ASTM D5481-96(2001)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Measuring Apparent Viscosity at High-Temperature and High-Shear Rate by Multicell Capillary Viscometer
Standard Test Method for Measuring Apparent Viscosity at High-Temperature and High-Shear Rate by Multicell Capillary Viscometer
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination of high-temperature high-shear (HTHS) viscosity of engine oils at a temperature of 150°C using a multicell capillary viscometer containing pressure, temperature, and timing instrumentation. The shear rate for this test method corresponds to an apparent shear rate at the wall of 1.4 million reciprocal seconds (1.4 10 6 s1). This shear rate has been found to decrease the discrepancy between this test method and other high-temperature high-shear test methods3 used for engine oil specifications. Viscosities are determined directly from calibrations that have been established with Newtonian oils with viscosities from 2 to 5 mPa·s at 150°C.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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An American National Standard
Designation: D 5481 – 96 (Reapproved 2001)
Standard Test Method for
Measuring Apparent Viscosity at High-Temperature and
1
High-Shear Rate by Multicell Capillary Viscometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5481; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Several different configurations of capillary viscometers have been successfully used for measuring
the viscosity of engine oils at the high shear rates and high temperatures that occur in engines. See Test
2
Method D 4624. This test method covers the use of a single apparatus at a single temperature and
single shear rate to achieve greater uniformity and improved precision.
1. Scope D 4683 Test Method for Measuring Viscosity at High Shear
Rate and High Temperature by Tapered Bearing Simula-
1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination of
4
tor
high-temperature high-shear (HTHS) viscosity of engine oils at
D 4741 Test Method for Measuring Viscosity at High Tem-
a temperature of 150°C using a multicell capillary viscometer
perature and High Shear Rate by Tapered Plug Viscom-
containing pressure, temperature, and timing instrumentation.
4
eter
The shear rate for this test method corresponds to an apparent
shear rate at the wall of 1.4 million reciprocal seconds
3. Terminology
6 −1 3
(1.4 3 10 s ). This shear rate has been found to decrease the
3.1 Definitions:
discrepancy between this test method and other high-
3 3.1.1 apparent shear rate at the wall—shear rate at the wall
temperature high-shear test methods used for engine oil
of the capillary calculated for a Newtonian fluid, as follows:
specifications. Viscosities are determined directly from calibra-
3
tions that have been established with Newtonian oils with
S 5 4V/pR t (1)
a
viscosities from 2 to 5 mPa·s at 150°C.
where:
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
−1
S = apparent shear rate at the wall, s ,
a
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3
V = volume, mm ,
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
R = capillary radius, mm, and
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
t = measured flow time, s.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—The actual shear rate at the wall will
differ for a non-Newtonian fluid.
2. Referenced Documents
3.1.2 apparent viscosity—the determined viscosity obtained
2.1 ASTM Standards:
by this test method.
D 4624 Test Method for Measuring Apparent Viscosity by
3.1.3 density—mass per unit volume.
Capillary Viscometer at High Shear Rate and High Tem-
3.1.3.1 Discussion—In the SI, the unit of density is the
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perature
3
kilogram per metre cubed (kg/m ); the gram per cubic centi-
3 3 −3 3
metre (g/cm ) is often used. One kg/m is 10 g/cm .
1
3.1.4 kinematic viscosity—the ratio of the viscosity to the
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
density of the fluid.
D02.07.0B on High Temperature Rheology of Non-Newtonian Fluids.
3.1.4.1 Discussion—Kinematic viscosity is a measure of a
Current edition approved Apr. 10, 1996. Published June 1996. Originally
fluid’s resistance to flow under the force of gravity. In the SI,
published as D 5481 – 93. Last previous edition D 5481 – 93.
2
the unit of kinematic viscosity is the metre squared per second
Manning, R. E., and Lloyd, W. A., “Multicell High Temperature High-Shear
2
Capillary Viscometer,” SAE Paper 861562. Available from Society of Automotive
(m /s); for practical use, a submultiple (millimetre squared per
Engineers, 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale, PA 15096. 2
second, mm /s) is more convenient. The centistoke (cSt) is 1
3
Girshick, F., “Non-Newtonian Fluid Dynamics in High Temperature High
2
mm /s and is often used.
Shear Capillary Viscometers,” SAE Paper 922288. Available from Society of
Automotive Engineers, 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale, PA 15096.
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Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.02.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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D 5481
3.1.5 Newtonian oil or fluid—an oil or fluid that exhibits a achieve a flow rate corresponding to an apparent shear rate at
6 −1
constant viscosity at all shear rates or shear stresses. the wall of 1.4 3 10 s . The calibration of each cell is used
3.1.6 non-Newtonian oil or fluid—an oil or fluid that exhib- to determine the viscosity corresponding to the measured
its a vi
...
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