ASTM E2338-22
(Practice)Standard Practice for Characterization of Coatings Using Conformable Eddy Current Sensors without Coating Reference Standards
Standard Practice for Characterization of Coatings Using Conformable Eddy Current Sensors without Coating Reference Standards
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Conformable Eddy Current Sensors—Conformable, eddy current sensors can be used on both flat and curved surfaces, including fillets, cylindrical surfaces, etc. When used with models for predicting the sensor response and appropriate algorithms, these sensors can measure variations in physical properties, such as electrical conductivity or magnetic permeability, or both, as well as thickness of conductive coatings on any substrate and nonconductive coatings on conductive substrates or on a conducting coating. These property variations can be used to detect and characterize heterogeneous regions within the conductive coatings, for example, regions of locally higher porosity.
4.2 Sensors and Sensor Arrays—Depending on the application, either a single-sensing element sensor or a sensor array can be used for coating characterization. A sensor array provides a better capability to map spatial variations in coating thickness or conductivity, or both (reflecting, for example, porosity variations), and provides better throughput for scanning large areas. The size of the sensor footprint and the size and number of sensing elements within an array depend on the application requirements and constraints, and the nonconductive (for example, ceramic) coating thickness.
4.3 Coating Thickness Range—The conductive coating thickness range over which a sensor performs best depends on the difference between the electrical conductivity of the substrate and conductive coating and available frequency range. For example, a specific sensor geometry with a specific frequency range for impedance measurements may provide acceptable performance for an MCrAlY coating over a nickel-alloy substrate for a relatively wide range of conductive coating thickness, for example, from 75 to 400 μm (0.003 to 0.016 in.). Yet, for another conductive coating-substrate combination, this range may be 10 to 100 μm (0.0004 to 0.004 in.). The coating characterization performance may also depend on the thick...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the use of conformable eddy current sensors for nondestructive characterization of coatings without standardization on coated reference parts. It includes the following: (1) thickness measurement of a conductive coating on a conductive substrate, (2) detection and characterization of local regions of increased porosity of a conductive coating, and (3) measurement of thickness for nonconductive coatings on a conductive substrate or on a conductive coating. This practice includes only nonmagnetic coatings on either magnetic (μ ≠ μ0) or nonmagnetic (μ = μ0) substrates. In addition to discrete coatings on substrates, this practice can also be used to measure the effective thickness of a process-affected zone (for example, shot peened layer for aluminum alloys, alpha case for titanium alloys) and to assess the condition of other layered media such as joints (for example, lap joints and skin panels over structural supports). For specific types of coated parts, the user may need a more specific procedure tailored to a specific application.
1.2 Specific uses of conventional eddy current sensors are covered by Practices D7091 and E376 and the following test methods issued by ASTM: B244 and E1004. Guidance for the use of conformable eddy current sensor arrays is provided in Guide E2884.
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized ...
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E2338 − 22
Standard Practice for
Characterization of Coatings Using Conformable Eddy
1
Current Sensors without Coating Reference Standards
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2338; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
1.1 This practice covers the use of conformable eddy
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
current sensors for nondestructive characterization of coatings
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
without standardization on coated reference parts. It includes
the following: (1) thickness measurement of a conductive
2. Referenced Documents
coating on a conductive substrate, (2) detection and character-
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
ization of local regions of increased porosity of a conductive
B244 Test Method for Measurement of Thickness ofAnodic
coating, and (3) measurement of thickness for nonconductive
Coatings on Aluminum and of Other Nonconductive
coatings on a conductive substrate or on a conductive coating.
Coatings on Nonmagnetic Basis Metals with Eddy-
This practice includes only nonmagnetic coatings on either
Current Instruments
magnetic (µ ≠ µ ) or nonmagnetic (µ = µ ) substrates. In
0 0
D7091 Practice for Nondestructive Measurement of Dry
addition to discrete coatings on substrates, this practice can
Film Thickness of Nonmagnetic Coatings Applied to
also be used to measure the effective thickness of a process-
Ferrous Metals and Nonmagnetic, Nonconductive Coat-
affected zone (for example, shot peened layer for aluminum
ings Applied to Non-Ferrous Metals
alloys, alpha case for titanium alloys) and to assess the
E376 Practice for Measuring Coating Thickness by
condition of other layered media such as joints (for example,
Magnetic-Field or Eddy Current (Electromagnetic) Test-
lapjointsandskinpanelsoverstructuralsupports).Forspecific
ing Methods
types of coated parts, the user may need a more specific
E543 Specification forAgencies Performing Nondestructive
procedure tailored to a specific application.
Testing
1.2 Specific uses of conventional eddy current sensors are
E1004 Test Method for Determining Electrical Conductivity
covered by Practices D7091 and E376 and the following test
Using the Electromagnetic (Eddy Current) Method
methods issued byASTM: B244 and E1004. Guidance for the
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
use of conformable eddy current sensor arrays is provided in
E2884 Guide for Eddy Current Testing of Electrically Con-
Guide E2884.
ducting Materials Using Conformable Sensor Arrays
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded
NOTE 1—See Appendix X1.
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for informa-
3. Terminology
tion only and are not considered standard.
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms relating to this
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
practice, refer to Terminology E1316, including Section C on
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Electromagnetic Testing, and also Guide E2884.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.1 air standardization, n—an adjustment of the instru-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
ment response to air or another insulating material to match a
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
model for the sensor response in air.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
3.1.1.1 Discussion—It is generally sufficient for the sensor
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
to be placed at least one spatial wavelength away from any
conductive or magnetic object to provide the equivalent of
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.07 on
2
Electromagnetic Method. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved June 1, 2022. Published June 2022. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as E2338 – 17. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/E2338-22. the ASTM website.
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E2338 − 17 E2338 − 22
Standard Practice for
Characterization of Coatings Using Conformable Eddy
1
Current Sensors without Coating Reference Standards
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2338; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This practice covers the use of conformable eddy current sensors for nondestructive characterization of coatings without
standardization on coated reference parts. It includes the following: (1) thickness measurement of a conductive coating on a
conductive substrate, (2) detection and characterization of local regions of increased porosity of a conductive coating, and (3)
measurement of thickness for nonconductive coatings on a conductive substrate or on a conductive coating. This practice includes
only nonmagnetic coatings on either magnetic (μ ≠ μ ) or nonmagnetic (μ = μ ) substrates. This In addition to discrete coatings
0 0
on substrates, this practice can also be used to measure the effective thickness of a process-affected zone (for example, shot peened
layer for aluminum alloys, alpha case for titanium alloys). alloys) and to assess the condition of other layered media such as joints
(for example, lap joints and skin panels over structural supports). For specific types of coated parts, the user may need a more
specific procedure tailored to a specific application.
1.2 Specific uses of conventional eddy current sensors are covered by Practices D7091 and E376 and the following test methods
issued by ASTM: B244 and E1004. Guidance for the use of conformable eddy current sensor arrays is provided in Guide E2884.
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
B244 Test Method for Measurement of Thickness of Anodic Coatings on Aluminum and of Other Nonconductive Coatings on
Nonmagnetic Basis Metals with Eddy-Current Instruments
D7091 Practice for Nondestructive Measurement of Dry Film Thickness of Nonmagnetic Coatings Applied to Ferrous Metals
and Nonmagnetic, Nonconductive Coatings Applied to Non-Ferrous Metals
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.07 on Electromagnetic
Method.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2017June 1, 2022. Published November 2017June 2022. Originally approved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 20112017 as
E2338 - 11.E2338 – 17. DOI: 10.1520/E2338-17.10.1520/E2338-22.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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E2338 − 22
E376 Practice for Measuring Coating Thickness by Magnetic-Field or Eddy Current (Electromagnetic) Testing Methods
E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive Testing
E1004 Test Method for Determining Electrical Conductivity Using the Electromagnetic (Eddy Current) Method
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
E2884 Guide for Eddy Current Testing of Electrically Conducting Materials Using Conformable Sensor Arrays
NOTE 1—See Appendix X1.
3
2.2 ASNT Documents:
SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Quali
...
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