ASTM D2969-04(2010)
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Steel Tire Cords
Standard Test Methods for Steel Tire Cords
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The procedures in Test Methods D2969 for the determination of the properties of steel tire cord and related materials are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of such products because the procedures are the best available and have been used extensively in the trade. When a purchaser frequently uses a specific supplier, it is recommended that the two parties investigate the methods to determine if there is any bias between their two laboratories as directed in 5.1.1.
In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. Test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using the appropriate statistical analysis and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before testing is begun. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consideration to the known bias.
The significance and use of particular properties are discussed in the appropriate sections.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the testing of cords made from steel that are specifically designed for use in the reinforcement of pneumatic tires. By agreement, these test methods may be used to test similar cords or filaments used for reinforcing other rubber products. The steel cords may be wound on spools or beams. The steel cords may also be woven into fabric, in which case they must be removed from the fabric prior to testing.
Note 1—For other methods of testing tire cords and tire cord fabrics, refer to Methods D885, Test Methods D1871, Specifications , and Test Methods D2692 and D2970/D2970M. For tolerances on tire cords and tire cord fabrics, refer to Specifications and Methods D885.
1.2 These test methods include test procedures only; they do not establish specifications or tolerances.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D2969 − 04(Reapproved 2010)
Standard Test Methods for
Steel Tire Cords
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2969; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 Thesetestmethodscoverthetestingofcordsmadefrom
D76Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Textiles
steel that are specifically designed for use in the reinforcement
D122Tolerances for Tire Fabrics Other Than Tire Cord
of pneumatic tires. By agreement, these test methods may be
Fabrics (Withdrawn 1993)
usedtotestsimilarcordsorfilamentsusedforreinforcingother
D123Terminology Relating to Textiles
rubber products. The steel cords may be wound on spools or
D885Test Methods for Tire Cords, Tire Cord Fabrics, and
beams.Thesteelcordsmayalsobewovenintofabric,inwhich
Industrial Filament Yarns Made from Manufactured
case they must be removed from the fabric prior to testing.
Organic-Base Fibers
NOTE 1—For other methods of testing tire cords and tire cord fabrics,
D1871Test Method for Adhesion Between Tire Bead Wire
refer to Methods D885, Test Methods D1871, Specifications D122, and
and Rubber
Test Methods D2692 and D2970/D2970M. For tolerances on tire cords
D2229Test Method forAdhesion Between Steel Tire Cords
and tire cord fabrics, refer to Specifications D122 and Methods D885.
and Rubber
1.2 Thesetestmethodsincludetestproceduresonly;theydo
D2692Test Method for Air Wicking of Tire Fabrics, Tire
not establish specifications or tolerances.
Cord Fabrics, Tire Cord, and Yarns
1.3 This test method includes the following sections: D2904Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile Test
Method that Produces Normally Distributed Data (With-
Subject Section
Adhesion of Steel Cords and Filaments to Elastomers 16
drawn 2008)
Brass Coating Composition and Mass 14, 15
D2970/D2970MTest Methods for Testing Tire Cords, Tire
Breaking Force (Strength) 10
Cord Fabrics, and Industrial Yarns Made From Glass
Construction 12
Data Form for Reporting Test Results Appendix X1
Filaments
Elongation at Break 10
D4393Test Method for Strap PeelAdhesion of Reinforcing
Elongation Between Defined Forces (EDF) 11
Cords or Fabrics to Rubber Compounds
Flare 8
Lay 12
D6477TerminologyRelatingtoTireCord,BeadWire,Hose
Linear Density 9
Reinforcing Wire, and Fabrics
Visual Appearance 8
E663PracticeforFlameAtomicAbsorptionAnalysis(With-
Nomenclature System Annex A1
Residual Torsions 8
drawn 1997)
Straightness 8
2.2 International Bureau for the Standardization of Man-
Thickness and Out-of-Roundness 13
Made Fibers (BISFA):
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Internationally Agreed Methods for Testing Steel Tire
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Cords
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3. Terminology
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. See 14.3 and Note
3.1 Definitions:
11.
3.1.1 Fordefinitionsoftermsrelatingtotirecord,beadwire,
1.5 This standard is written in SI units. No other units of
hose wire, and tire cord fabrics, refer to Terminology D6477.
measurement are included in this standard.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Textiles and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.19 on Industrial the ASTM website.
Fibers and Metallic Reinforcements. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2010. Published March 2010. Originally www.astm.org.
approved in 1971. Last previous edition approved in D2969–02. DOI: 10.1520/ Available from BISFA, Lauren Garten Strasse 12, PO Box, CH-4010 BASLE
D2969-04R10. Switzerland.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D2969 − 04 (2010)
3.1.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard: 6.2.1 For cords, take at random the number of spools or
core, direction of lay, flare, high elongation, in steel tire cord, otherpackagespercartonasdirectedintheapplicablematerial
length of lay, residual torsion, steel cord, steel cord wrap, steel specificationorotheragreementbetweenthepurchaserandthe
filaments, steelstrand, straightness, in steel cord, and wildness. supplier.
3.1.2 For definitions of other terms related to textiles, refer
6.2.2 For fabric, take a full-width swatch 1 m long from the
to Terminology D123. end of each roll in the lot sample, after first discarding a
3.1.2.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard: minimumof1moffabricfromtheoutsidelayeroftheroll(see
direction of twist. 6.2.3).
6.2.3 Place each laboratory sampling unit in a moisture-
4. Summary of Test Method
proof container to protect it from atmospheric corrosion and
contamination.
4.1 A summary of the test methods prescribed for the
determination of specific properties is stated in each of the
6.3 Test Specimens—Take the number of specimens from
sections pertaining to the respective properties.
each laboratory sampling unit as directed in each specific test
method.
5. Significance and Use
6.4 Specimen Preparation—For cords, when practical, per-
5.1 The procedures inTest Methods D2969 for the determi-
formtestsonspecimenstakendirectlyfromthespoolsorother
nation of the properties of steel tire cord and related materials
packages in the laboratory sample.
are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commer-
cial shipments of such products because the procedures are the
7. Conditioning
best available and have been used extensively in the trade.
7.1 Conditioningofmaterialscoveredbythesetestmethods
When a purchaser frequently uses a specific supplier, it is
has not been found necessary, except to maintain cleanliness.
recommended that the two parties investigate the methods to
determine if there is any bias between their two laboratories as
8. Visual Appearance, Residual Torsion, Straightness,
directed in 5.1.1.
Flare
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in
reportedtestresultswhenusingthistestmethodforacceptance
8.1 Scope—This test method covers the visual examination
testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the sup-
of steel cord for appearance and test procedures for residual
plier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is
torsion, straightness, and flare.
a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statis-
8.2 Significance and Use—Physical properties of steel tire
tical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias.
cord may be affected by the methods of manufacturing and
As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test
handling procedures. Cleanliness has a direct effect on the
specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are
adhesion of steel tire cord to elastomers.
from a lot of material of the type in question. Test specimens
8.3 One specimen is taken from each laboratory sampling
should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each
unit for residual torsion, flare, and straightness. Specimens for
laboratory for testing. The average results from the two
other tests may be used for visual appearance.
laboratories should be compared using the appropriate statis-
ticalanalysisandanacceptableprobabilitylevelchosenbythe
8.4 Procedures:
two parties before testing is begun. If bias is found, either its
8.4.1 Residual Torsion—Determine residual torsion by re-
cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the
movingatleast3mofcordfromthepackage,cuttingitoff,and
supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consid-
discarding it. Make a right angle bend about 25 mm from the
eration to the known bias.
cord end on the package. Hold this bent end tightly so that it
5.2 The significance and use of particular properties are cannot turn while pulling out a specimen having a length of 6
discussed in the appropriate sections. 60.2m.Pullthespecimenfromthepackageinsuchamanner
thatdoesnotchangetheresidualtorsionsofthespecimenfrom
6. Sampling
thatofthecordonthepackage.Releasethefreeendofthecord
and allow this end to rotate while the cord is free of external
6.1 LotSample—Asalotsampleforacceptancetesting,take
tension. Count and record the number of rotations of the cord
at random the number of primary sampling units as directed in
end to the closest one-half rotation and, viewing the cord from
an applicable material specification or other agreement be-
thebentendtowardthepackage,denoteclockwiserotationsas
tweenthepurchaserandthesupplier.Considercartonsofcords
positive (+) and anti-clockwise rotations as negative (–).
or rolls of fabric as primary sampling units.
8.4.1.1 Calculate the average residual torsion for the lot.
NOTE 2—A realistic specification or other agreement between the
8.4.2 Straightness—Without cutting the specimen from the
purchaser and the supplier requires taking into account the variability
package, pull out a length of cord 66 0.2 m and lay it on a
between cartons of cords and between spools or other packages within a
smooth, hard surface and allow it to rotate freely. With no
carton,orthevariabilitybetweenandwithinrollsoffabricsoastoprovide
a sampling plan with meaningful producer’s risk, consumer’s risk,
tension applied to the cord, place the cord specimen approxi-
acceptable quality level, and limiting quality level.
mately equidistant from two straight parallel lines spaced at a
6.2 Laboratory Sample—As a laboratory sample for accep- distance of 75 6 3 mm. If the specimen does not touch both
tance testing, proceed as follows: lines consider the specimen straight. Record the observation.
D2969 − 04 (2010)
NOTE 3—It is common practice to make residual torsion and straight-
expected between two test results obtained on the same
ness observations on the same specimen. Residual torsion is measured
material when the test results are obtained from different
first, then straightness.
laboratories.
8.4.3 Flare—Cutastraightsectionofcord(notlessthan100
mm) using cutters held at right angles to the axis of the
9. Linear Density
specimen and measure to the nearest 1 mm of the distance
9.1 Scope—In this test method, a specified length of steel
along the longitudinal axis that any filament or strand unrav-
cord is weighed using an analytical balance and linear density
elled. Record this distance.
is calculated as mass per unit length.
8.4.3.1 Calculate the average flare for the lot.
9.2 Significance and Use—Thelineardensityofsteelcordis
8.4.4 Contamination—Make a visual inspection of the
used to calculate the expected mass of pneumatic tires and the
specimen taken as directed in 8.4.1, 8.4.2,or 8.4.3 and record
various components used in their manufacture as a part of the
thepresenceofanydirt,rust,oil,oranyotherforeignmaterial.
process control procedure.
Also look for and record any pitting, including rough spots.A
9.3 Number and Preparation of Specimens—Take a speci-
visual inspection of the package and its integrity may be
men having a minimum length of 1 m from each sample of
included, if appropriate.
cord (see Note 4 for high-elongation cords). For samples from
8.5 Report—State that the inspection of visual appearance
fabric, use a sufficient number of ends to give a minimum
was made in accordance with Section 8 of Test Methods
lengthof1mofcordforeachspecimen.Measurethelengthof
D2969.Describethematerialsampledandthemethodusedfor
the specimen to within 0.1% using a tension of 10 61Nto
sampling and report the following information:
keepthecordstraight.Cutthespecimenattherequiredlength.
8.5.1 Residual Torsion, for each sampling unit and the lot.
Record the length.
8.5.2 Straightness, for each sampling unit and the lot.
NOTE 4—A proposed method for measuring the linear density of
8.5.3 Flare, for each sampling unit and the lot.
high-elongation cords is as follows:
8.5.4 Contamination—Visual appearance observations for
(1)Clampanextensometerontothespecimenthatisstraight,butunder
each laboratory sampling unit. no tension; read the gage length L (0);
(2)Applyatensionof1.5 60.2Ntothecordandreadthegagelength,
8.6 Precision and Bias—No justifiable statement can be
L (1);
made either on the precision or bias of the procedures in Test (3) Calculate the extension factor, EF, as follows:
Methods D2969 for the evaluation of visual appearance be-
EF 5 L 1 2 L 0 /L 0 (1)
~ ~ ! ~ !! ~ !
cause the test results merely state conformance to the criteria
(4) Calculate and report the linear density, as follows:
for success specified in the procedures.
Lineardensity, tex 5 M/~L~0! 3 ~11EF!! (2)
8.6.1 Twenty cord samples of 2X.30 HT construction were
where:
measuredforresidualtorsionandflareinaccordancewith8.4.1
M = mass, g,
and 8.4.2. A single operator in a single laboratory performed
=
L (0) length, km, and
the testing. A statistical analysis was used to quantify intral-
EF = extension factor.
aboratory variability for these properties. The property flare
9.4 Procedure—Determinethemassofthespecimenofcord
showed a strongly right-skewed distribution, with values be-
by weighing to the nearest 1 mg.
tween0and65mm;themedianvaluewas3mm.Repeatability
was not calculated for flare because of its non-normal distri-
9.5 Calculation—Calculate the linear density to the nearest
bution. Results are shown in the following:
10 tex using Eq 3:
Property Average S Repeatability S Reproducibility
r R
Lineardensity, tex 5 M/L (3)
Flare 8.6 16.3 - NA NA
Residual Torsion 1.45 0.22 0.62 NA NA
where:
S is the intra-laboratory standard deviation. S , the total
r R
M = mass, g, and
standard deviation, is formed by taking the square root of the
L = length, km.
sum of intra-laboratory and interlaboratory variance compo-
9.5.1 Calculate the average linear density for the lot.
nents. S cannot be determined from these data.
R
Methodrepeatabilityisdefinedasthe“maximumdifference” 9.6 Report—Report that the specimen was tested in accor-
dance with Section 9 of Test Methods D2969. Describe the
that can “reasonably” be expected between two test results
obtained on the same material when the test results are material sampled and the method of sampling used. Report the
lineardensityforeachlaboratorysamplingunitandforthelot.
obtained in the same laboratory. Method reproducibility is
defined as the “
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