ASTM D240-19
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter
Standard Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The heat of combustion is a measure of the energy available from a fuel. A knowledge of this value is essential when considering the thermal efficiency of equipment for producing either power or heat.
5.2 The heat of combustion as determined by this test method is designated as one of the chemical and physical requirements of both commercial and military turbine fuels and aviation gasolines.
5.3 The mass heat of combustion, the heat of combustion per unit mass of fuel, is a critical property of fuels intended for use in weight-limited craft such as airplanes, surface effect vehicles, and hydrofoils. The range of such craft between refueling is a direct function of the heat of combustion and density of the fuel.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the heat of combustion of liquid hydrocarbon fuels ranging in volatility from that of light distillates to that of residual fuels.
1.2 Under normal conditions, this test method is directly applicable to such fuels as gasolines, kerosines, Nos. 1 and 2 fuel oil, Nos. 1-D and 2-D diesel fuel and Nos. 0-GT, 1-GT, and 2-GT gas turbine fuels.
1.3 This test method is not as repeatable and not as reproducible as Test Method D4809.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Sections 7 and 9 and A1.10 and Annex A3.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D240 − 19
Standard Test Method for
Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb
1
Calorimeter
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D240; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* D1018Test Method for Hydrogen In Petroleum Fractions
D1266TestMethodforSulfurinPetroleumProducts(Lamp
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the heat of
Method)
combustion of liquid hydrocarbon fuels ranging in volatility
D1552Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by
from that of light distillates to that of residual fuels.
High Temperature Combustion and Infrared (IR) Detec-
1.2 Under normal conditions, this test method is directly
tion or Thermal Conductivity Detection (TCD)
applicable to such fuels as gasolines, kerosines, Nos. 1 and 2
D2622Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by
fuel oil, Nos. 1-D and 2-D diesel fuel and Nos. 0-GT, 1-GT,
Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
and 2-GT gas turbine fuels.
D3120Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in Light
Liquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Microcou-
1.3 This test method is not as repeatable and not as
reproducible as Test Method D4809. lometry
D3701Test Method for Hydrogen Content of Aviation
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
Turbine Fuels by Low Resolution Nuclear Magnetic
standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
Resonance Spectrometry
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
D4294Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and Petroleum
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Products by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spec-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
trometry
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
D4809Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Precision
Forspecifichazardstatements,seeSections7and9andA1.10
Method)
and Annex A3.
D5453Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur in
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
Light Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, Diesel
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
Engine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet Fluorescence
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
D7171Test Method for Hydrogen Content of Middle Dis-
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
tillate Petroleum Products by Low-Resolution Pulsed
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
E1Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
E200Practice for Preparation, Standardization, and Storage
2. Referenced Documents
of Standard and Reagent Solutions for ChemicalAnalysis
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D129Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-
3. Terminology
eral High Pressure Decomposition Device Method)
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 grossheatofcombustion,Qg(MJ/kg),n—thequantity
1
of energy released when a unit mass of fuel is burned in a
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
constant volume enclosure, with the products being gaseous,
SubcommitteeD02.05onPropertiesofFuels,PetroleumCokeandCarbonMaterial.
other than water that is condensed to the liquid state.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2019. Published December 2019. Originally
3.1.1.1 Discussion—The fuel can be either liquid or solid,
approved in 1957. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as D240–17. DOI:
10.1520/D0240-19.
and contain only the elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen,
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
oxygen,andsulfur.Theproductsofcombustion,inoxygen,are
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
gaseous carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. liquid water. In this procedure, 25°C is the initial temperature
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 1942
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D240 − 17 D240 − 19
Standard Test Method for
Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb
1
Calorimeter
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D240; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the heat of combustion of liquid hydrocarbon fuels ranging in volatility from
that of light distillates to that of residual fuels.
1.2 Under normal conditions, this test method is directly applicable to such fuels as gasolines, kerosines, Nos. 1 and 2 fuel oil,
Nos. 1-D and 2-D diesel fuel and Nos. 0-GT, 1-GT, and 2-GT gas turbine fuels.
1.3 This test method is not as repeatable and not as reproducible as Test Method D4809.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Sections 7 and 9 and A1.10 and Annex A3.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (General High Pressure Decomposition Device Method)
D1018 Test Method for Hydrogen In Petroleum Fractions
D1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Lamp Method)
D1552 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by High Temperature Combustion and Infrared (IR) Detection or Thermal
Conductivity Detection (TCD)
D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
D3120 Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in Light Liquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Microcoulometry
D3701 Test Method for Hydrogen Content of Aviation Turbine Fuels by Low Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Spectrometry
D4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and Petroleum Products by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
D4809 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Precision Method)
D5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur in Light Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, Diesel Engine Fuel,
and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet Fluorescence
D7171 Test Method for Hydrogen Content of Middle Distillate Petroleum Products by Low-Resolution Pulsed Nuclear Magnetic
Resonance Spectroscopy
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
E200 Practice for Preparation, Standardization, and Storage of Standard and Reagent Solutions for Chemical Analysis
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.05 on Properties of Fuels, Petroleum Coke and Carbon Material.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2017Nov. 1, 2019. Published January 2017December 2019. Originally approved in 1957. Last previous edition approved in 20142017
as D240 – 14.D240 – 17. DOI: 10.1520/D0240-17.10.1520/D0240-19.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D240 − 19
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 gross heat of combustion, Qg (MJ/kg), n—the quantity of energy released when a unit mass of fuel is burned in a constant
volume enclosure, with the products being gaseous, other than water that is con
...
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