ASTM D2394-83(1999)
(Test Method)Standard Methods for Simulated Service Testing of Wood and Wood-Base Finish Flooring
Standard Methods for Simulated Service Testing of Wood and Wood-Base Finish Flooring
SCOPE
1.1 These methods cover procedures for measuring the performance of finish flooring under the following service loadings and conditions: Section Loading Tests Concentrated Loading 7 Floor Surface Indentation from Small Area Loads 12 Falling-Ball Indentation 18 Rolling Load 23 Mechanical Tests Abrasion Resistance 28 Coefficient of Friction 33 Moisture Tests Surface Wetting 38
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Designation:D2394–83 (Reapproved 1999)
Standard Methods for
Simulated Service Testing of Wood and Wood-Base Finish
Flooring
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2394; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope way this substrate distributes loading and absorbs energy will
have an influence on evaluations such as those in rolling and
1.1 These methods cover procedures for measuring the
concentrated loads.
performance of finish flooring under the following service
3.3 The test methods presented herein may be used to
loadings and conditions:
compare different finish floorings as to their resistance to
Section
severe and ordinary service loads and also may serve as the
Loading Tests
Concentrated Loading 7
means to set specification limits. The properties obtained by
Floor Surface Indentation from Small Area Loads 12
these methods are needed in addition to such basic material
Falling-Ball Indentation 18
properties as stiffness, strength, hardness, and dimensional
Rolling Load 23
Mechanical Tests
stability.
Abrasion Resistance 28
3.4 Not all test may be required for any specific investiga-
Coefficient of Friction 33
tion. There may be an interrelation between two tests, and
Moisture Tests
Surface Wetting 38
when it has been demonstrated what the interrelation is, a
complete evaluation will only be required as a final stage of a
2. Referenced Documents
study. In each instance, therefore, it will be necessary to
2.1 ASTM Standards:
determine which evaluations should be made to fulfill the
D 1037 Test Methods for Evaluating Properties of Wood-
objectives.
Base Fiber and Particle Panel Materials
E 72 Methods of Conducting Strength Tests of Panels for
4. Test Specimens
Building Construction
4.1 The number of specimens to be chosen for test and the
method of their selection depend on the variability of the finish
3. Significance and Use
flooring material and on the purpose of the particular tests
3.1 The test methods presented herein are intended to
under consideration, so no general rule can be given to cover
providebothafactualandcomparativemeansofappraisingthe
all instances. It is recommended that, whenever possible,
suitability of finish flooring. The procedures developed simu-
sufficient replications be made to establish reliable mean
late some conditions of use that may require either mainte-
values. Even for the most simple evaluation, a replication of
nance beyond that considered normal or replacement of the
three tests for each property is recommended.
floor surface material.
3.2 It is important for some of the evaluations that the
5. Control of Moisture Content and Temperature
substrate to be used beneath the finish flooring be duplicated
5.1 Wood and wood-base materials are hygroscopic. The
because the kind and degree of support will have a direct
moisture content at time of test will influence values obtained
influenceonthevalueobtainedfromtest.Forexample,insome
from tests. Therefore, material for test shall be conditioned to
present-day construction, low-density materials are used for
essentially constant weight at a condition of 65 61 % relative
sound-deadening immediately below the finish flooring. The
humidityandatemperatureof68 66°F(20 63°C)(Note1and
Note 2). If there is any departure from this recommended
condition, it shall be so stated in the report. No tests shall be
made on any material when it is not essentially stable in
These methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-7 on Wood
moisture content.
and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D07.01 on Fundamental Test
Methods and Properties.
NOTE 1—In following the recommendation that the temperature be
Current edition approved Feb. 25, 1983. Published April 1983. Originally
controlled to 68 66°F (20 63°C) it should be understood that it is
published as D 2394 – 65 T. Last previous edition D 2394 – 69 (1977).
desirable to maintain the temperature as nearly constant as possible at
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.10.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.07. some temperature within this range.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D2394–83 (1999)
NOTE 2—Requirements for temperature and relative humidity vary for
9.1.1 Steel Disk Loading Tool—The steel disk loading tool
different materials and different conditions of use. The condition above
shall be 1 in. (25 mm) in diameter with the circumference of
meets the standard condition for wood and wood-base materials, and for
the end rounded to a radius of 0.05 in. (1.3 mm). The loading
finish flooring represents the near-maximum seasonal condition for most
tool shall be provided with a collar to engage the movable tip
locations. The amount of damage from the various loadings is usually
of the micrometer dial for measuring deformation under load,
greater at higher moisture contents than at lower ones.
andshallbefabricatedwithameansoffasteningittotheplaten
6. Report
of the testing machine or loading device.
9.1.2 Deformation Gage—The deformation gage shall con-
6.1 The data recorded shall include, in addition to the actual
sist of a dial micrometer mounted on the three-point supported
test results and data required specifically from each test, a
bridge. The dial micrometer shall be of the kind with divisions
complete description of the material, sampling procedure, and
of0.001in.(0.025mm).Thebridgeshallbeofsufficientlength
record of any special treatment or conditioning of the flooring
so that the distance between the single-point support and a line
material.Any special details concerning the material under test
between the pair of point supports is at least 12 in. (305 mm).
that may have a bearing on the results shall also be recorded.
The bridge support shall have a slot in the center of its span of
sufficientopeningtocleartheloadingtooltopermitplacingthe
CONCENTRATED LOADING
micrometer directly adjacent to the disk loading tool with the
7. Scope stem end in contact with the collar.
9.1.3 Loading Device—Atestingmachinewithaplatenarea
7.1 Specimens shall be subjected to the concentrated load-
sufficiently large to accommodate the 18-in. (457-mm) square
ing test to obtain a measure of the resistance of the finish
or other suitable loading device convenient for loading and
flooring to heavy loads produced by such articles of furniture
measuring the amount of loading to 1000 lb (or 4.45 kN) at the
as chests and pianos. This test procedure uses the same
prescribed rate shall be provided.
equipment and is essentially the same as the one described in
9.1.4 An indentation measuring tool, as required for the
Methods E 72.
falling-ball indentation test (see 20.1.4) shall be provided for
determining the residual indentation from the loading to 1000
8. Test Specimen
lb (4.45 kN) 1 h after removal of load.
8.1 The size of the test specimen will depend on the size of
components making up the finish flooring, but should be at
10. Procedure
least 18 in. (457 mm) square. When the finish flooring is
10.1 Loading Points—Load points 1 and 2, for both square
prefabricated in parquet or tile form, the specimen shall consist
or rectangular parquet or tile form finish flooring, are illus-
of at least four such tiles attached to an underlayment, subfloor,
tratedinFig.1.Loadpoint1forthetileformofflooringisnear
or other substrate, using the same construction and technique
the corner, so that deformation under load at a corner can be
as will be used in the finished construction. When the flooring
determined. Load point 2 is provided to obtain an index of
is manufactured in strip form, the flooring shall be laid in
resistance to concentrated load at a point where the finish
courses over the subfloor and substrate so that end joints occur
flooring can distribute the load because of its inherent stiffness.
in the same manner as in actual construction.At least two such
Load point 2 should be at the approximate center of the tile
end joints shall occur near midwidth in the center one-half of
area, and when using a 12-in. (305-mm) deformation bridge,
the specimen. Fig. 1 shows the orientation for typical speci-
the bridge can be placed along the diagonal. Load point 1 for
mens using square and strip configurations of flooring.
stripflooringistosimulatetheloadingconditionpossiblewhen
9. Apparatus the concentrated load comes at or near an end joint. Load point
2 simulates the condition that exists when loading is on a
9.1 The apparatus shall be assembled as shown in Fig. 2 and
continuous strip of flooring but there is a joint in the adjacent
shall conform in the requirements for component parts as
course of flooring. When strip flooring is less than 2 in. (51
described in 9.1.1-9.1.4.
mm)wide,thepointofload2shallbecenteredonthestrip.For
other configurations of finish flooring, load point 1 should
correspond to the one producing maximum deformation under
load and point 2 the more average condition. In each instance,
the 1-in. (25-mm) diameter loading disk shall be centered over
the dimensioned point.
10.2 Loading—Apply the load continuously at a uniform
rate of movement of the loading tool of 0.10 in. (2.5 mm)/min
(Note 1). Make at least ten simultaneous measurements of load
and deformation between zero load and 1000 lb (4.45 kN)
(Note 4).After the load of 1000 lb (4.45 kN) has been applied,
it shall be removed immediately so that residual deformation
can be determined. Record any observed behavior of either the
finish flooring or the substrate during test.
NOTE 1—One in. equals 25.4 mm.
FIG. 1 Layout of Specimens for Concentrated Load Test NOTE 3—The testing machine speed used shall not vary by more than
D2394–83 (1999)
FIG. 2 Assembly for Concentrated Loading Test of Finish Flooring
650 % from that specified for a given test. The testing machine speed
or two or more floorings to determine which may have better
shall mean the free-running, or no load, crosshead speed for testing
service possibilities. Results obtained are qualitative rather
machines of the mechanical-drive type and the loaded crosshead speed for
than quantitative.
testing machines of the hydraulic-loading type.
NOTE 4—For some evaluations of finish flooring where possible use is
13. Test Specimen
in commercial buildings, concentrated load evaluations may be desirable
13.1 The test specimen shall be a composite of the various
forloadsgreaterthan1000lb(4.45kN).Whenthisisso,thematerialshall
floorings being evaluated.When the number of materials being
be loaded first as specified and then, after residual deformation has been
obtained, reloaded to the higher maximum load or failure. evaluated exceeds the number that can be fabricated in a single
specimen, the different materials shall be distributed so that a
10.3 Residual Deformation—One h after the load has been
representative number are included in each sample. Fig. 3
removed, measure the depth of residual indentation to the
shows the specimen in position for test and the apparatus used
nearest 0.01 in. (0.25 mm), using the falling-ball indentation
for imposing the concentrated loads on the specimen. Speci-
measuring tool described in 20.1.4.
mens shall be approximately 9 in. (229 mm) wide and of any
convenient length, so that the number of finish floorings being
11. Report
evaluatedcanbeaccommodated.Specimensshallbefabricated
11.1 The report shall include typical load-deformation
with the same substrate and in the same manner as is to be used
curves for load points 1 and 2. Each deformation value for
in the application of the finished floor. When strip floorings are
1000 lb (4.45 kN) loading, and residual after loading was
being evaluated, two sets of specimens shall be fabricated; one
removed, shall be presented. Any observations of behavior of
with the long dimension of the pieces of flooring parallel to,
either finish flooring or substrate or failures shall also be
and one with the long direction of the flooring across the
reported. Photographs showing nature of residual indentation
direction of movement of the studded roller. Cleats shall be
after loading will be beneficial and should be included.
provided to prevent sliding of the specimens.
FLOOR SURFACE INDENTATION 14. Apparatus
FROM SMALLAREA LOADS
14.1 The apparatus shall be assembled as shown in Fig. 3
and shall conform in the requirements for component parts as
12. Scope
described in 14.1.1-14.1.3.
12.1 Specimens shall be subjected to the “indentation dam- 14.1.1 Base—The base shall be a rigid supported unit that
age from small area load test” to obtain a measure of the will not deflect measurably under the rolling load. The surface
resistancetosharp-edgedsmallarealoadings,suchaswomen’s of the base shall be slightly wider than the surface of the
“stiletto” heels, protruding nailheads on other shoes, and specimen, as is shown in Fig. 3.
indentation damage from small, hard objects on the surface 14.1.2 Roller—The roller shall be a hard maple (or equiva-
either being stepped on or indented into the floor from rolling lent) cylinder 3 ⁄16in. (97 mm) in diameter and approximately
loads. In some of these “point” loadings, unit stresses are 18 in. (457 mm) long. The roller shall be studded with boot
almost infinite. Some damage to the surface usually is going to caulks (approximately 0.15 in. (4 mm) in diameter and
occur. The purpose of this evaluation is to compare by projecting approximately 0.2 in. (5 mm), including collar, from
observing the damage from this kind of loading, new finish surface of roller) 1 in. (25 mm) on center around the circum-
flooringsystemswiththoseofestablishedserviceperformance, ference for an 8-in. (203-mm) width. Alternate rows of studs
D2394–83 (1999)
FIG. 3 Assembly for Tests of Floor-Surface Indentation from Small-Area Loads, Showing Loaded Maple Roller Studded with Boot
Caulks and Specimens Firmly Supported on Heavy Beam
shallbestaggered.Theendsoftherollershallbeprovidedwith
arms for rolling it along the specimen and, either through
trunnions or an axle with bearings and straps, provide a means
for attaching the superimposed load on the specimen.
14.1.3 Superimposed Load—The superimposed load shall
total 200 lb (890 N). This shall be in addition to the weight of
roller, straps, and bearings and shall be divided equally on both
ends of roller.
15. Procedure
15.1 Move the roller over the surface by rotation (force
applied to arms) for 100 trips.Atrip is defined as a single pass
from o
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