theatrical fog,
the exterior of the building envelope. Increased sound intensity
4.1.3 Building depressurization (or pressurization) and air-
is indicative of an air leakage site. Alternatively, the sound
flow measuring devices,
generator is located outside the building and the interior
4.1.4 Generated sound and sound detection,
surface of the building envelope is surveyed using the sound
4.1.5 Tracer gas detection,
detection device.
4.1.6 Chamber depressurization (or pressurization) and
4.2.5 Tracer Gas—This practice consists of releasing a
smoke tracers or theatrical fog, and
tracer gas on one side of the building envelope and using a
4.1.7 Chamber depressurization and leak detection liquids.
tracer gas detector to measure the concentration of the tracer
gas on the other side. A measurable tracer gas concentration
4.2 These practices are described as follows:
indicates the location of an air leakage site. Pressurizing or
4.2.1 Building Depressurization (or Pressurization) with
depressurizing the building envelope using a fan or the
Infrared Scanning Techniques—This practice relies on the
building’s mechanical system improve the results obtained by
existence of an indoor–outdoor temperature difference of at
this method.
least 5 °C. Outdoor air is moved through the building envelope
by depressurizing the building interior with a fan (see Test 4.2.6 Chamber Pressurization or Depressurization in Con-
Method E779) or using the mechanical system in the building. junction with Smoke Tracer or Theatrical Fog—This practice
E1186 − 22
consists of sealing an approximately airtight chamber to a Entire building exterior surfaces or inside wall surfaces are
section of the interior or exterior of the air barrier system and covered with a single scan or a simple scanning action,
usingafantocreateapressuredifferentialacrosstheairbarrier provided there are no obscuring thermal effects from construc-
specimen. If a smoke tracer source or theatrical fog is moved tionfeaturesorincidentsolarradiation.Thedetailsofaspecific
over the surface of the test specimen on the higher pressure airleakagesitearethenprobedmorecloselybyfocusingonthe
side, air leakage will draw smoke or fog toward an air leakage local area. Local leak detection is well addressed with the
site, visually indicating the location. Conversely, if a smoke smoke tracer, theatrical fog, anemometer, sound detection, the
tracer or theatrical fog is moved over the surface of the test bubble detection, and the tracer gas techniques, however these
specimen on the low pressure side, air jets at air leakage sites techniques are time consuming for large surfaces. The pressur-
will cause smoke or fog to move away from the air leakage ized or depressurized test chamber and smoke tracer or a
site. depressurized test chamber and leak detection liquid practices
4.2.7 Chamber Depressurization in Conjunction with Leak are used in situations where depressurizing or pressurizing the
Detection Liquid—The practice consists of applying a leak entire envelope is impractical, such as is the case during
detection liquid to the test specimen surface, sealing a trans- construction. Both of the practices enable the detection of very
parent chamber around the specimen and depressurizing the small leaks. To perform these practices requires that the air
chamber with a fan. The location of an air leakage site is barrier system is accessible.
indicated by bubbling of the detection liquid at the air leakage
5.6 Complexity of building air leakage sites diminishes the
site.
ability for detection. For example, using the sound detection
4.2.8 Other Practices—Practices such as the use of a smoke
approach, sound is absorbed in the tortuous path through the
bombarenotdescribedheresincetheyareveryspecializedand
insulation. Air moving through such building leakage paths
require extreme caution due to additional difficulties such as
loses some of its temperature differential and thus make
triggering smoke alarms and causing lingering odors.
thermographic detection difficult. The absence of jet-like air
flow at an air leakage site makes detection using the anemom-
5. Significance and Use
eter practice difficult.
5.1 Air infiltration into the conditioned space of a building
5.7 Stack effect in multistory commercial buildings can
accounts for a significant portion of the thermal space condi-
cause gravity dampers to stand open. Computer-controlled
tion load. Air infiltration can affect occupant comfort by
dampers shall be placed in normal and night modes to aid in
producingdrafts,cause indoor air quality problems bycarrying
determining the conditions existing in the building. Sensitive
outdoor pollutants into occupied building space and, in hot
pressure measurement equipment is used for evaluating pres-
humid climates, can deposit moisture in the building envelope
sure levels between floors and the exterior.
resulting in deterioration of building envelope components. In
cold climates, exfiltration of conditioned air out of a building
6. Hazards
can deposit moisture in the building envelope causing deterio-
6.1 Glass breakage at the pressure differences normally
ration of building envelope components. Differential pressure
applied to the test structure is unlikely. However, for added
across the building envelope and the presence of air leakage
safety, adequate precautions such as the use of eye protection
sites cause air infiltration and exfiltration (1).
shall be taken to protect the personnel. Occupant protection
5.2 Where restricting air movement between interior zones
shall be taken.
of a building is desired to separate dissimilar interior environ-
6.2 Since the test is conducted in the field, safety equipment
ments or prevent the movement of pollutants, the detection
required for general field work also applies, such as safety
practices presented are useful in detecting air leaks between
shoes, hard hats, etc.
interior zones of the building.
6.3 Where air-moving equipment is used in these tests,
5.3 Where practices require controlled flow direction,
provide a proper guard or cage to house the fan or blower and
forced pressurization or depressurization shall be used.
to prevent accidental access to any moving parts of the
NOTE 2—Forced air leakage is required because air leakage sites are
equipment.
often difficult to locate because air flows may be small under the
prevailing weather conditions. Wind conditions can aid in air leakage
6.4 Noise may be generated by the moving air from pres-
detection by forcing air to enter a building; however, where air is exiting,
surization systems. Therefore, make hearing protection avail-
the building envelope construction may make observations difficult.
able to personnel who must be close to the noise source.
5.4 The techniques for air leakage site detection covered in
6.5 Use of burning or powdered smoke tracers often pro-
these practices allow for a wide range of flexibility in the
duces localized pungent and caustic fumes. Precautions shall
choice of techniques that are best suited for detecting various
be taken to minimize smoke inhalation, and respiratory pro-
types of air leakage sites in specific situations.
tection is provided as required. Hands shall be washed before
5.5 The infrared scanning technique for air leakage site
eating.
detection has the advantage of rapid surveying capability.
6.6 Moving air from the pressurization devices can produce
cold drafts affecting plants, birds, wall-mounted pictures,
papers on desks, etc. These sensitive items shall be moved out
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of
this standard. oftheairpath.Prolongeddepressurizationtestingmayresultin
E1186 − 22
lower temperatures in critical areas of the building and may ASHRAE Standard 101) can easily identify the altered surface
adversely affect building components, for example frozen temperature,therebylocatingairleakagesites.Thecharacterof
pipes. the thermal pattern on air-cooled (or heated) surfaces assists in
separating such areas from other thermal differences due to
6.7 Depressurization in buildings with fireplaces can cause
conduction variations in the building envelope. Exterior obser-
movement of ashes into occupied spaces. Close dampers or
vations at night normally require higher differential tempera-
cover fireplaces, or both, prior to depressurization.
tures because of obscuring effects from wind and residual solar
6.8 Caution must be exercised as to the choice of tracer
radiation. (See ISO Standard 6781.)
gases used and the level of concentration provided. Health
7.2.2 Depressurization (or Pressurization) Systems—These
guidelines, fire, and explosion limits must not be exceeded.
systems consist of blower doors, window fans, fans associated
(See Test Method E741.)
with the mechanical system of the building, or other suitable
6.9 Some chemicals used to produce theatrical fogs may be
devices that are operated to induce pressure differences across
respiratory irritants, especially to those with reactive airways.
the building envelope. The ability of such systems to provide
The safety of the type and allowable airborne concentration of
pressure differentials of as high as 50 Pa will enhance airflow
the fog chemical shall be determined before use. Persons with
through the air leakage sites and aid in the rapid cooling (or
reactive airways, who may be exposed, shall take precautions
heating)ofthebuildingsurfaces.Pressuredifferentialsof20Pa
to minimize exposure or use the proper personal protection
or less are commonly used in air leakage site detection.
equipment. Consult the fog fluid manufacturer’s SDS sheet for
7.2.3 Infrared Equipment—Detection of the surface tem-
detailed information.
perature changes which result from the heating and cooling
effects of air leakage requires sensitive infrared scanning
6.10 Use only fog generating materials solely intended for
safe use in occupied spaces. Some theatrical fog fluids may equipment. Typical specification are found in ISO Stan-
dard 6781.
leave behind a residue that may support organic growth. This
residue shall be removed, cleaned, or otherwise treated.
7.2.4 Details—Using building depressurization equipment,
or employing blower doors or similar equipment, the building
6.11 Fire and Explosion Hazards—Some formulations of
is depressurized and the resultant air leakage is allowed to alter
compounds that can be used to create a theatrical fog that can
localsurfacetemperaturesneartheairleakagesitesforaperiod
be used for this standardized procedure may increase the
of at least 10 min. Normally, a pressure differential of 10 to
potential for fires and explosions. The user shall fully research
50 Paisadequateinmostcasestoprovideflowinonedirection
the properties of the compound used to create the fog to avoid
free from weather effects such as wind pressure. Systematic
such compounds.
scanning of the building interior with infrared equipment
begins at this point, emphasizing the interior of the building
7. Procedure
envelope but not ignoring other interior surfaces such as
7.1 Each practice enables the locating of air leakage sites
partition walls. Leakage from the attic, for example, will show
and, if sealing methods are employed, enables the sites to be
up on the interior surfaces as streaking from the upper portions
resurveyed to evaluate qualitatively the degree of success of
of those walls that are affected. Masking of these effects can
the sealing procedure. Some air leakage sites involve preferred
take place where solar radiation influences the local surface
directional flow, requiring the correct choice of pressurization
temperatures.Application of this method in commercial build-
ordepressurizationtoensuredetection.Thefollowingaremore
ings where ceiling panels must be removed to obtain access to
detailed descriptions of each of the practices previously pre-
the underside of the floors and the roof can be complicated by
sented.
interactions with the return air plenums and possible heating,
ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) system imbalance.
7.2 Depressurization (or Pressurization)/Infrared
The practice can also be carried out by pressurizing the
Practice—Thispracticeisbasedupontheprinciplethatoutside
building and scanning the exterior of the building envelope.
air, when drawn through the building envelope by building
Local weather influences such as wind and or solar radiation
depressurization, will induce a temperature change in the
can make outside scanning difficult and influence the results of
inside surfaces surrounding the air leakage site. Infrared
inside scans as well. Because of the nature of the air leakage
scanning methods can be used to detect the sites by sensing
s
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E1186 − 17 E1186 − 22
Standard Practices for
Air Leakage Site Detection in Building Envelopes and Air
Barrier Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1186; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 These practices cover standardized techniques for locating air leakage sites in building envelopes and air barrier systems.
1.2 These practices offer a choice of means for determining the location of air leakage sites with each offering certain Individual
practices provide advantages for specific applications.
1.3 Some of the practices require a knowledge of infrared scanning, building and test chamber pressurization and depressurization,
smoke and fog generation techniques, sound generation and detection, and tracer gas concentration measurement techniques.
1.4 The practices described are of a qualitative nature in determining the air leakage sites rather than determining quantitative
leakage rates.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 6.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E631 Terminology of Building Constructions
E741 Test Method for Determining Air Change in a Single Zone by Means of a Tracer Gas Dilution
E779 Test Method for Determining Air Leakage Rate by Fan Pressurization
2.2 Entertainment Services and Technology Association (ESTA) Standards:
ANSI E1.5 Entertainment Technology–Theatrical Fog Made with Aqueous Solutions of Di- and Trihydric Alcohols
ANSI E1.23 Entertainment Technology–Design and Execution of Theatrical Fog Effects
These practices are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Performance of Buildings and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.41 on Air Leakage
and Ventilation Performance.
Current edition approved July 15, 2017Oct. 1, 2022. Published August 2017October 2022. Originally approved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 20092017 as
E1186-03(2009).E1186-17. DOI: 10.1520/E1186-17.10.1520/E1186-22.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E1186 − 22
2.3 Other Standards:
ANSI-ASHRAE Standard 101 Application of Infrared Sensing Devices to the Assessment of Building Heat Loss Characteristics
ISO Standard 6781 Thermal Insulation—Qualitative Detection of Thermal Irregularities in Building Envelopes—Infrared
Method
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 air barrier system, n—a system in building construction that is designed and installed to reduce air leakage either into or
through the building envelope.
3.1.2 air exfiltration, n—air leakage out of the building.
3.1.3 air infiltration, n—air leakage into the building.
3.1.4 air leakage rate, n—the volume of air movement per unit time across the building envelope or air barrier system, including
flow through joints, cracks, and porous surfaces, or combinations thereof, in which the driving force for such air leakage in
buildings is either mechanical pressurization or evacuation, natural wind pressures, or air temperature differences between the
building interior and the outdoors, or combinations thereof.
3.1.5 air leakage site, n—a location on the building envelope or air barrier system where air can move between the building
interior and the outdoors.
3.1.6 building system, n—the boundary or barrier separating the interior volume of a building from the outside environment.
3.1.6.1 Discussion—
For the purpose of these practices, the interior volume is the deliberately conditioned space within a building generally not
including the attic space, basement space, and attached structures, unless such spaces are connected to the heating and air
conditioning system, such as a crawl space plenum. The actual building envelope may extend beyond these boundaries because
of ducting or other construction features.
3.1.7 test specimen, n—the part of the air barrier system on the building to be tested that may consist of the selected areas of
consists of materials comprising the principleprimary resistance to airflow, joints between such materials and joints between the
materials and structural, mechanical, or other penetrations through such materials, and excludes any material which does not form
an integral part of the air barrier system.
3.1.8 theatrical fog, n—visible vapor generated by a fog generator, more commonly used in theatrical productions, and as supplied
by the manufacturer of the fog generator. (See ANSI E1.5 and ANSI E1.23.)
3.1.9 tracer gas, n—a gas that is mixed with air and measured in very small concentrations in order to study air movement.
3.2 For other definitions, see Terminology E631.
4. Summary of Practices
4.1 This standard presents the following seven practices for detecting air leakage sites in building envelopes:
4.1.1 Combined building depressurization (or pressurization) and infrared scanning,
4.1.2 Building depressurization (or pressurization) and smoke tracers or theatrical fog,
4.1.3 Building depressurization (or pressurization) and airflow measuring devices,
4.1.4 Generated sound and sound detection,
4.1.5 Tracer gas detection,
E1186 − 22
4.1.6 Chamber depressurization (or pressurization) and smoke tracers or theatrical fog, and
4.1.7 Chamber depressurization and leak detection liquids.
4.2 These practices are described as follows:
4.2.1 Building Depressurization (or Pressurization) with Infrared Scanning Techniques—This practice relies on the existence of
an indoor–outdoor temperature difference of at least 5 °C. In most geographic locations, this condition is met during some portion
of the day over a large fraction of the year. Outdoor air is moved through the building envelope by depressurizing the building
interior with a fan (see Test Method E779) or using the mechanical system in the building. Because the infiltrating air is at a
different temperature than the interior surfaces of the building envelope, local interior surface temperature changes take place
which can be detected by infrared scanning equipment. The infrared pattern resulting from air leakage is different from that
associated with varied levels of thermal conductance in the envelope, allowing air leakage sites to be identified. This practice can
also be performed by pressurizing the building and scanning the exterior of the building envelope.
NOTE 1—In most geographic locations, an indoor-outdoor temperature difference of at least 5 °C is met during some portion of the day over a large fraction
of the year.
4.2.2 Smoke Tracer or Theatrical Fog in Conjunction with Building Pressurization or Depressurization—This practice consists of
pressurizing or depressurizing the building using a fan or the mechanical system in the building and moving a smoke tracer source
or theatrical fog over the interior or the exterior surface of the building envelope. If the building is pressurized and the smoke tracer
source or theatrical fog is moved over the interior of the building envelope, air exfiltration through air leakage sites will draw
smoke from the tracer source to the site, revealing its location visually. Alternatively, if the building is depressurized and the smoke
tracer source or theatrical fog is moved over the interior of the building envelope surface, then air jets at each air leakage site will
cause the smoke or fog to move rapidly inward. Similarly, the smoke tracer source or theatrical fog can be employed on the exterior
of the building envelope.
4.2.3 Building Depressurization (or Pressurization) in Conjunction with Airflow Measurement Devices, or Anemometers—This
practice consists of depressurizing or pressurizing the building using a fan or the building’sbuilding’s mechanical systems and
moving an anemometer over the interior building envelope surface. If the building is depressurized, air jets will be present within
the building at each air leakage site. As the anemometer is moved over the building envelope surface, it will register an air velocity
peak at the location of the air leakage site. If the building is pressurized, interior air will flow toward each air leakage site. In this
case, the resulting measured air velocity peak will be less distinct.
4.2.4 Generated Sound in Conjunction with Sound Detection—This practice consists of locating a sound generator within the
building and moving a sound detection device over the exterior of the building envelope. Increased sound intensity is indicative
of an air leakage site. Alternatively, the sound generator can be is located outside the building and the interior surface of the
building envelope can be is surveyed using the sound detection device.
4.2.5 Tracer Gas—This practice consists of releasing a tracer gas on one side of the building envelope and using a tracer gas
detector to measure the concentration of the tracer gas on the other side. A measurable tracer gas concentration indicates the
location of an air leakage site. Pressurizing or depressurizing the building envelope using a fan or the building’s mechanical system
improve the results obtained by this method.
4.2.6 Chamber Pressurization or Depressurization in Conjunction with Smoke Tracer or Theatrical Fog—This practice consists
of sealing an approximately airtight chamber to a section of the interior or exterior of the air barrier system and using a fan to create
a pressure differential across the air barrier specimen. If a smoke tracer source or theatrical fog is moved over the surface of the
test specimen on the higher pressure side, air leakage will draw smoke or fog toward an air leakage site, visually indicating the
location. Conversely, if a smoke tracer or theatrical fog is moved over the surface of the test specimen on the low pressure side,
air jets at air leakage sites will cause smoke or fog to move away from the air leakage site.
4.2.7 Chamber Depressurization in Conjunction with Leak Detection Liquid—The practice consists of applying a leak detection
liquid to the test specimen surface, sealing a transparent chamber around the specimen and depressurizing the chamber with a fan.
The location of an air leakage site is indicated by bubbling of the detection liquid at the air leakage site.
4.2.8 Other Practices—Practices such as the use of a smoke bomb are not described here since they are very specialized and
require extreme caution due to additional difficulties such as triggering smoke alarms and causing lingering odors.
E1186 − 22
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Air infiltration into the conditioned space of a building accounts for a significant portion of the thermal space condition load.
Air infiltration can affect occupant comfort by producing drafts, cause indoor air quality problems by carrying outdoor pollutants
into occupied building space and, in hot humid climates, can deposit moisture in the building envelope resulting in deterioration
of building envelope components. In cold climates, exfiltration of conditioned air out of a building can deposit moisture in the
building envelope causing deterioration of building envelope components. Differential pressure across the building envelope and
the presence of air leakage sites cause air infiltration and exfiltration (1).
5.2 In some buildings, Where restricting air movement between interior zones of a building may be is desired to separate dissimilar
interior environments or prevent the movement of pollutants. Although not dealt with specifically in this standard, pollutants, the
detection practices presented can also be are useful in detecting air leaks between interior zones of the building.
5.3 Air leakage sites are often difficult to locate because air flows may be small under the prevailing weather conditions. Wind
conditions can aid in air leakage detection by forcing air to enter a building; however, where air is exiting, the building envelope
construction may make observations difficult. For these reasons, Where practices require controlled flow direction, forced
pressurization or depressurization is strongly recommended for those practices which require controlled flow direction.shall be
used.
NOTE 2—Forced air leakage is required because air leakage sites are often difficult to locate because air flows may be small under the prevailing weather
conditions. Wind conditions can aid in air leakage detection by forcing air to enter a building; however, where air is exiting, the building envelope
construction may make observations difficult.
5.4 The techniques for air leakage site detection covered in these practices allow for a wide range of flexibility in the choice of
techniques that are best suited for detecting various types of air leakage sites in specific situations.
5.5 The infrared scanning technique for air leakage site detection has the advantage of rapid surveying capability. Entire building
exterior surfaces or inside wall surfaces can be are covered with a single scan or a simple scanning action, provided there are no
obscuring thermal effects from construction features or incident solar radiation. The details of a specific air leakage site mayare
then be probed more closely by focusing on the local area. Local leak detection is well addressed with the smoke tracer, theatrical
fog, anemometer, sound detection, the bubble detection, and the tracer gas techniques, however these techniques are time
consuming for large surfaces. The pressurized or depressurized test chamber and smoke tracer or a depressurized test chamber and
leak detection liquid practices can be are used in situations where depressurizing or pressurizing the entire envelope is impractical,
such as is the case during construction. Both of the practices enable the detection of very small leaks. To perform these practices
requires that the air barrier system beis accessible.
5.6 Complexity of building air leakage sites may diminish diminishes the ability for detection. For example, using the sound
detection approach, sound may be is absorbed in the tortuous path through the insulation. Air moving through such building
leakage paths may lose loses some of its temperature differential and thus make thermographic detection difficult. The absence of
jet-like air flow at an air leakage site may make makes detection using the anemometer practice difficult.
5.7 Stack effect in multistory commercial buildings can cause gravity dampers to stand open. Computer-controlled dampers
shouldshall be placed in normal and night modes to aid in determining the conditions existing in the building. Sensitive pressure
measurement equipment can be is used for evaluating pressure levels between floors and the exterior. Monitoring systems in
high-tech buildings can supply qualitative data on pressure differences.
6. Hazards
6.1 Glass should not break breakage at the pressure differences normally applied to the test structure. structure is unlikely.
However, for added safety, adequate precautions such as the use of eye protection shall be taken to protect the personnel. Occupant
protection must also shall be considered.taken.
6.2 Since the test is conducted in the field, safety equipment required for general field work also applies, such as safety shoes, hard
hats, etc.
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of this standard.
E1186 − 22
6.3 BecauseWhere air-moving equipment may be involved is used in these tests, provide a proper guard or cage to house the fan
or blower and to prevent accidental access to any moving parts of the equipment.
6.4 Noise may be generated by the moving air from pressurization systems. Therefore, make hearing protection available to
personnel who must be close to the noise source.
6.5 Use of burning or powdered smoke tracers often produces localized pungent and caustic fumes. Although extremely localized,
precautions Precautions shall be taken so that smoke inhalation is minimized to minimize smoke inhalation, and respiratory
protection is provided as required. Hands shall be washed before eating if large quantities of pungent or caustic fumes have been
generated.eating.
6.6 Moving air from the pressurization devices can produce cold drafts affecting plants, birds, wall-mounted pictures, papers on
desks, etc. These sensitive items shall be moved out of the air path. Prolonged depressurization testing may result in lower
temperatures in critical areas of the building and may adversely affect building components, for example frozen pipes.
6.7 Depressurization in buildings with fireplaces can cause movement of ashes into occupied spaces. Close dampers or cover
fireplaces, or both, prior to depressurization.
6.8 Caution must be exercised as to the choice of tracer gases used and the level of concentration provided. Health guidelines, fire,
and explosion limits must not be exceeded. (See Test Method E741.)
6.9 Some chemicals used to produce theatrical fogs may be respiratory irritants, especially to those with reactive airways. The
safety of the type and allowable airborne concentration of the fog chemical shall be determined before use. Persons with reactive
airways, who may be exposed, shall take precautions to minimize exposure or use the proper personal protection equipment.
Consult the fog fluid manufacturer’s SDS sheet for detailed information.
6.10 Use only fog generating materials solely intended for safe use in occupied spaces. Some theatrical fog fluids may leave
behind a residue that may support organic growth. This residue shall be removed, cleaned, or otherwise treated.
6.11 Fire and Explosion Hazards—Some formulations of compounds that can be used to create a theatrical fog that can be used
for this standardized procedure may increase the potential for fires and explosions. The user shall fully research the properties of
the compound used to create the fog to avoid such compounds.
7. Procedure
7.1 Each practice enables the locating of air leakage sites and, if sealing methods are employed, enables the sites to be resurveyed
to evaluate qualitatively the degree of success of the sealing procedure. Some air leakage sites involve preferred directional flow,
requiring the correct choice of pressurization or depressurization to ensure detection. The following are more detailed descriptions
of each of the practices previously presented.
7.2 Depressurization (or Pressurization)/Infrared Practice—This practice is based upon the principle that outside air, when drawn
through the building envelope by building depressurization, will induce a temperature change in the inside surfaces surrounding
the air leakage site. Infrared scanning methods can be used to detect the sites by sensing differences in the adjacent interior surface
temperatures (2, 3, 4). Training in the use of this equipment is essential.
7.2.1 Background—It is clear from using pressurization and depressurization techniques, such as described in Test Method E779,
that airflow through leakage sites is markedly increased with higher inside-outside pressure differences. During almost any day of
the year, temperature differences of 5 °C or more between the inside and outside environments are present for at least part of the
day. Under these conditions, air drawn through an air leakage site will alter the local surface temperatures around the site. Infrared
equipment with sufficient sensitivity and resolution (see ISO Standard 6781 and ANSI-ASHRAE Standard 101) can easily identify
the altered surface temperature, thereby locating air leakage sites. The character of the thermal pattern on air-cooled (or heated)
surfaces assists in separating such areas from other thermal differences due to conduction variations in the building envelope.
Exterior observations at night normally require higher differential temperatures because of obscuring effects from wind and
residual solar radiation. (See ISO Standard 6781.)
E1186 − 22
7.2.2 Depressurization (or Pressurization) Systems—These systems may consist of blower doors, window fans, fans associated
with the mechanical system of the building, etc. that may be or other suitable devices that are operated to induce pressure
differences across the building envelope. The ability of such systems to provide pressure differentials of as high as 50 Pa will
enhance airflow through the air leakage sites and aid in the rapid cooling (or heating) of the building surfaces. Pressure differentials
of 20 Pa or less are commonly used in air leakage site detection.
7.2.3 Infrared Equipment—Detection of the surface temperature changes which result from the heating and cooling effects of air
leakage requires sensitive infrared scanning equipment. Typical specification are found in ISO Standard 6781.
7.2.4 Details—Using building depressurization equipment, or employing blower doors or similar equipment, the bu
...
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