ASTM D1871-98
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Adhesion of Single-Filament Steel Wire to Rubber
Standard Test Methods for Adhesion of Single-Filament Steel Wire to Rubber
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for testing the strength of adhesion of single-filament wire to vulcanized rubber compounds. The methods apply to, but are not limited to, wire made from brass, bronze, or zinc coated steel wire. The adhesion strength is expressed as the magnitude of the pull-out force for the single filament of wire or the force generated by strip peeling.
1.2 These test methods are applicable to single-filament wires used in reinforced rubber products as single filaments and are normally used to evaluate the adhesion of samples of wire to a standard rubber applied under specified conditions. They are primarily used to evaluate tire bead wire or hose reinforcing wire and may be applied, with modifications and by agreement between supplier and customer, to various wire types used in rubber product reinforcing.
1.3 These test methods are written in SI units. The inch-pound units which are provided in these methods are not necessarily exact equivalents of the SI units. Either system of units may be used in these methods. In case of referee decisions the SI units will prevail.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See 6.5.1.
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation: D 1871 – 98
Standard Test Methods for
Adhesion of Single-Filament Steel Wire to Rubber
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1871; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D 4392 Terminology for Statistically Related Terms
E 456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for testing the
strength of adhesion of single-filament wire to vulcanized
3. Terminology
rubber compounds. The methods apply to, but are not limited
3.1 Definitions:
to, wire made from brass, bronze, or zinc coated steel wire. The
3.1.1 adhesion, n—the property denoting the ability of a
adhesion strength is expressed as the magnitude of the pull-out
material to resist delamination or separation into two or more
force for the single filament of wire or the force generated by
layers.
strip peeling.
3.1.2 curing, n—see the preferred term vulcanization.
1.2 These test methods are applicable to single-filament
3.1.3 holland cloth, n—a completely filled woven fabric
wires used in reinforced rubber products as single filaments
having a smooth gloss finish on both sides used as a separating
and are normally used to evaluate the adhesion of samples of
medium for sheeted rubber compounds.
wire to a standard rubber applied under specified conditions.
3.1.4 hose reinforcing wire, n—a single filament of steel
They are primarily used to evaluate tire bead wire or hose
wire with a metallic coating (usually brass) used in the
reinforcing wire and may be applied, with modifications and by
reinforcement of a rubber or other elastomer hose.
agreement between supplier and customer, to various wire
3.1.5 mill grain, n—in rubber, grain which is imparted to
types used in rubber product reinforcing.
rubber sheeting while being mixed or conditioned in a rubber
1.3 These test methods are written in SI units. The inch-
mill and which is parallel to the direction the rubber moves in
pound units which are provided in these methods are not
the mill.
necessarily exact equivalents of the SI units. Either system of
3.1.6 rubber, n—a material that is capable of recovering
units may be used in these methods. In case of referee
from large deformations quickly and forcibly, and can be, or
decisions the SI units will prevail.
already is, modified to a state in which it is essentially
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
insoluble (but can swell) in boiling solvent, such as benzene,
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
methylethyl ketone, and ethanol-toluene azeotrope.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.7 rubber compound, n—as used in the manufacture of
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
rubber articles, an intimate mixture of elastomer(s) with all the
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. See 6.5.1.
materials necessary for the finished article.
2. Referenced Documents 3.1.8 tire bead, n—the part of a tire that comes in contact
with the rim and is shaped to secure the tire to the rim.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1.9 tire bead wire, n—a monofilament of steel wire with a
D 76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Tex-
metallic coating, usually bronze, used in forming a tire bead.
tiles
2 3.1.10 vulcanization, n—an irreversible process, usually
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
accomplished through the application of heat, during which a
D 1566 Terminology Relating to Rubber
rubber compound, through a change in its chemical structure
D 2906 Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias for
(for example, cross linking) becomes less plastic and more
Textiles
resistant to swelling by organic liquids while elastic properties
D 3182 Practice for Rubber—Materials, Equipment, and
are conferred, improved, or extended over a greater range of
Procedures for Mixing Standard Compounds and Prepar-
3 temperatures.
ing Standard Vulcanized Sheets
3.1.10.1 Discussion—Although vulcanization is preferred
to curing, the terms cured and uncured are widely used as
synonyms for vulcanized and unvulcanized.
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-13 on
Textiles and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.19 on Tire Cord and 3.1.11 For definitions of textile terms used in these test
Fabric.
methods, refer to Terminology D 123. For definitions of other
Current edition approved June 10, 1998. Published July 1998. Originally
published as D 1871 – 61 T. Last previous edition D 1871 – 94.
2 4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01. Discontinued 1993—See 1992 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.02.
3 5
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 09.01. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D 1871
rubber terms used in these test methods, refer to Terminology METHOD 1—RUBBER BLOCK PROCEDURE
D 1566. For terminology on testing and statistical concepts,
6. Apparatus and Materials
refer to Terminology D 4392 or E 456.
6.1 Mold, designed as shown in Fig. 1 for a 12.5-mm
4. Summary of Test Methods
(0.5-in.) thick block of rubber, 200 mm (8 in.) long, and 50 mm
(2 in.) wide, with 15 beveled slots across the width of the mold
4.1 Method 1—The wires are vulcanized into a block or pad
spaced 12.5 mm (0.5 in.) apart at the middle of the mold
of rubber and the force necessary to pull the wires out of the
thickness, and with top and bottom plates for the mold. If more
rubber is measured. The direction of pull-out is axial, that is,
along the wire. than five wires break when testing with the standard mold, the
purchaser and the supplier may agree to use a mold cavity that
4.1.1 Method 1 uses a 12.5-mm ( ⁄2-in.) thick rubber block
and 50-mm (2-in.) embedment length. Inserts may be used to is less than 50 mm (2 in.) wide.
6.2 Tensile Testing Machine, CRE (Constant-Rate-of-
obtain shorter lengths of embedment.
4.2 Method 2—The test material is wound onto a drum, test Extension) type, of such capacity that the maximum force
required to pull out the wires shall not exceed 85 % nor be less
compound is applied, the specimen is vulcanized by a dia-
phragm pressure method, and adhesion results are obtained by than 15 % of the rated capacity. The rate of travel of the power
actuated grip shall be 50 6 5 mm/min (2 6 0.2 in./min), or up
strip peeling a 25-mm (1-in.) wide strip.
to 1506 15 mm/min (6 6 0.6 in./min) by agreement between
5. Significance and Use
the purchaser and the seller. The specifications and methods of
5.1 To contribute to the mechanical properties required in a
calibration and verification shall conform to Specification
product, tire bead wire and hose reinforcing material must have D 76.
good adhesion to the rubber matrix. This allows the rubber to 6.3 Top Grip, designed as shown in Fig. 2 shall be a special
absorb part of the energy, distributing it uniformly between the holder made for the vulcanized block sample. The bottom grip
reinforcing material and the rubber compound. These test may be any type clamp of sufficient capacity to handle the
methods are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of specimen and designed to prevent its slippage in the grip or to
commercial shipments of wire since they have been used prevent premature filament breakage.
extensively in the trade for this purpose with Method 1 being 6.4 Vulcanizing Press, large enough to accommodate the
used for tire bead wire and Method 2 being used for hose mold, and capable of exerting at least 90 kN (20 000 lbf) total
reinforcing wire. These test methods may be used for purchase force on the mold. Electrical or steam heat for the top and
specification requirements or manufacturing control of such bottom platens shall be provided, of sufficient capacity for
products. maintaining the mold components at the temperature require-
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in ments for the rubber compound being used.
reported test results when using these test methods for accep- 6.5 Solvent, used for the preparation of the rubber and wire
tance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and in this test method shall be such that the surface of the rubber
supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there
will be freshened and the wire surface cleaned without ad-
is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent versely affecting the adhesion. If remilled or freshly milled
statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of
compound is used, the use of a solvent can be left to mutual
bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test agreement between the user and the supplier of the compound.
specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which
6.5.1 A suitable solvent has been found to be lead-free
are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test gasoline (normal heptane) with a distillation range from 40 to
specimens then should be randomly assigned in equal numbers 141°C and a maximum recovery of 97 %, available from most
to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two solvent suppliers. Precaution—Adequate health and safety
laboratories should be compared using Student’s t-test for precautions should be observed in the handling and use of any
unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the solvent selected for use in this test method.
two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its 6.6 Rubber Compound, shall be furnished by the purchaser
cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the of the wire, together with pertinent information on the tem-
supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of perature and time for the cure of that particular rubber as well
the known bias. as aging time limits for holding the block between vulcanizing
5.2 The characteristics of single filament steel wires that and testing, but not less than 16 h. Since the adhesion between
affect the adhesion property are wire diameter, coating com- rubber and wire is influenced by the age and storage conditions
position, and coating mass. The storage conditions, age, and of the uncured rubber compounds, the purchaser of the wire
vulcanization conditions of the rubber compound will affect the shall also specify the conditions of storage and any time limit
test results and must be specified by the supplier of the rubber
compound.
Suitable molds and block holder are available from National-Standard Co.,
5.3 The two methods simulate vulcanization conditions
Machinery Systems Division, Rome, NY 13440.
found in industrial applications. Method 1 simulates the
Series 2710 screw action grips, Series 2716 wedge action grips from Instron
Corp., 2500 Washington St., Canton, MA 02021, and Scott A420 clamps from
conditions of high pressure (greater than 100 psi) vulcanization
GCA/Precision Scientific, 3737 W. Cortland St., Chicago, IL 60647, have been
such as found in tire manufacturing and Method 2 simulates the
found practical for testing single filament wire.
lower pressure vulcanization conditions used in hose manufac-
Suitable vulcanizing presses are manufactured by Given P-H-I, Pasadena
turing. Presses, 1100 John Reed Court, City of Industry, CA 91745.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D 1871
TOLERANCES
All dimensions 60.2
Angular6 ⁄2 °
Except where noted
NOTE 1—Material—Steel.
NOTE 2—Break all sharp corners.
NOTE 3—All dimensions in millimetres except where noted.
FIG. 1 Mold with Top and Bottom Plates (Method 1)
shipping units of wire directed in an applicable material
specification or other agreement between purchaser and the
supplier. Consider reels, coils, spools, or other shipping units of
wire to be the primary sampling units.
NOTE 1—A realistic specification or other agreement between the
purchaser and the supplier requires taking into account the variability
between and within primary sampling units so as to provide a sampling
plan which at the specified level of the property of interest has a
meaningful producer’s risk, acceptable quality level, and desired limiting
quality level.
7.2 Laboratory Sample—Use the primary sampling units in
the lot sample as a laboratory sample. These samples of reels,
coils, spools, or other shipping units of wire are customarily
TOLERANCES taken by the manufacturer and provided to the purchaser with
All dimensions 60.2
the lot shipment.
Except where noted
7.3 Test Specimens—Prepare three specimens from each
NOTE 1—Material—Steel.
laboratory sample by cutting 250 to 300-mm (10 to 12-in.)
NOTE 2—Break all sharp corners.
lengths of the wire and laying them out on a clean surface such
NOTE 3—All dimensions in millimetres except where noted.
as cloth or paper. The wires should be touched only at their
FIG. 2 Top Grip (Method 1)
ends, in no case on that portion that is to be embedded in the
test pad. Unless otherwise specified, the wires shall be tested
for such storage of the batch. The rubber compound may be
“as is,” representing the condition in which the wire lot and
provided in sheet form, 7 mm (0.28 in.) thick on a non-
samples were received. If “washing” the surface of the wire
hygroscopic backing, such as a plasticizer free plastic material,
before test is specified, gently wipe the wire with a soft cloth
or may be provided unmilled in a form requiring milling
dampened with the solvent.
immediately prior to use.
8. Procedure
7. Sampling
8.1 Rubber Compound—Cut the rubber sheet to the size of
7.1 Lot Sample—As a lot sample for acceptance testing, the mold cavity, unless it has been precut to that size for
take at random the number of reels, coils, spools, or other storage; two pieces are required for each block. Lay these out
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D 1871
and freshen their top surfaces with the solvent, applied with a load-reading attachment of the tester is zero. Then clamp the
soft cloth or brush. Plan the freshening for a drying time to b
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