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ASTM E1348-22

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Transmittance and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Hemispherical Geometry

Standard Test Method for Transmittance and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Hemispherical Geometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The most direct and accessible methods for obtaining the color coordinates of object colors are by instrumental measurement using spectrophotometers or colorimeters with either hemispherical or bidirectional optical measuring systems. This test method provides procedures for such measurement by transmittance spectrophotometry using a hemispherical optical measuring system.  
5.2 This test method is especially suitable for measurement of the following types of specimens (see also Guide E179 and Practice E805):  
5.2.1 Fully transparent specimens (free from turbidity, haze, or translucency), and  
5.2.2 Translucent or hazy specimens, provided that the specimen can be placed flush against the transmission port of the integrating sphere.  
5.3 This test method is not recommended for measurement of retroreflective transparent or translucent specimens, or samples that are fluorescent.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the instrumental measurement of the transmission properties and color of object-color specimens by the use of a spectrophotometer or spectrocolorimeter with a hemispherical optical measuring system, such as an integrating sphere.  
1.2 This test method is generally suitable for all fully transparent specimens without regard for the specimen position relative to the transmission port of the instrument. Translucent specimens, however, must be placed flush against the transmission port of the sphere.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
30-Sep-2022
ICS
17.180.20 - Colours and measurement of light
Technical Committee
E12 - Color and Appearance
Drafting Committee
E12.02 - Spectrophotometry and Colorimetry
Current Stage
Ref Project

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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E1348 − 22
Standard Test Method for
Transmittance and Color by Spectrophotometry Using
1
Hemispherical Geometry
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1348; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Color Differences from Instrumentally Measured Color
Coordinates
1.1 This test method describes the instrumental measure-
E179Guide for Selection of Geometric Conditions for
ment of the transmission properties and color of object-color
Measurement of Reflection and Transmission Properties
specimens by the use of a spectrophotometer or spectrocolo-
of Materials
rimeterwithahemisphericalopticalmeasuringsystem,suchas
E284Terminology of Appearance
an integrating sphere.
E308PracticeforComputingtheColorsofObjectsbyUsing
1.2 This test method is generally suitable for all fully
the CIE System
transparentspecimenswithoutregardforthespecimenposition
E805Practice for Identification of Instrumental Methods of
relative to the transmission port of the instrument. Translucent
Color or Color-Difference Measurement of Materials
specimens, however, must be placed flush against the trans-
E1164PracticeforObtainingSpectrometricDataforObject-
mission port of the sphere.
Color Evaluation
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this 3. Terminology
standard.
3.1 Definitions:
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.1 The definitions in Guide E179, Terminology E284,
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
and Practice E1164 are applicable to this test method.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
4. Summary of Test Method
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4.1 Thistestmethodprovidesaprocedureformeasuringthe
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
transmittanceoftransmittingspecimensbyusingaspectropho-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
tometer or spectrocolorimeter equipped with a hemispherical
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
optical measuring system such as an integrating sphere.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
4.2 This test method includes procedures for calibrating the
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
instrument and for selecting specimens suitable for precision
measurement.
2. Referenced Documents
4.3 This test method is satisfactory for all fully transparent
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
specimenswithplaneandparallelsurfaces.Whenpossible,the
D1003Test Method for Haze and Luminous Transmittance
user should select the position of the specimen in the trans-
of Transparent Plastics
mission compartment to provide either essentially total or
D2244Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances and
essentially regular transmittance, depending on the end use of
the measured data.
4.4 Accurate measurement of translucent specimens re-
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Color
quires that the specimen be placed flush against the transmis-
and Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.02 on
Spectrophotometry and Colorimetry. sion port of the integrating sphere (see Practice E1164, 8.1.4).
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2022. Published November 2022. Originally
ɛ1
4.5 Most modern spectrophotometers have the capacity to
approved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as E1348 – 15 . DOI:
10.1520/E1348-22.
compute the color coordinates of the specimen during the
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
measurement. When this is the case, the user of this test
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
method must select the color scale, illuminant and observer
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. (see the Procedure section in Practice E308, Section 6).
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1348 − 22
reflectance as that of the lining of the integrating sphere.
5. Significance and Use
8.2 Verifytheaccuracyofthemeasuredresultsbymeasure-
5.1 The most direct and acc
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: E1348 − 15 E1348 − 22
Standard Test Method for
Transmittance and Color by Spectrophotometry Using
1
Hemispherical Geometry
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1348; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
ε NOTE—Equation 1 was editorially corrected in September 2016.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method describes the instrumental measurement of the transmission properties and color of object-color specimens
by the use of a spectrophotometer or spectrocolorimeter with a hemispherical optical measuring system, such as an integrating
sphere.
1.2 This test method is generally suitable for all fully transparent specimens without regard for the specimen position relative to
the transmission port of the instrument. Translucent specimens, however, must be placed flush against the transmission port of the
sphere.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1003 Test Method for Haze and Luminous Transmittance of Transparent Plastics
D2244 Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances and Color Differences from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates
E179 Guide for Selection of Geometric Conditions for Measurement of Reflection and Transmission Properties of Materials
E284 Terminology of Appearance
E308 Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects by Using the CIE System
E805 Practice for Identification of Instrumental Methods of Color or Color-Difference Measurement of Materials
E1164 Practice for Obtaining Spectrometric Data for Object-Color Evaluation
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Color and Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.02 on
Spectrophotometry and Colorimetry.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2015Oct. 1, 2022. Published November 2015November 2022. Originally approved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 20112015
ɛ1
as E1348 – 1115 . DOI: 10.1520/E1348-15E01.10.1520/E1348-22.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1348 − 22
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 The definitions in Guide E179, Terminology E284, and Practice E1164 are applicable to this test method.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 This test method provides a procedure for measuring the transmittance of transmitting specimens by using a spectrophotometer
or spectrocolorimeter equipped with a hemispherical optical measuring system such as an integrating sphere.
4.2 This test method includes procedures for calibrating the instrument and for selecting specimens suitable for precision
measurement.
4.3 This test method is satisfactory for all fully transparent specimens with plane and parallel surfaces. When possible, the user
should select the position of the specimen in the transmission compartment to provide either essentially total or essentially regular
transmittance, depending on the end use of the measured data.
4.4 Accurate measurement of translucent specimens requires that the specimen be placed flush against the transmission port of the
integrating sphere (see Practice E1164, 8.1.4).
4.5 Most modern spectrophotometers have the capacity to compute the color coordinates of the specimen during the measurement.
When this is the case,
...

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5.1 The most direct and accessible methods for obtaining the color coordinates of object colors are by instrumental measurement using spectrophotometers or spectrocolorimeters with either hemispherical or bidirectional optical measuring systems. This test method provides procedures for such measurement by spectrophotometry using a bidirectional (0:45 or 45:0) optical measuring system. The method for color and color difference measurement using filter colorimeters is contained in Test Method E1347.  
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5.1 The Natural Colour System is a color notation system that builds on how a human being sees color. An NCS notation represents a specific color percept and describes the color as perceived; it is not dependent on limitations caused by pigments, light rays or nerve signals that have given rise to this perception. The NCS system is used internationally in such fields as architecture, corporate identity, cosmetics, education, fashion and textile forecasting and production, interior design and product design. The Natural Colour System describes colors exactly as they are seen. Any of the millions of colors that exist can be defined within the NCS system and given a precise notation. When the NCS system is known, it is possible to judge the attributes of a color by its NCS notation; for example, how much blackness, how much chromaticness, and what hue? This helps to communicate and check specifications and to identify colors. Some examples of the use of NCS are: (1) Architects and designers use the NCS color samples to select colors for all kind of products and materials; (2) They also use the NCS notation to analyze the colors in use in a particular area and to document their specifications; (3) Companies use the NCS color samples as the production standards for their products; (4) Paint manufacturers and other industries use the NCS notation and the NCS color samples to visualize the color of their products to customers, and (5) Companies use the NCS samples as high quality color standards in corporate identity programs and manuals.
SCOPE
1.1 The Natural Colour System (NCS) (see 1.7) provides a color notation system that can be used to communicate color. This practice introduces the Natural Colour System, its terminology, and conversion to and from CIE tristimulus values.  
1.2 The system described in this standard includes color percepts that appear to belong to the surface of a material, provided the surface is not perceived to be fluorescent or to exhibit directional color effects.  
1.3 The system does not include colors that appear to belong to translucent or luminescent objects (so-called volume colors and luminous colors), nor does it include other visual properties of the surface layer, such as gloss and texture. An NCS notation does not describe the physical or chemical properties of an object.  
1.4 This practice also specifies the conditions for visual or instrumental determination of the NCS notation of a color sample, defines the relationships between psychometrically determined NCS notations and the corresponding CIE color coordinates which are to be used in this context.  
1.5 For the accuracy requirements associated with NCS standards and NCS color samples, the user is referred to Swedish Standard SS 19104. The colored illustrations in this standard shall not be used as standard color samples in any way. Color illustrations that are shown on screen or in printouts may be significantly different than the original NCS color samples with the same NCS Notation due to limited color reproduction capabilities in screens and printers.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 Acknowledgement—NCS, Natural Colour System is a trademark of the NCS Colour AB Stockholm, Sweden and is protected by copyright (www.ncscolour.com). All rights reserved. Original NCS color samples are only available form NCS Colour AB or any authorized NCS distributor. Commercial use of the NCS System requires a license from NCS Colour AB.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internation...

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ASTM
ASTM E1477-98a(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Luminous Reflectance Factor of Acoustical Materials by Use of Integrating-Sphere Reflectometers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Acoustical materials are often used as the entire ceiling of rooms and are therefore an important component of the lighting system. The luminous reflectance of all important components must be known in order to predict the level of illumination that will be obtained.  
5.2 The reflecting properties of a surface are measured relative to those of a standard reflector, the perfect reflecting diffuser, to provide a reflectance factor. The luminous reflectance factor is calculated for a standard illuminant, and a standard observer, for the standard hemispherical (integrating-sphere) geometry of illumination and viewing, in which all reflected radiation from an area of the surface is collected. In this way the reflecting properties of an acoustical material can be represented by a single number measured and calculated under standard conditions.  
5.3 Acoustical materials generally have a non-glossy white or near-white finish. The types of surface cover a wide range from smooth to deeply fissured. Measurement with integrating-sphere reflectometers has been satisfactory although multiple measurements may be required to sample the surface adequately. Instruments with other types of optical measuring systems may be used if it can be demonstrated that they provide equivalent results.  
5.4 The use of this test method for determining the luminous reflectance factor is required by Classification E1264.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the luminous reflectance factor of acoustical materials for use in predicting the levels of room illumination.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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