ASTM D3884-09(2013)e1
(Guide)Standard Guide for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Rotary Platform, Double-Head Method)
Standard Guide for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Rotary Platform, Double-Head Method)
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The measurement of the resistance to abrasion of textile and other materials is very complex. The resistance to abrasion is affected by many factors, such as the inherent mechanical properties of the fibers; the dimensions of the fibers; the structure of the yarns; the construction of the fabrics; and the type, kind, and amount of finishing material added to the fibers, yarns, or fabric.
5.2 The resistance to abrasion is also greatly affected by the conditions of the tests, such as the nature of abradant, variable action of the abradant over the area of specimen abraded, the tension of the specimen, the pressure between the specimen and abradant, and the dimensional changes in the specimens.
5.3 Abrasion tests are all subject to variation due to changes in the abradant during specific tests. The abradant must accordingly be discarded at frequent intervals or checked periodically against a standard. With disposable abradants, the abradant is used only once or discarded after limited use. With permanent abradants that use hardened metal or equivalent surfaces, it is assumed that the abradant will not change appreciably in a specific series of tests. Similar abradants used in different laboratories will not change at the same rate, due to differences in usage. Permanent abradants may also change due to pick up of finishing or other material from test fabrics and must accordingly be cleaned at frequent intervals. The measurement of the relative amount of abrasion may also be affected by the method of evaluation and may be influenced by the judgment of the operator.
5.4 The resistance of textile materials to abrasion as measured on a testing machine in the laboratory is generally only one of several factors contributing to wear performance or durability as experienced in the actual use of the material. While “abrasion resistance” (often stated in terms of the number of cycles on a specified machine, using a specified technique to produce a specified degree o...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the determination of the abrasion resistance of textile fabrics using the rotary platform, double-head tester (RPDH). Note 1—Other procedures for measuring the abrasion resistance of textile fabrics are given in Test Methods D3885, D3886, D4157, D4158, D4966, and AATCC 93.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard: the values in English units are provided as information only and are not exact equivalents.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D3884 − 09 (Reapproved 2013)
Standard Guide for
Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Rotary Platform,
Double-Head Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3884; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—This standard was corrected back to a Guide editorially in February 2014. No content was changed.
1. Scope D4966 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile
Fabrics (Martindale Abrasion Tester Method)
1.1 This guide covers the determination of the abrasion
D5034 TestMethodforBreakingStrengthandElongationof
resistance of textile fabrics using the rotary platform, double-
Textile Fabrics (Grab Test)
head tester (RPDH).
D5035 Test Method for Breaking Force and Elongation of
NOTE 1—Other procedures for measuring the abrasion resistance of
Textile Fabrics (Strip Method)
textile fabrics are given in Test Methods D3885, D3886, D4157, D4158,
D7255 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Leather
D4966, and AATCC 93.
(Rotary Platform, Abraser Method)
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
2.2 Other Documents:
standard: the values in English units are provided as informa-
AATCC 93 Abrasion Resistance of Fabrics: Accelerator
tion only and are not exact equivalents.
Method
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the 3. Terminology
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.60, Fabric Test
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Methods, Specific, refer to Terminology D4850.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:
abrasion, abrasion cycle, breaking force.
2. Referenced Documents
3.2 For all other terminology related to textiles, refer to
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Terminology D123.
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
4. Summary of Test Method
D3885 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile
4.1 Aspecimenisabradedusingrotaryrubbingactionunder
Fabrics (Flexing and Abrasion Method)
controlled conditions of pressure and abrasive action. The test
D3886 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile
specimen, mounted on a turntable platform, turns on a vertical
Fabrics (Inflated Diaphragm Apparatus)
axis, against the sliding rotation of two abrading wheels. One
D4157 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile
abrading wheel rubs the specimen outward toward the periph-
Fabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder Method)
ery and the other, inward toward the center. The resulting
D4158 Guide for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics
abrasion marks form a pattern of crossed arcs over an area of
(Uniform Abrasion)
approximately 30 cm . Resistance to abrasion is evaluated by
D4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test
various means which are described in Section 13.
Methods
5. Significance and Use
1 5.1 The measurement of the resistance to abrasion of textile
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles and
is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods, and other materials is very complex.The resistance to abrasion
Specific.
is affected by many factors, such as the inherent mechanical
Current edition approved July 1, 2013. Published September 2013. Originally
properties of the fibers; the dimensions of the fibers; the
approved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D3884 – 09. DOI:
10.1520/D3884-09R13E01.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on (AATCC), P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, http://
the ASTM website. www.aatcc.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D3884 − 09 (2013)
structure of the yarns; the construction of the fabrics; and the abrasion, this is one of the several procedures that is useful to
type,kind,andamountoffinishingmaterialaddedtothefibers, help minimize the inherent variation in results that may occur.
yarns, or fabric.
5.7 Before definite predictions of fabric usefulness can be
drawn from an abrasion test as made on the rotary platform,
5.2 The resistance to abrasion is also greatly affected by the
double-head (RPDH) abrader (Fig. 1), actual end-use trials
conditions of the tests, such as the nature of abradant, variable
should be conducted and related to the abrasion test. Different
action of the abradant over the area of specimen abraded, the
types of wear (for example, wear on men’s clothing at cuffs,
tension of the specimen, the pressure between the specimen
crotch, etc.) may correspond to different ratings of the RPDH
and abradant, and the dimensional changes in the specimens.
test.
5.3 Abrasion tests are all subject to variation due to changes
5.8 In making a comparison of different fabrics (that is, of
in the abradant during specific tests. The abradant must
different fibers, weights, etc.) the RPDH test will not always
accordingly be discarded at frequent intervals or checked
reveal a difference known to exist when the fabrics are actually
periodically against a standard. With disposable abradants, the
used.Therefore,end-usetrialsshouldbeconductedinconjunc-
abradant is used only once or discarded after limited use. With
tion with the RPDH abrasion test, at least as a guide for future
permanent abradants that use hardened metal or equivalent
testing of these fabrics.
surfaces, it is assumed that the abradant will not change
5.9 Uncontrolled manufacturing or finishing variations oc-
appreciably in a specific series of tests. Similar abradants used
curring within a fabric or within lots of the same style of fabric
in different laboratories will not change at the same rate, due to
can, however, be detected satisfactorily with the RPDH tester.
differencesinusage.Permanentabradantsmayalsochangedue
to pick up of finishing or other material from test fabrics and
5.10 Because of the conditions mentioned above, techni-
must accordingly be cleaned at frequent intervals. The mea-
cians frequently fail to get good agreement between results
surement of the relative amount of abrasion may also be
obtainedonthesametypeoftestinginstrumentbothwithinand
affected by the method of evaluation and may be influenced by
between laboratories, and the precision of these test methods is
the judgment of the operator.
uncertain. This test method is accordingly not recommended
for acceptance testing in contractual agreements between
5.4 The resistance of textile materials to abrasion as mea-
purchaser and supplier because of the poor between-laboratory
sured on a testing machine in the laboratory is generally only
precision of the test method.
one of several factors contributing to wear performance or
durability as experienced in the actual use of the material. 5.11 If there are differences of practical significance be-
tween reported test results for two laboratories (or more),
While “abrasion resistance” (often stated in terms of the
number of cycles on a specified machine, using a specified comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is
a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical
technique to produce a specified degree or amount of abrasion)
and “durability” (defined as the ability to withstand deteriora- assistance. As a minimum, the test samples used are to be as
homogeneous as possible, drawn from the material from which
tionorwearingoutinuse,includingtheeffectsofabrasion)are
the disparate test results were obtained, and randomly assigned
frequently related, the relationship varies with different end
in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing.The test results
uses, and different factors may be necessary in any calculation
from the two laboratories should be compared using a statis-
of predicted durability from specific abrasion data. Laboratory
tical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior
tests may be reliable as an indication of relative end-use
to the testing series. If bias is found, either its cause must be
performance in cases where the difference in abrasion resis-
found and corrected, or future test results must be adjusted in
tanceofvariousmaterialsislarge,buttheyshouldnotberelied
consideration of the known bias.
upon where differences in laboratory test findings are small. In
general, they should not be relied upon for prediction of actual
6. Apparatus
wear-life in specific end uses unless there are data showing the
specific relationship between laboratory abrasion tests and
6.1 Rotary Platform, Double-Head (RPDH) Abrader (Fig.
actual wear in the intended end-use.
1), consisting of the following elements described in 6.1.1 –
6.1.5
5.5 These general observations apply to all types of fabrics,
6.1.1 Removeable, turntable platform that includes a rubber
including woven, nonwoven, and knit apparel fabrics, house-
pad, clamp plate and knurled nut, and clamp ring to secure the
hold fabrics, industrial fabrics, and floor coverings. It is not
specimen. The specimen holder shall be motor driven, and
surprising, therefore, to find that there are many different types
mounted so as to produce circular surface travel of a flat
of abrasion testing machines, abradants, testing conditions,
specimen in the plane of its surface.
testing procedures, methods of evaluation of abrasion resis-
6.1.2 Pair of pivoted arms to which the abrasive wheels and
tance and interpretation of results.
accessory weights are attached.
5.6 All the test procedures and instruments that have been
developed for abrasion resistance of fabrics may show a high
The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time
degree of variability in results obtained by different operators
is Taber Industries, 455 Bryant St. North Tonawanda, NY 14120. If you are aware
and in different laboratories, however, they represent the
of alternate suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM headquarters. Your
procedures most widely used in the industry. Because there is
comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible
a definite need for measuring the relative resistance to technical committee, which you may attend.
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D3884 − 09 (2013)
FIG. 1 Rotary Platform Double Head Abrader
6.1.3 Motor capable of rotating the platform and specimen opening positioned between the two wheels and over the wear
at a speed of 72 62 r/min. path and the other placed diametrically opposite. The distance
6.1.4 Vacuumnozzleandvacuumcleanerforremovaloflint between the axes of the two openings shall be 76.0 61.0 mm.
and debris from specimen. The height of the vacuum nozzle 6.1.5 Counter for indicating the revolutions of the specimen
shallbeadjustableandthenozzlewillhavetwoopenings–one holder.
FIG. 2 Position of Abrasive Wheels on Rotary Platform Double
Head Abrader
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D3884 − 09 (2013)
6.2 Abrasive wheels, which are attached to the free end of 8.2 Take specimens from garment samples as agreed upon
the pivoted arms and rotate freely about horizontal spindles. by all interested parties.
6.2.1 Their internal faces shall be 52.4 61.0 mm apart and
8.3 Cut ten specimens approximately 15 cm (6 in.) square,
the hypothetical line through the two spindles shall be 19.05
five for abrasion tests and five reserved for controls. For the
60.3 mm away from the central axis of the turntable (see Fig.
fivespecimenstobeabraded,cuta6-mm( ⁄4-in.)diameterhole
2). When resting on the specimen, the wheels will have a
in the center of the specimen.
peripheral engagement with the surface of the specimen, the
8.3.1 For fabric widths 125 mm (5 in.) or more, take no
direction of travel of the periphery of the wheels and of the
specimen closer than 25 mm (1 in.) from the selvage edge.
specimen at the contacting portions being at acute angles, and
8.3.2 For fabric widths less than 125 mm (5 in.), use the
the angles of travel of one wheel periphery being opposite to
entire width for specimens.
that of the other. Motion of the abrasive wheels, in opposite
8.3.3 Cut specimens representing a broad distribution di-
directions, is provided by rotation of the specimen and the
agonally across the width of the laboratory sampling unit.Take
associated friction therefrom.
lengthwise specimens from different positions across the width
6.2.2 The abrasive wheels are either resilient or vitrified-
of the fabric. Take widthwise specimens from different posi-
based.Bothtypesofwheelsconsistofhardparticlesembedded
tions along the length of the fabric.
in a binder material and are manufactured in different grades of
8.3.4 Ensure specimens are free of folds, creases, or
abrasive quality. The wheels shall be 12.7 60.3 mm thick and
wrinkles.Avoidgettingoil,water,grease,etc.onthespecimens
have an external diameter of 51.9 60.5 mm when new, and in
when handling.
no case less than 44.4 mm.
8.3.5 If the fabric has a pattern, ensure that the specimens
6.3 Accessory Loads, The RPDH abrader is provided with a
are a representative sampling of the pattern.
load adjustment for varying the load of the abrader wheels on
the specimen. The pivoted abrader arms without auxiliary
9. Preparation, Calibration, and Verification of
weights or counter weights apply a load against the specimen
Apparatus
of 250 g per wheel (exclusive of the mass of the wheel itself).
9.1 Wheel Position—The wheels should be spaced equally
The manufacturer provides additional weights that can be used
on both sides from the wheel-mounting flange to the center of
to increase the load to 500 or 1000 g per wheel, and a
the specimen holder. The distance from the inside of the wheel
counterweight attachment that can be used to reduce the load
mounting flange to the center of the specimen holder should be
on the specimen to 125 g per wheel.
38.9 60.5 mm (1.53 in.).
6.4 Auxiliary Apparatus—Resurfacing discs (S-11), of
9.2 Wheel Bearings—The abrader wheel bearings, installed
carborundum-coated paper, are used to resurface the resilient
in the free end of the pivoting arms to support the abrader
wheels.
wheels,shouldnotstickwhencausedtospinrapidlybyaquick
6.5 Abrasion Wheel Re
...
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