ASTM D1321-16a
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Needle Penetration of Petroleum Waxes
Standard Test Method for Needle Penetration of Petroleum Waxes
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Petroleum waxes differ in hardness. Needle penetration is a measurement of hardness. Hardness may have a significant effect upon other physical properties.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the empirical estimation of the consistency of waxes derived from petroleum by measurement of the extent of penetration of a standard needle. This test method is applicable to waxes having a penetration of not greater than 250.
Note 1: This test method is similar to the needle method for determining the penetration of bituminous material, Test Method D5. Cone methods applicable to greases and to petrolatum are described in Test Methods D217 and Test Method D937, respectively.
1.2 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s website—http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm—for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.3.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D1321 − 16a
Standard Test Method for
1
Needle Penetration of Petroleum Waxes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1321; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.1 This test method covers the empirical estimation of the
consistency of waxes derived from petroleum by measurement
2. Referenced Documents
of the extent of penetration of a standard needle. This test
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
method is applicable to waxes having a penetration of not
D5 Test Method for Penetration of Bituminous Materials
greater than 250.
D87 Test Method for Melting Point of Petroleum Wax
NOTE 1—This test method is similar to the needle method for
(Cooling Curve)
determining the penetration of bituminous material, Test Method D5.
D217 Test Methods for Cone Penetration of Lubricating
Cone methods applicable to greases and to petrolatum are described in
Test Methods D217 and Test Method D937, respectively. Grease
D937 Test Method for Cone Penetration of Petrolatum
1.2 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many
D938 Test Method for Congealing Point of Petroleum
regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause
Waxes, Including Petrolatum
central nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to
E2251 Specification for Liquid-in-Glass ASTM Thermom-
materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and
eters with Low-Hazard Precision Liquids
mercury containing products. See the applicable product Ma-
terial Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s
3. Terminology
website—http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm—for addi-
3.1 Definitions:
tional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury
3.1.1 penetration, n—of petroleum wax, the depth in tenths
and/or mercury containing products into your state or country
of a millimetre to which a standard needle penetrates into the
may be prohibited by law.
wax under defined conditions.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
3.1.1.1 Discussion—As an example, a penetration reading
standard.
of 85 from the indicator scale corresponds to a penetration
1.3.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses are for
depth of 8.5 mm.
information only.
3.1.2 penetrometer, n—an instrument that measures the
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
consistency or hardness of semiliquid to semisolid materials by
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
measuring the depth to which a specified cone or needle under
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
a given force falls into the material.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
3.1.2.1 Discussion—In this test method, a standard pen-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
etrometer needle (6.3) is used to determine the hardness of
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
petroleum wax. The penetration force is determined by the
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
total mass (100 g) of the needle, plunger, and 50 g weight.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 The sample is heated to at least 17 °C (30 °F) above its
expected congealing point or melting point, poured into a
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D02.10 on Properties of Petroleum Waxes and Alternative Wax-like
2
Materials. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved July 1, 2016. Published July 2016. Originally approved contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
in 1954. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as D1321 – 16. DOI: 10.1520/ Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
D1321-16A. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D1321 − 16 D1321 − 16a
Standard Test Method for
1
Needle Penetration of Petroleum Waxes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1321; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the empirical estimation of the consistency of waxes derived from petroleum by measurement of
the extent of penetration of a standard needle. This test method is applicable to waxes having a penetration of not greater than 250.
NOTE 1—This test method is similar to the needle method for determining the penetration of bituminous material, Test Method D5. Cone methods
applicable to greases and to petrolatum are described in Test Methods D217 and Test Method D937, respectively.
1.2 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central
nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution
should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet
(MSDS) for details and EPA’s website—http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm—for additional information. Users should be aware
that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.3.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D5 Test Method for Penetration of Bituminous Materials
D87 Test Method for Melting Point of Petroleum Wax (Cooling Curve)
D217 Test Methods for Cone Penetration of Lubricating Grease
D937 Test Method for Cone Penetration of Petrolatum
D938 Test Method for Congealing Point of Petroleum Waxes, Including Petrolatum
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
E2251 Specification for Liquid-in-Glass ASTM Thermometers with Low-Hazard Precision Liquids
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 penetration, n—of petroleum wax, the depth in tenths of a millimetre to which a standard needle penetrates into the wax
under defined conditions.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.10.0A on Physical/Chemical Properties.
Current edition approved June 1, 2016July 1, 2016. Published July 2016. Originally approved in 1954. Last previous edition approved in 20152016 as D1321 – 10
(2015).D1321 – 16. DOI: 10.1520/D1321-16.10.1520/D1321-16A.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—
As an example, a penetration reading of 85 from the indicator scale corresponds to a penetration depth of 8.5 mm.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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D1321 − 16a
3.1.2 penetrometer, n—an instrument that measures the consistency or hardness of semiliquid to semisolid materials by
measuring the depth to which a specified cone or needle under a given force falls into the material.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—
In this test method, a standard penetrometer needle (6.3) is used to determine the hardness of petroleum wax. The penetration force
is determined by the total mass (100 g) of the needle, plunger, and 50 g weight.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 The sample is heated to at least 17 °C (30 °F) above its expected congealing point or melting point, poured into a container,
and then air cooled under controlled conditions. The sample then is conditioned at test temperature in a w
...
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