ASTM C400-98(2013)e1

Standard Test Methods for Quicklime and Hydrated Lime for Neutralization of Waste Acid

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Since all limes and waste acid solutions are different, this test method evaluates the relative quantity of a given lime needed for the neutralization of a specific quantity of acid.  
4.2 Liming materials have a specific basicity factor or measure of alkalinity which can be used for comparing their relative neutralizing power. It avoids dependence on chemical analysis and is determined as grams of calcium oxide equivalents per kilogram of liming material.  
4.3 Likewise, specific waste acids have an acid value that can be expressed as grams of hydrochloric acid equivalent per litre of acid waste. This value is related on a stoichiometric basis to lime neutralization requirements of a liquid acid waste.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the testing of quicklime and hydrated lime for use in the treatment of waste acid solutions and includes the characterization of the liming material and of the acid waste.  
Note 1: When agreed upon by the manufacturer and the purchaser, this method may be used directly to evaluate the lime requirement for a plant waste acid and in the preparation of the lime slurry; the pH, the time, temperature, and other conditions of treatment may be adjusted to conform to plant practice. Otherwise the test shall be performed as described in this method.
Note 2: Under some conditions of test the lime requirement may vary substantially from that indicated by ultimate chemical analysis or by the use of a determination of available alkalinity by titration to a stoichiometric end point.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 30-Jun-2013
• ICS: 91.100.10 - Cement. Gypsum. Lime. Mortar
• Technical Committee: C07 - Lime and Limestone
• Drafting Committee: C07.05 - Chemical Tests

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM C400-98(2013) - Standard Test Methods for Quicklime and Hydrated Lime for Neutralization of Waste Acid
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2013
• Replaced By: ASTM C400-19 - Standard Test Methods for Quicklime and Hydrated Lime for Neutralization of Waste Acid
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2019
• Referred By: ASTM E2060-22 - Standard Guide for Use of Coal Combustion Products for Solidification/Stabilization of Inorganic Wastes
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2013
• Referred By: ASTM D5759-12(2020) - Standard Guide for Characterization of Coal Fly Ash and Clean Coal Combustion Fly Ash for Potential Uses
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2013
• Referred By: ASTM C911-19 - Standard Specification for Quicklime, Hydrated Lime, and Limestone for Selected Chemical and Industrial Uses
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2013
• Referred By: ASTM E1266-20 - Standard Practice for Processing Mixtures of Lime, Fly Ash, and Heavy Metal Wastes in Structural Fills and Other Construction Applications
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2013
• Referred By: ASTM D5050-08(2023) - Standard Guide for Commercial Use of Lime Kiln Dusts and Portland Cement Kiln Dusts
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2013
• Referred By: ASTM E2278-13(2019) - Standard Guide for Use of Coal Combustion Products (CCPs) for Surface Mine Reclamation: Revegetation and Mitigation of Acid Mine Drainage
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2013
• Referred By: ASTM C50/C50M-13(2019) - Standard Practice for Sampling, Sample Preparation, Packaging, and Marking of Lime and Limestone Products
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2013
• Referred By: ASTM C1529-19 - Standard Specification for Quicklime, Hydrated Lime, and Limestone for Environmental Uses
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2013

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
´1
Designation: C400 − 98 (Reapproved 2013)
Standard Test Methods for
Quicklime and Hydrated Lime for Neutralization of Waste
Acid
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C400; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—Corrected erroneous references in 7.4.2.1 and 7.4.3.1 in December 2017.
1. Scope E70 Test Method for pH of Aqueous Solutions With the
Glass Electrode
1.1 This test method covers the testing of quicklime and
hydrated lime for use in the treatment of waste acid solutions
3. Terminology
and includes the characterization of the liming material and of
3.1 Definitions:
the acid waste.
3.1.1 neutralization coeffıcient—the number of parts of lime
NOTE 1—When agreed upon by the manufacturer and the purchaser,
required to neutralize one million parts by weight of sulfuric
this method may be used directly to evaluate the lime requirement for a
acid solution (1.5 %) to a pH of 4.4 in 30 min (see Note 1).
plantwaste acid and inthepreparationofthelimeslurry;the pH,thetime,
temperature, and other conditions of treatment may be adjusted to
3.1.2 pH—a measure of the hydrogen ion concentration of a
conform to plant practice. Otherwise the test shall be performed as
sample and representing the logarithm of the reciprocal (nega-
described in this method.
tive logarithm) of the activity of hydrogen ions, calculated as
NOTE 2—Under some conditions of test the lime requirement may vary
follows:
substantially from that indicated by ultimate chemical analysis or by the
use of a determination of available alkalinity by titration to a stoichio-
metric end point.
pH 5 log 52log H
~ !
H
~ !
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
where:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
+
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
H = activity of hydrogen ions.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4. Significance and Use
1.3 This international standard was developed in accor-
4.1 Since all limes and waste acid solutions are different,
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
this test method evaluates the relative quantity of a given lime
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
needed for the neutralization of a specific quantity of acid.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
4.2 Liming materials have a specific basicity factor or
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
measure of alkalinity which can be used for comparing their
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
relative neutralizing power. It avoids dependence on chemical
analysis and is determined as grams of calcium oxide equiva-
2. Referenced Documents
lents per kilogram of liming material.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4.3 Likewise, specific waste acids have an acid value that
C50 Practice for Sampling, Sample Preparation, Packaging,
can be expressed as grams of hydrochloric acid equivalent per
and Marking of Lime and Limestone Products
litre of acid waste. This value is related on a stoichiometric
basistolimeneutralizationrequirementsofaliquidacidwaste.
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C07 on
5. Apparatus
Lime and Limestone and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C07.05 on
Chemical Tests.
5.1 pH Measuring Apparatus, conforming to the require-
Current edition approved July 1, 2013. Published August 2013. Originally
ments of Section 5, Apparatus, and Section 6, Reagents and
approved in 1957. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as C400 – 98 (2006).
Materials, of Test Method E70.Atime-pH recording device or
DOI: 10.1520/C0400-98R13E01.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or attachment is desirable but not required.
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
5.2 Analytical Balance, capable of reproducing results
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. within 0.005 g.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
´1
C400 − 98 (2013)
5.3 Stirrer, motorized, capable of rotating at speeds from as a function of grams of lime per 1000 g of H SO (1.5 %),
2 4
120 to 600 r/min. with particular emphasis in the region of pH equals 4.4.
5.4 Miscellaneous Equipment—Chemically resistant
7.4 Results:
glassware, metal stands for support of the equipment, etc. 7.4.1 Neutralization Rate Curves:
7.4.1.1 Plot pH versus time in minutes for each of the
6. Purity of Reagents
lime-acid ratios used in the initial series of tests.This family of
curves serves as the basis for calculation of the lime require-
6.1 Reagent grade chemicals shall be used in all tests.
ments.
Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that all reagents shall
7.4.2 Lime Requirement Curve:
conform to the specifications of the Committee on Analytical
7.4.2.1 Plot the pH in 30 min, as determined from the
Reagents of the American Chemical Society, where such
neutralization rate curves described in 7.3.2, against grams of
specifications are available. Other grades may be used, pro-
lime used per 1000 g of H SO (1.5 %).
vided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of sufficiently
2 4
7.4.3 Neutralization Coeffıcient:
high purity to permit its use without lessening the accuracy of
the determination. 7.4.3.1 Interpolate the quantity of lime required to achieve a
pH of 4.4 in 30 min from the lime requirement curve (7.3.2),
6.2 Unless otherwise indicated, references to water shall be
correct for the actual acid concentration, and calculate as parts
understood to mean distilled water.
of lime required per million parts of H SO (1.5 %) as follows:
2 4
7. Test Method A—for Determining Lime Requirement for
the neutralization of a standard sulfuric acid or waste acid N 5 1.5/Z 3X 31000
~ !
solution within a time limit of thirty minutes.
where:
7.1 Reagents:
N = neutralizat
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: C400 − 98 (Reapproved 2013) C400 − 98 (Reapproved 2013)
Standard Test Methods for
Quicklime and Hydrated Lime for Neutralization of Waste
Acid
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C400; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—Corrected erroneous references in 7.4.2.1 and 7.4.3.1 in December 2017.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the testing of quicklime and hydrated lime for use in the treatment of waste acid solutions and
includes the characterization of the liming material and of the acid waste.
NOTE 1—When agreed upon by the manufacturer and the purchaser, this method may be used directly to evaluate the lime requirement for a plant waste
acid and in the preparation of the lime slurry; the pH, the time, temperature, and other conditions of treatment may be adjusted to conform to plant
practice. Otherwise the test shall be performed as described in this method.
NOTE 2—Under some conditions of test the lime requirement may vary substantially from that indicated by ultimate chemical analysis or by the use
of a determination of available alkalinity by titration to a stoichiometric end point.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C50 Practice for Sampling, Sample Preparation, Packaging, and Marking of Lime and Limestone Products
E70 Test Method for pH of Aqueous Solutions With the Glass Electrode
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 neutralization coeffıcient—the number of parts of lime required to neutralize one million parts by weight of sulfuric acid
solution (1.5 %) to a pH of 4.4 in 30 min (see Note 1).
3.1.2 pH—a measure of the hydrogen ion concentration of a sample and representing the logarithm of the reciprocal (negative
logarithm) of the activity of hydrogen ions, calculated as follows:
pH 5 log 52log~H !
H
~ !
where:
+
H = activity of hydrogen ions.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 Since all limes and waste acid solutions are different, this test method evaluates the relative quantity of a given lime needed
for the neutralization of a specific quantity of acid.
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C07 on Lime and Limestone and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C07.05 on Chemical
Tests.
Current edition approved July 1, 2013. Published August 2013. Originally approved in 1957. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as C400 – 98 (2006). DOI:
10.1520/C0400-98R13.10.1520/C0400-98R13E01.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
´1
C400 − 98 (2013)
4.2 Liming materials have a specific basicity factor or measure of alkalinity which can be used for comparing their relative
neutralizing power. It avoids dependence on chemical analysis and is determined as grams of calcium oxide equivalents per
kilogram of liming material.
4.3 Likewise, specific waste acids have an acid value that can be expressed as grams of hydrochloric acid equivalent per litre
of acid waste. This value is related on a stoichiometric basis to lime neutralization requirements of a liquid acid waste.
5. Apparatus
5.1 pH Measuring Apparatus, conforming to the requirements of Section 5, Apparatus, and Section 6, Reagents and Materials,
of Test Method E70. A time-pH recording device or attachment is desirable but not required.
5.2 Analytical Balance, capable of reproducing results within 0.005 g.
5.3 Stirrer, motorized, capable of rotating at speeds from 120 to 600 r/min.
5.4 Miscellaneous Equipment—Chemically resistant glassware, metal stands for support of the equipment, etc.
6. Purity of Reagents
6.1 Reagent grade chemicals shall be used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that all reagents shall conform
to the specifications of the Committee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society, where such specifications are
available. Other grades may be used, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of sufficiently high purity to permit its use
without lessening the accuracy of the determination.
6.2 Unless otherwise indicated, references to water shall be understood to mean distilled water.
7. Test Method A—for Determining Lime Requirement for the neutralization of a standard sulfuric acid or waste acid
solution within a time limit of thirty minutes.
7.1 Reagents:
7.1.1 Sulfuric Acid, Standard Solution (1.5 6 0.05 %)—Thoroughly mix 15.8 g of concentrated sulfuric acid (95 % H SO )
2 4
with water, dilute to 1 L, analyze to within 0.005 % H SO , and store in a suitable stoppered bottle.
2 4
7.2 Preparation of Sample:
7.2.1 Take samples of quicklime and hydrated lime in accordance with Methods C50.
7.2.2 Quicklime—Weigh a sample of quicklime (2.50 6 0.01 g) ground to pass a No. 50 mesh sieve. Add to a 500-mL tall-form
beaker containing 50 mL of boiling water and continue to boil for 2 min. Remove from hot plate and continue stirring with a
magnetic stirrer until the slurry reaches room temperature (at least 10 min).
7.2.3 Hydrated Lime—Mix a sample of hydrated lime (2.50 6 0.01 g) with 50 mL of water in a 500-mL tall-form beaker for
at least 10 min.
7.3 Procedure:
7.3.
...