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ASTM F88-07

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Seal Strength of Flexible Barrier Materials

Standard Test Method for Seal Strength of Flexible Barrier Materials

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the strength of seals in flexible barrier materials.
1.2 The test may be conducted on seals between a flexible material and a rigid material.
1.3 Seals tested in accordance with this test method may be from any source, laboratory or commercial.
1.4 This test method measures the force required to separate a test strip of material containing the seal. It also identifies the mode of specimen failure.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Apr-2007
ICS
55.040 - Packaging materials and accessories
Technical Committee
F02 - Primary Barrier Packaging
Drafting Committee
F02.20 - Physical Properties
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM F88-06 - Standard Test Method for Seal Strength of Flexible Barrier Materials
Effective Date
01-May-2007
Referred By
ASTM F2029-16(2021) - Standard Practices for Making Laboratory Heat Seals for Determination of Heat Sealability of Flexible Barrier Materials as Measured by Seal Strength
Effective Date
01-May-2007
Referred By
ASTM F2824-10(2020) - Standard Test Method for Mechanical Seal Strength Testing for Round Cups and Bowl Containers with Flexible Peelable Lids
Effective Date
01-May-2007
Referred By
ASTM D4635-16 - Standard Specification for Plastic Films Made from Low-Density Polyethylene and Linear Low-Density Polyethylene for General Use and Packaging Applications
Effective Date
01-May-2007
Referred By
ASTM F904-22 - Standard Practice for Separation of Plies for Bond Strength of Laminated Flexible Materials
Effective Date
01-May-2007
Referred By
ASTM F99-21 - Standard Guide for Writing a Specification for Flexible Barrier Rollstock Materials
Effective Date
01-May-2007
Referred By
ASTM D8065/D8065M-16 - Standard Classification System and Basis for Specification for Specifying Plastic Films
Effective Date
01-May-2007
Referred By
ASTM F1140/F1140M-13(2020)e1 - Standard Test Methods for Internal Pressurization Failure Resistance of Unrestrained Packages
Effective Date
01-May-2007
Referred By
ASTM C1484-10(2018) - Standard Specification for Vacuum Insulation Panels
Effective Date
01-May-2007
Referred By
ASTM D3981-09a(2016) - Standard Specification for Polyethylene Films Made from Medium-Density Polyethylene for General Use and Packaging Applications
Effective Date
01-May-2007
Referred By
ASTM D6287-17 - Standard Practice for Cutting Film and Sheeting Test Specimens
Effective Date
01-May-2007
Referred By
ASTM F1921/F1921M-12(2023) - Standard Test Methods for Hot Seal Strength (Hot Tack) of Thermoplastic Polymers and Blends Comprising the Sealing Surfaces of Flexible Webs
Effective Date
01-May-2007
Referred By
ASTM F2097-20 - Standard Guide for Design and Evaluation of Primary Flexible Packaging for Medical Products
Effective Date
01-May-2007
Referred By
ASTM D4397-16 - Standard Specification for Polyethylene Sheeting for Construction, Industrial, and Agricultural Applications
Effective Date
01-May-2007
Referred By
ASTM F2054/F2054M-13(2020) - Standard Test Method for Burst Testing of Flexible Package Seals Using Internal Air Pressurization Within Restraining Plates
Effective Date
01-May-2007

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ASTM F88-07 - Standard Test Method for Seal Strength of Flexible Barrier MaterialsASTM F88-07 - Standard Test Method for Seal Strength of Flexible Barrier Materials
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ASTM F88-07 - Standard Test Method for Seal Strength of Flexible Barrier Materials
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: F 88 – 07
Standard Test Method for
1
Seal Strength of Flexible Barrier Materials
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationF 88;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope from a rigid material or another flexible material, under the
conditions of the test.
1.1 Thistestmethodcoversthemeasurementofthestrength
3.1.1.1 Discussion—The average force normally is calcu-
of seals in flexible barrier materials.
lated by the testing machine from the digitized plot of force
1.2 The test may be conducted on seals between a flexible
versus grip travel. The plot starts from zero force after slack
material and a rigid material.
has been removed from the test strip. The initial ramp-up from
1.3 Seals tested in accordance with this test method may be
zero to the force level required to peel the seal is not indicative
from any source, laboratory or commercial.
of seal strength, and data from that part of the curve should not
1.4 This test method measures the force required to separate
be included in the calculation of average strength, nor should
a test strip of material containing the seal. It also identifies the
the return to zero following complete failure of the specimen.
mode of specimen failure.
The amount of data actually discarded on each end of the
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
measured seal-profile curve must be the same for all tests
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
within any set of comparisons of average seal strength (see
only.
6.1.1 and 9.8.1).
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.2 flexible, adj—indicates a material with flexural
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
strengthandthicknesspermittingaturnbackatanapproximate
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
180 degree angle.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1.3 maximum seal strength, n—maximum force per unit
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
width of seal required to separate progressively a flexible
2. Referenced Documents material from a rigid material or another flexible material,
2
under the conditions of the test.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 882 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin Plastic
4. Significance and Use
Sheeting
3 4.1 Sealstrengthisaquantitativemeasureforuseinprocess
D 1898 Practice for Sampling of Plastics
validation, process control, and capability. Seal strength is not
E 171 Specification for Atmospheres for Conditioning and
only relevant to opening force and package integrity, but to
Testing Flexible Barrier Materials
measuring the packaging processes’ ability to produce consis-
E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
tent seals. Seal strength at some minimum level is a necessary
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
package requirement, and at times it is desirable to limit the
3. Terminology strength of the seal to facilitate opening.
4.1.1 The maximum seal force is important information, but
3.1 Definitions:
for some applications, average force to open the seal may be
3.1.1 average seal strength, n—averageforceperunitwidth
useful, and in those cases also should be reported.
of seal required to separate progressively a flexible material
4.2 When a seal fails adhesively (peel seal) the value of the
bond strength measured is reported. A cohesive failure of the
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F02 on Flexible bond, delamination, or failure elsewhere in the test strip
Barrier Packaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F02.20 on
indicates that the substrate, not the seal interface, would be the
Physical Properties.
limiting factor in the strength of a package. In those cases seal
Current edition approved May 1, 2007. Published June 2007. Originally
strength may be reported as “no less than” the strength
approved in 1968. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as F 88 – 06.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
measured.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
4.3 A portion of the force measured when testing materials
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
may be a bending component and not seal strength alone. A
the ASTM website.
3
Withdrawn. number of fixtures and techniques have been devised to hold
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
F88–07
FIG. 1
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Standard Practice for Conditioning Flexible Barrier Materials for Flex Durability

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5.1 This practice is valuable in determining the resistance of flexible packaging materials to flex-formed pinholes. Conditioning levels A, B, or C are typically used. Reference Practice E171 and Guide F2097.  
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1.1 This practice covers conditioning of flexible barrier materials for the determination of flex resistance. Subsequent testing can be performed to determine the effects of flexing on material properties. These tests are beyond the scope of this practice.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
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Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Flexible Packaging Films Using a Reciprocating Weighted Stylus

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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5.2 The resistance of material surfaces to abrasion, as measured on a testing machine under laboratory conditions, is only one of several factors contributing to wear performance or durability as experienced in the actual use of the material. While abrasion resistance and durability are frequently related, the relationship varies with different end uses and different factors may be necessary in any calculation of predicted durability from specific abrasion data.  
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5.4 This test method may not be suitable for all films, including the following cases:  
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5.4.2 Films that have a thickness greater than 0.25 mm (0.010 in.), or are of such rigidity that forming over the mandrel would cause internal stresses that weaken the film, and  
5.4.3 Conductive films.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abrasion resistance of flexible non-conductive films and packaging materials using a weighted stylus that wears completely through a film by oscillating or reciprocating back and forth along a linear path until an electrical circuit is completed shutting down the test.  
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ASTM F3039-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Detecting Leaks in Nonporous Packaging or Flexible Barrier Materials by Dye Penetration

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Contaminants may enter the package through leaks. Alternatively, product may be lost from the package through leaks. These leaks are frequently found at seals between package components of the same or dissimilar materials.  
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SCOPE
1.1 Method A of this test method defines a procedure that will detect and locate a leak equal to or greater than a channel formed by a 50 µm [0.002 in.] wire in the edge seals of a nonporous package. A dye penetrant solution is applied locally to the seal edge to be tested for leaks. After contact with the dye penetrant for a minimum specified time, the package is visually inspected for dye penetration or, preferably, the seal edge is placed against an absorbent surface and the surface inspected for staining from the dye.  
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5.1 Two procedures, A and B, are outlined in this test method. Procedure A is used most often for development of various beverage container designs to determine the functional characteristics of the package in regard to shelf life. Procedure B is recommended for use in beverage filling operations as a quality control tool in maintaining the desired CO2 fill pressure. A loss of CO2 will affect product taste.  
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4.2.1 Technique A: Unsuppor...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the strength of seals in flexible barrier materials.  
1.2 The test may be conducted on seals between a flexible material and another flexible material, a rigid material, or a semi-rigid material.  
1.3 Seals tested in accordance with this test method may be from any source, laboratory or commercial.  
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1.5 This test method differs from Test Method F2824. Test Method F2824 measures mechanical seal strength while separating an entire lid (cover/membrane) from a rigid or semi-rigid round container.  
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5.1 Knowledge of extractives from flexible barrier materials may serve many useful purposes. A test cell constructed as described in this practice may be used for obtaining such data. Another test cell has been found equivalent to the one described in this practice. See the appendix for the source of the alternate cell.  
5.2 United States Federal Regulations 21CFR 176.170 (d)(3), 21CFR 177.1330 (e)(4), 21CFR 177.1360 (b), 21CFR 177.1670 (b), and 21CFR Appendix VI (b) cite this standard practice as the basis for determining the amount of extractables from the surface of a package or multilayer film or modified paper in contact with food. In some cases, it is the only practice defined for this purpose. No alternative detail is given in the regulations for conducting extractions.  
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1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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Standard Test Methods for Determining Residual Solvents in Packaging Materials

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5.1 This test method is intended to measure volatile organic compounds that are emitted from packaging materials under high-temperature conditions.  
5.2 This test method may be useful in assisting in the development and manufacture of packaging materials having minimal retained packaging ink/adhesive solvents.  
5.3 Modification of this procedure by utilizing appropriate qualitative GC detection devices such as a mass spectrometer in place of the flame ionization detector may provide identification of volatile organics of unknown identity.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the amount of residual solvents released from within a packaging material contained in a sealed vial under a given set of time and temperature conditions and is a recommended alternative for Test Method F151.  
1.2 This test method covers a procedure for quantitating volatile compounds whose identity has been established and which are retained in packaging materials.  
1.3 The analyst should determine the sensitivity and reproducibility of the method by carrying out appropriate studies on the solvents of interest. The analyst is referred to Practice E260 for guidance.  
1.4 For purposes of verifying the identity of or identifying unknown volatile compounds the analyst is encouraged to incorporate techniques such as gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy, gas chromatography/infrared spectroscopy or other suitable techniques in conjunction with this test method.  
1.5 Sensitivity of this test method in the determination of the concentration of a given retained solvent must be determined on a case by case basis due to the variation in the substrate/solvent interaction between different types of samples.  
1.6 This test method does not address the determination of total retained solvents in a packaging material. Techniques such as multiple headspace extraction can be employed to this end. The analyst is referred to the manual supplied with the GC-Autosampling system for guidance.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is valuable in the development and selection of flexible barrier materials suited for use as grease barriers.  
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ASTM F2391-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measuring Package and Seal Integrity Using Helium as the Tracer Gas

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The vacuum, bubble test method, as described in Test Method D3078, and various other leak detection methods described elsewhere (Test Method D4991, Guide E432, Test Method E493, Test Method E498, Test Method E499, and Test Method E1603) have been successfully used widely in various industries and applications to determine that a given package is or is not a “leaker.” The sensitivity of any selected leak test method has to be considered to determine its applicability to a specific situation.  
5.2 The procedures presented in this test method allow the user to carry out package and seal integrity testing with sufficient sensitivity to quantify seals in the previously defined moderate to fine seal ranges.  
5.3 By employing seal-isolating leak testing fixtures, packages constructed of various materials can be tested in the full range of seal performance requirements. Design of these fixtures is beyond the scope of this method.  
5.4 These seal/package integrity test procedures can be utilized as:  
5.4.1 A design tool,  
5.4.2 For tooling qualification,  
5.4.3 Process setup,  
5.4.4 Process validation tool,  
5.4.5 Quality assurance monitoring, or  
5.4.6 Research and development.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method includes several procedures that can be used for the measurement of overall package and seal barrier performance of a variety of package types and package forms, as well as seal/closure types. The basic elements of this method include:  
1.1.1 Helium (employed as tracer gas),  
1.1.2 Helium leak detector (mass spectrometer), and  
1.1.3 Package/product-specific test fixtures.  
1.1.4 Most applications of helium leak detection are destructive, in that helium needs to be injected into the package after the package has been sealed. The injection site then needs to be sealed/patched externally, which often destroys its saleability. Alternatively, if helium can be incorporated into the headspace before sealing, the method can be non-destructive because all that needs to be accomplished is to simply detect for helium escaping the sealed package.  
1.2 Two procedures are described; however the supporting data in Section 14 only reflects Procedure B (Vacuum Mode). The alternative, Sniffer Mode, has proven to be a valuable procedure for many applications, but may have more variability due to exactly the manner that the operator conducts the test such as whether the package is squeezed, effect of multiple small leaks compared to fewer large leaks, background helium concentration, package permeability and speed at which the scan is conducted. Further testing to quantify this procedure’s variability is anticipated, but not included in this version.  
1.2.1 Procedure A: Sniffer Mode—the package is scanned externally for helium escaping into the atmosphere or fixture.  
1.2.2 Procedure B: Vacuum Mode—the helium containing package is placed in a closed fixture. After drawing a vacuum, helium escaping into the closed fixture (capture volume) is detected. Typically, the fixtures are custom made for the specific package under test.  
1.3 The sensitivity of the method can range from the detection of:  
1.3.1 Large leaks—10-2 Pa·m 3/s to 10-5 Pa·m3/s (10–1 cc/sec/atm to 10-4 cc/sec/atm).  
1.3.2 Moderate leaks—10-5 Pa·m 3/s to 10-7 Pa·m3/s (10-4 cc/sec/atm to 10-6 cc/sec/atm).  
1.3.3 Fine leaks—10-7 Pa·m 3/s to 10-9 Pa·m3/s (10-6 cc/sec/atm to 10-8 cc/sec/atm).  
1.3.4 Ultra-Fine leak—10-9 Pa·m 3/s to 10-11 Pa·m3/s (10-8 cc/sec/atm to 10-10 cc/sec/atm).
Note 1: Conversion from cc/sec/atm to Pa·m3/s is achieved by multiplying by 0.1.  
1.4 The terms large, moderate, fine and ultra-fine are relative terms only and do not imply the acceptability of any leak rate. The individual application dictates the level of integrity needed. For many packaging applications, only “large leaks” are considered unacceptable and the ability to detect smaller leaks is immaterial. All leak rates referred...

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