ASTM E955-88(2009)e1
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Thermal Characteristics of Refuse-Derived Fuel Macrosamples (Withdrawn 2017)
Standard Test Method for Thermal Characteristics of Refuse-Derived Fuel Macrosamples (Withdrawn 2017)
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is available to producers and users of RDF as a means of determining thermal characteristics of a large sample of RDF without extensive processing of the laboratory sample. It is intended that the results obtained be used to monitor changes in the fuel characteristics of RDF over a period of time.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of moisture, noncombustibles and combustibles, and the calculation of higher heating value content of a large mass of refuse-derived fuel-three (RDF).
1.2 This test method may be applicable to any waste material, including residues from combustion, from which a representative sample can be prepared.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 7 for additional hazard information.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This test method covered the determination of moisture, noncombustibles and combustibles, and the calculation of higher heating value content of a large mass of refuse-derived fuel-three (RDF).
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee D34 on Waste Management, this practice was withdrawn in September 2017 in accordance with section 10.6.3 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees, which requires that standards shall be updated by the end of the eighth year since the last approval date.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
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Designation: E955 − 88 (Reapproved 2009)
Standard Test Method for
Thermal Characteristics of Refuse-Derived Fuel
Macrosamples
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E955; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
´ NOTE—Editorial changes were made in November 2009.
1. Scope 3.1.1 combustibles—that fraction of the RDF sample which
is consumed upon ignition exclusive of the moisture present in
1.1 This test method covers the determination of moisture,
the sample.
noncombustibles and combustibles, and the calculation of
higher heating value content of a large mass of refuse-derived 3.1.2 macrosample—a representative sample in the order of
1 kg mass is used to determine moisture, combustible, and
fuel-three (RDF).
noncombustible content without further processing or size
1.2 This test method may be applicable to any waste
reduction.
material, including residues from combustion, from which a
3.1.3 noncombustibles—that fraction of a macrosample re-
representative sample can be prepared.
mainingaftermoistureandcombustiblesaredrivenoffbyheat
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
and combustion. It is composed of metallic and glass particles
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
in addition to the residue from combustion of organic sub-
only.
stances.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.4 forms of refuse-derived fuel (RDF):—
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
RDF-1—Wastes used as a fuel in as-discarded form.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
RDF-2—Wastes processed to coarse particle size with or
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
without ferrous metal separation.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 7 for
RDF-3—shredded fuel derived from municipal solid waste
additional hazard information.
(MSW) that has been processed to remove metal, glass, and
other inorganics. This material has a particle size such that 95
2. Referenced Documents
weight% passes through a 2-in. (50 mm) square mesh screen.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
RDF-4—Combustiblewasteprocessedintopowderform,95
E711Test Method for Gross Calorific Value of Refuse-
weight% passing 10-mesh screening.
Derived Fuel by the Bomb Calorimeter (Withdrawn
3 RDF-5—Combustible waste densified (compressed) into the
2011)
form of pellets, slugs, cubettes, or briquettes.
E791Test Method for Calculating Refuse-Derived Fuel
RDF-6—Combustible waste processed into liquid fuel.
Analysis Data from As-Determined to Different Bases
RDF-7—Combustible waste processed into gaseous fuel.
3. Terminology
4. Summary of Test Method
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
4.1 Amacrosample of RDF is dried and ashed successively.
The moisture, combustibles, and noncombustibles content are
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D34 on Waste
determined gravimetrically.
ManagementandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD34.03onTreatment,
Recovery and Reuse. 4.2 Heating value of a macrosample of RDF is calculated
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2009. Published December 2009. Originally
using an established moisture and noncombustible free heating
approved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as E955-88(2004). DOI:
value.
10.1520/E0955-88R09E01.
4.2.1 Normal practice is for contracting practices to rate
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
RDF on a higher heating value basis.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
4.2.2 If contracting parties choose to rate RDF on a lower
the ASTM website.
heating value basis, provision is made using an established
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org. moisture and non-combustible free lower heating value.
Copyright ©ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA19428-2959. United States
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E955 − 88 (2009)
NOTE 3—After several runs, a period of time can be established for the
5. Significance and Use
material to reach constant weight. Overnight drying has been found to be
5.1 This test method is available to producers and users of
convenient and sufficient for some RDF products.
RDF as a means of determining thermal characteristics of a
9.1.3 After a sufficient drying time, remove the samples
large sample of RDF without extensive processing of the
from the oven and immediately weigh while hot to the nearest
laboratory sample. It is intended that the results obtained be
0.5 g.
usedtomonitorchangesinthefuelcharacteristicsofRDFover
a period of time. NOTE 4—The practicality of this procedure step is demonstrated in
Footnote 3.
6. Apparatus
9.2 Noncombustible Determination:
9.2.1 Place the container with the dried sample into a
6.1 Oven—A large chamber mechanical draft oven (ap-
laboratory hood, and ignite the sample with a flame. Stirring is
proximately508by508by508mm(20by20by20in.)inside
required to maintain the flame. Take care so no sample is lost
dimensions) capable of maintaining a controlled temperature
when stirring. Warning—Because of the unknown nature of
between 100 and 500°C may be used. A minimum of one air
the material, use caution during ignition and stirring.
change per minute is satisfactory.Air flow should be baffled to
prevent any sample loss due to air currents. 9.2.2 When a flame can no longer be maintained, place the
container with the partially combusted sample into the oven at
NOTE 1—A home electric oven with self-cleaning mode of operation,
4 500°C until constant weight is reached.
modified with an air inlet has been found satisfactory.
6.2 Balance, having a sensitivity of 0.5 g and a capacity of NOTE 5—It may be determined that constant weight can be routinely
established by allowing samples to ash at the prescribed temperature for
at least 2000 g.
a set period of time. (Two hours have been found to be sufficient).
6.3 Sample Container—Anoncorroding pan (stainless steel
NOTE 6—A home electric oven in the self cleaning mode modified to
3 3
permit air circulation has been found to
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